Nelson Mandela's electoral victory in the first democratic 1994 general election signified the end of apartheid in South Africa,[1] a system of widespread racially-based segregation to enforce almost complete separation of different races in South Africa.[2] Under the apartheid system, South Africans were classified into four different races: White, Black, Coloured, and Indian/Asian,[3] with about 80% of the South African population classified as Black, 9% as White, 9% as Coloured, and 2% as Indian/Asian.[4] Under apartheid, Whites held almost all political power in South Africa, with other races almost completely marginalised from the political process.
While the end of apartheid allowed equal rights for all South Africans regardless of race, post-apartheid South Africa struggles to correct the social inequalities created by decades of apartheid. Despite a growing gross domestic product, indices for poverty, unemployment, income inequality, life expectancy and land ownership, have declined due to the increase in population; with the end of the apartheid system in South Africa leaving the country socio-economically stratified by race.[5] Subsequent government policies have sought to correct inequity with varying amounts of success.
South Africa has extremely high unemployment rates. The overall unemployment rate was 26% in 2004,[6] Redistribution aims to transfer White-owned commercial farms to Black South Africans.[7]Restitution involves giving compensation to land lost to Whites due to apartheid, racism, and discrimination.[7]Land tenure reform strives to provide more secure access to land.[7] Several laws have been enacted to facilitate redistribution, restitution, and land tenure reform. The Provision of Certain Land of Settlement Act of 1996 designates land for settlement purposes and ensures financial assistance to those seeking to acquire land.[7] The Restitution of Land Rights Act of 1994 guided the implementation of restitution and gave it a legal basis.[7] The Extension of Security of Tenure Act of 1996 helps rural communities obtain stronger rights to their land and regulates the relationships between owners of rural land and those living on it.[7] So far, these land reform measures have been semi-effective. By 1998, over 250,000 Black South Africans received land as a result of the Land Redistribution Programme.[7] Very few restitution claims have been resolved.[7] In the five years following the land reform programmes were instituted, only 1% of land changed hands, despite the African National Congress’s goal of 30%.[7]
The Reconstruction and Development ProgrammeEdit
The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was a socio-economic programme aimed at addressing racial inequalities by creating business and education while only 4% of the wealthiest students are functionally illiterate, indicating a stark divide in literacy between income quartiles.[8] The spatial segregation of apartheid continues to affect educational opportunities. Black and low-income students face geographic barriers to good schools, which are usually located in affluent neighbourhoods.[8] While South Africans enter higher education in increasing numbers, there is still a stark difference in the racial distribution of these students.
Currently, about 58.5% of Whites and 51% of Indians enter some form of higher education, compared to only 14.3% of Coloureds and 12% of Blacks.[9] As of 2013, the global competitiveness survey[10] ranked South Africa last out of 148 for the quality of maths and science education and 146th out of 148 for the quality of general education, behind almost all African countries despite one of the largest budgets for education on the African continent. The same report lists the biggest obstacle to doing business as an "Inadequately educated workforce". Education, therefore, remains one of the poorest areas of performance in post-apartheid South Africa and one of the biggest causes of continued inequality and poverty.
^U.S Department of State. "The End of Apartheid". usa.gov. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
^"The World Transformed, 1945 to the Present - Paperback - Michael H. Hunt - Oxford University Press". global.oup.com. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
^"Race in South Africa: Still an Issue". The Economist. 4 February 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
^. southafrica.info. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
^"Note on Post Revolutionary Haiti, Received Wisdom and False Accounting".
^Reform in South Africa "Unemployment and the Labor Market". Review of African Political Economy. 27 (84): 273–286. 2000. doi:10.1080/03056240008704459. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)
^ abcdefghiCliffe, Lionel (2000). "Land Reform in South Africa". Review of African Political Economy. 27 (84): 273–286. doi:10.1080/03056240008704459.
^ abSpaull, N (2013). "Poverty & privilege: Primary school inequality in South Africa". International Journal of Educational Development. 33 (5): 436–447. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2012.09.009.
^. southafrica.info. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
inequality, post, apartheid, south, africa, nelson, mandela, electoral, victory, first, democratic, 1994, general, election, signified, apartheid, south, africa, system, widespread, racially, based, segregation, enforce, almost, complete, separation, different. Nelson Mandela s electoral victory in the first democratic 1994 general election signified the end of apartheid in South Africa 1 a system of widespread racially based segregation to enforce almost complete separation of different races in South Africa 2 Under the apartheid system South Africans were classified into four different races White Black Coloured and Indian Asian 3 with about 80 of the South African population classified as Black 9 as White 9 as Coloured and 2 as Indian Asian 4 Under apartheid Whites held almost all political power in South Africa with other races almost completely marginalised from the political process While the end of apartheid allowed equal rights for all South Africans regardless of race post apartheid South Africa struggles to correct the social inequalities created by decades of apartheid Despite a growing gross domestic product indices for poverty unemployment income inequality life expectancy and land ownership have declined due to the increase in population with the end of the apartheid system in South Africa leaving the country socio economically stratified by race 5 Subsequent government policies have sought to correct inequity with varying amounts of success Contents 1 Possible causes of post apartheid inequality 1 1 Unemployment 1 2 The Reconstruction and Development Programme 2 See also 3 ReferencesPossible causes of post apartheid inequality EditUnemployment Edit South Africa has extremely high unemployment rates The overall unemployment rate was 26 in 2004 6 Redistribution aims to transfer White owned commercial farms to Black South Africans 7 Restitution involves giving compensation to land lost to Whites due to apartheid racism and discrimination 7 Land tenure reform strives to provide more secure access to land 7 Several laws have been enacted to facilitate redistribution restitution and land tenure reform The Provision of Certain Land of Settlement Act of 1996 designates land for settlement purposes and ensures financial assistance to those seeking to acquire land 7 The Restitution of Land Rights Act of 1994 guided the implementation of restitution and gave it a legal basis 7 The Extension of Security of Tenure Act of 1996 helps rural communities obtain stronger rights to their land and regulates the relationships between owners of rural land and those living on it 7 So far these land reform measures have been semi effective By 1998 over 250 000 Black South Africans received land as a result of the Land Redistribution Programme 7 Very few restitution claims have been resolved 7 In the five years following the land reform programmes were instituted only 1 of land changed hands despite the African National Congress s goal of 30 7 The Reconstruction and Development Programme Edit The Reconstruction and Development Programme RDP was a socio economic programme aimed at addressing racial inequalities by creating business and education while only 4 of the wealthiest students are functionally illiterate indicating a stark divide in literacy between income quartiles 8 The spatial segregation of apartheid continues to affect educational opportunities Black and low income students face geographic barriers to good schools which are usually located in affluent neighbourhoods 8 While South Africans enter higher education in increasing numbers there is still a stark difference in the racial distribution of these students Currently about 58 5 of Whites and 51 of Indians enter some form of higher education compared to only 14 3 of Coloureds and 12 of Blacks 9 As of 2013 the global competitiveness survey 10 ranked South Africa last out of 148 for the quality of maths and science education and 146th out of 148 for the quality of general education behind almost all African countries despite one of the largest budgets for education on the African continent The same report lists the biggest obstacle to doing business as an Inadequately educated workforce Education therefore remains one of the poorest areas of performance in post apartheid South Africa and one of the biggest causes of continued inequality and poverty See also EditApartheid in South Africa Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa Crime of apartheid Sexual violence in South AfricaReferences Edit U S Department of State The End of Apartheid usa gov Retrieved 25 November 2013 The World Transformed 1945 to the Present Paperback Michael H Hunt Oxford University Press global oup com Retrieved 10 April 2017 Race in South Africa Still an Issue The Economist 4 February 2012 Retrieved 25 November 2013 South Africa s Population southafrica info Archived from the original on 21 November 2016 Retrieved 25 November 2013 Note on Post Revolutionary Haiti Received Wisdom and False Accounting Reform in South Africa Unemployment and the Labor Market Review of African Political Economy 27 84 273 286 2000 doi 10 1080 03056240008704459 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Check url value help a b c d e f g h i Cliffe Lionel 2000 Land Reform in South Africa Review of African Political Economy 27 84 273 286 doi 10 1080 03056240008704459 a b Spaull N 2013 Poverty amp privilege Primary school inequality in South Africa International Journal of Educational Development 33 5 436 447 doi 10 1016 j ijedudev 2012 09 009 Education in South Africa southafrica info Archived from the original on 17 June 2010 Retrieved 4 November 2013 World competitiveness survey 2013 PDF Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Inequality in post apartheid South Africa amp oldid 1179574356, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
