An expendable launch system (or expendable launch vehicle/ELV) is a launch vehicle that can be launched only once, after which its components are either destroyed during reentry or discarded in space. ELVs typically consist of several rocket stages that are discarded sequentially as their fuel is exhausted and the vehicle gains altitude and speed. As of 2022, most satellites and human spacecraft are currently launched on ELVs. ELVs are simpler in design than reusable launch systems and therefore may have a lower production cost. Furthermore, an ELV can use its entire fuel supply to accelerate its payload, offering greater payloads. ELVs are proven technology in widespread use for many decades.[1]
As of May 2021[update], Arianespace had launched more than 850 satellites[5] in 287 launches over 41 years. The first commercial flight managed by the new entity was Spacenet F1 launched on 23 May 1984. Arianespace uses the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana as its main launch site. Through shareholding in Starsem, it can also offer commercial Soyuz launches from the Baikonur spaceport in Kazakhstan. It has its headquarters in Évry-Courcouronnes, Essonne, France.[6][7]
Lijian-1 small to medium-lift solid fuel launch vehicle currently in service (by the commercial spin-off of the Chinese Academy of Sciences)
Lijian-2 medium-lift launch vehicle utilizing liquid fuel (kerolox) with reusable first stage under development
CZ-2E(A) Intended for launch of Chinese space station modules. Payload capacity up to 14 tons in LEO and 9000 (kN) liftoff thrust developed by 12 rocket engines, with enlarged fairing of 5.20 m in diameter and length of 12.39 m to accommodate large spacecraft[9]
CZ-2F/G Modified CZ-2F without escape tower, specially used for launching robotic missions such as Shenzhou cargo and space laboratory module with payload capacity up to 11.2 tons in LEO[10]
CZ-3B(A) More powerful Long March rockets using larger-size liquid propellant strap-on motors, with payload capacity up to 13 tons in LEO
CZ-3C Launch vehicle combining CZ-3B core with two boosters from CZ-2E
CZ-5B variant of the CZ-5 for low Earth orbit payloads (up to 25 tonnes to LEO)
CZ-6 or Small Launch Vehicle; small-lift kerolox LV with short launch preparation period, low cost and high reliability, to meet the launch need of small satellites up to 500 kg to 700 km SSO, first flight for 2010; with Fan Ruixiang (范瑞祥) as Chief designer of the project[11][12][13]
Tengyun another current project of two wing-staged reusable shuttle system
Reusable spaceplane reusable vertically-launched spaceplane with wings that lands on a runway and currently in service (speculated to be similar to the US X-37B in form and function)
Tianlong 2 medium-lift kerolox launch vehicle from private firm (in service)
Tianlong 3 medium to heavy-lift kerolox launch vehicle with reusable first stage from private firm currently under development
Zhuque-2 medium-lift liquid fuel (methalox) launch vehicle by private firm currently in service (first methane fueled rocket in the world to reach space and to reach orbit with payload)
Zhuque-3 medium to heavy-lift methalox launch vehicle by private firm with reusable first stage currently under development
Cancelled/Retirededit
CZ-1D based on a CZ-1 but with a new N2O4/UDMH second stage.
Project 869 reusable shuttle system with Tianjiao-1 or Chang Cheng-1 (Great Wall-1) orbiters. Project of 1980s-1990s.
Comparison of Indian carrier rockets. Left to right: SLV, ASLV, PSLV, GSLV, LVM 3
During the 1960s and 1970s, India initiated its own launch vehicle program in alignment with its geopolitical and economic considerations. In the 1960s–1970s, the country India started with a sounding rocket in the 1960s and 1970s and advanced its research to deliver the Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 and the more advanced Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), complete with operational supporting infrastructure by the 1990s.[14]
Japan launched its first satellite, Ohsumi, in 1970, using ISAS' L-4S rocket. Prior to the merger, ISAS used small solid-fueled launch vehicles, while NASDA developed larger liquid-fueled launchers. In the beginning, NASDA used licensed American models. The first model of liquid-fuelled launch vehicle indigenously developed in Japan was the H-II, introduced in 1994. However, at the end of the 1990s, with two H-II launch failures, Japanese rocket technology began to face criticism.[15]
Japan's first space mission under JAXA, an H-IIA rocket launch on 29 November 2003, ended in failure due to stress problems. After a 15-month hiatus, JAXA performed a successful launch of an H-IIA rocket from Tanegashima Space Center, placing a satellite into orbit on 26 February 2005.
To be able to launch smaller mission on JAXA developed a new solid-fueled rocket, the Epsilon as a replacement to the retired M-V. The maiden flight successfully happened in 2013. So far, the rocket has flown six times with one launch failure.
In January 2017, JAXA attempted and failed to put a miniature satellite into orbit atop one of its SS520 series rockets.[17] A second attempt on 2 February 2018 was successful, putting a four kilogram CubeSat into Earth orbit. The rocket, known as the SS-520-5, is the world's smallest orbital launcher.[18]
In January 2021, JAXA shipped an H3 rocket to Tanegashima Space Center to begin launch trials, in an effort to phase out and replace the H-IIA series.[19] The H3's first flight took place in March 2023; the flight was unfortunately a failure.
Roscosmos uses a family of several launch rockets, the most famous of them being the R-7, commonly known as the Soyuz rocket that is capable of launching about 7.5 tons into low Earth orbit (LEO). The Proton rocket (or UR-500K) has a lift capacity of over 20 tons to LEO. Smaller rockets include Rokot and other Stations.
Currently rocket development encompasses both a new rocket system, Angara, as well as enhancements of the Soyuz rocket, Soyuz-2 and Soyuz-2-3. Two modifications of the Soyuz, the Soyuz-2.1a and Soyuz-2.1b have already been successfully tested, enhancing the launch capacity to 8.5 tons to LEO.
Several governmental agencies of the United States purchase ELV launches. NASA is a major customer with the Commercial Resupply Services and Commercial Crew Development programs, also launching scientific spacecraft. The vast majority of launch vehicles for its missions, from the Redstone missile to the Delta, Atlas, Titan and Saturn rocket families, have been expendable. As its flagship crewed exploration replacement for the partially reusable Space Shuttle, NASA's newest ELV, the Space Launch System flew successfully in November 2022 after delays of more than six years. It is planned to serve in a major role on crewed exploration programs going forward.[20][21]
Iran has developed an expendable satellite launch vehicle named Safir SLV. Measuring 22 m in height with a core diameter of 1.25 m, with two liquid propellant stages, a single thrust chambered first stage and a two-thrust chambered, step-throttled second stage, the SLV has a lift off mass exceeding 26 tons. The first stage consists of a lengthened up-rated Shahab-3C. According to the technical documentation presented in the annual meeting of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, it is a two-stage rocket with all liquid propellant engines. The first stage is capable of carrying the payload to the maximum altitude of 68 kilometers.[24]
The Safir-1B is the second generation of Safir SLV and can carry a satellite weighing 60 kg into an elliptical orbit of 300 to 450 km. The thrust of the Safir-1B rocket engine has been increased from 32 to 37 tons.
In 2010, a more powerful rocket named Simorgh was built. Its mission is to carry heavier satellites into orbit.[25][26] The Simorgh rocket is 27 meters (89 feet) long, and has a mass of 77 tonnes (85 tons).[4] Its first stage is powered by four main engines, each generating up to 29,000 kilograms (64,000 pounds) of thrust, plus a fifth which will be used for attitude control, which provides an additional 13,600 kilograms (30,000 pounds). At liftoff, these engines will generate a total of 130,000 kilograms (290,000 pounds) of thrust. Simorgh is capable of putting a 350-kilogram (770 lb) payload into a 500-kilometer (310-mile) low Earth orbit. In 2015, Israeli media reported the missile is capable of taking a crewed spacecraft or satellite into space.[27][28] The first flight of the Simorgh rocket occurred on 19 April 2016.[29]
On 2 February 2013, the head of the Iranian Space Agency, Hamid Fazeli mentioned that the new satellite launch vehicle, Qoqnoos will be used after the Simorgh SLV for heavier payloads.[30][31]
The Israel Space Agency is one of only seven countries that both build their own satellites and launch their own launchers. The Shavit is a spacelaunch vehicle capable of sending payload into low Earth orbit.[32] The Shavit launcher has been used to send every Ofeq satellite to date.
The development of the Shavit began in 1983 and its operational capabilities were proven on three successful launches of the Ofek satellites on September 19, 1988; April 3, 1990; and April 5, 1995. The Shavit launchers allows low-cost and high-reliability launch of micro/mini satellites to a low Earth orbit. The Shavit launcher is developed by Malam factory, one of four factories in the IAI Electronics Group. The factory is very experienced in development, assembling, testing and operating system for use in space.
The Shavit is a triple-stage launchersolid propellantbooster based on the 2-stage Jericho-IIballistic missile. The first and second stage engines are manufactured by Ta'as, and use solid fuel.[33] The third stage engines are manufactured by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. The next generation Shavit rockets, now called the Shavit-2 are being developed. The Shavit-2 is said to be made available for commercial launches in the near future.
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^Shim, Elizabeth (25 November 2015). "Japan launches first commercial satellite".
^"Japan's space freighter in orbit". Jonathan Amos. BBC. 10 August 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
^Kyodo (15 January 2017). "JAXA fails in bid to launch world's smallest satellite-carrying rocket". The Japan Times. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^"Souped-up sounding rocket lifts off from Japan with tiny satellite". Spaceflight Now. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
^Jones, Andrew (26 January 2021). "JAXA ships new H3 rocket to Tanegashima Space Center for testing". Spacenews.com. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^Gebhardt, Chris; Burghardt, Thomas (2022-11-16). "SLS makes successful debut flight, sending Artemis I to the Moon". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2022-11-19.
^"NASA Prepares Rocket, Spacecraft Ahead of Tropical Storm Nicole, Re-targets Launch". NASA. 8 November 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^Boeing, Lockheed Martin to Form Launch Services Joint Venture | SpaceRef - Your Space Reference
^Erwin, Sandra (7 August 2020). "Pentagon picks SpaceX and ULA to remain its primary launch providers". SpaceNews. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
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^Eshel, Tamir (24 April 2016). "Simorgh First Launch – an Iranian Success or Failure? | Defense Update". defense-update.com. from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
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^"Space launch systems - Shavit". Deagel. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
expendable, launch, system, expendable, launch, system, expendable, launch, vehicle, launch, vehicle, that, launched, only, once, after, which, components, either, destroyed, during, reentry, discarded, space, elvs, typically, consist, several, rocket, stages,. An expendable launch system or expendable launch vehicle ELV is a launch vehicle that can be launched only once after which its components are either destroyed during reentry or discarded in space ELVs typically consist of several rocket stages that are discarded sequentially as their fuel is exhausted and the vehicle gains altitude and speed As of 2022 most satellites and human spacecraft are currently launched on ELVs ELVs are simpler in design than reusable launch systems and therefore may have a lower production cost Furthermore an ELV can use its entire fuel supply to accelerate its payload offering greater payloads ELVs are proven technology in widespread use for many decades 1 A Delta IV Heavy rocket left and a Proton M rocket right Contents 1 Current operators 1 1 Arianespace 1 2 China 1 2 1 Active Under Research 1 2 2 Cancelled Retired 1 3 ISRO 1 4 JAXA 1 5 Roscosmos 1 6 United States 1 7 Iranian Space Agency 1 7 1 Safir 1 7 2 Simorgh 1 7 3 Qoqnoos 1 8 Israel Space Agency 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksCurrent operators editArianespace edit This section is an excerpt from Arianespace edit Arianespace SA is a French company founded in 1980 as the world s first commercial launch service provider 2 It undertakes the operation and marketing of the Ariane programme 3 The company offers a number of different launch vehicles the heavy lift Ariane 5 for dual launches to geostationary transfer orbit the Soyuz 2 as a medium lift alternative and the solid fueled Vega for lighter payloads 4 As of May 2021 update Arianespace had launched more than 850 satellites 5 in 287 launches over 41 years The first commercial flight managed by the new entity was Spacenet F1 launched on 23 May 1984 Arianespace uses the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana as its main launch site Through shareholding in Starsem it can also offer commercial Soyuz launches from the Baikonur spaceport in Kazakhstan It has its headquarters in Evry Courcouronnes Essonne France 6 7 China edit This section is an excerpt from Chinese space program Launch vehicles edit Active Under Research edit Air Launched SLV able to place a 50 kilogram plus payload to 500 km SSO 8 Ceres 1 small lift solid fueled launch vehicle from private firm relatively high launch cadence Gravity 1 medium lift sea launched solid fuel launch vehicle under development Hyperbola 1 small lift solid fueled launch vehicle from private firm Hyperbola 3 medium lift liquid fueled methalox launch vehicle with reusable first stage VTVL from private firm currently under development Jielong 3 small to medium lift solid fueled launch vehicle currently in service Kaituozhe 1A 开拓者一号甲 Kuaizhou quick reaction small lift solid fuel launch vehicle Lijian 1 small to medium lift solid fuel launch vehicle currently in service by the commercial spin off of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Lijian 2 medium lift launch vehicle utilizing liquid fuel kerolox with reusable first stage under development CZ 2E A Intended for launch of Chinese space station modules Payload capacity up to 14 tons in LEO and 9000 kN liftoff thrust developed by 12 rocket engines with enlarged fairing of 5 20 m in diameter and length of 12 39 m to accommodate large spacecraft 9 CZ 2F G Modified CZ 2F without escape tower specially used for launching robotic missions such as Shenzhou cargo and space laboratory module with payload capacity up to 11 2 tons in LEO 10 CZ 3B A More powerful Long March rockets using larger size liquid propellant strap on motors with payload capacity up to 13 tons in LEO CZ 3C Launch vehicle combining CZ 3B core with two boosters from CZ 2E Long March 4C CZ 5 heavy lift hydrolox launch vehicle with kerolox boosters CZ 5B variant of the CZ 5 for low Earth orbit payloads up to 25 tonnes to LEO CZ 6 or Small Launch Vehicle small lift kerolox LV with short launch preparation period low cost and high reliability to meet the launch need of small satellites up to 500 kg to 700 km SSO first flight for 2010 with Fan Ruixiang 范瑞祥 as Chief designer of the project 11 12 13 CZ 7 medium lift kerolox launch vehicle for launching resupply missions to the Tiangong space station CZ 8 medium lift launch vehicle mainly for launching payloads to SSO orbits CZ 9 super heavy lift launch vehicle with a LEO lift capability of 150 tonnes currently under development planned to be fully reusable in time CZ 10 crew rated super heavy launch vehicle for crewed lunar missions under development CZ 10A crew rated medium lift launch vehicle for launching the next generation crewed spacecraft to LEOs with reusable first stage currently under development CZ 11 small lift solid fuel quick response launch vehicle Pallas 1 reusable 1st stage medium lift liquid fuel kerolox launch vehicle by private firm currently under development Project 921 3 Reusable launch vehicle current project of the reusable shuttle system Tengyun another current project of two wing staged reusable shuttle system Reusable spaceplane reusable vertically launched spaceplane with wings that lands on a runway and currently in service speculated to be similar to the US X 37B in form and function Tianlong 2 medium lift kerolox launch vehicle from private firm in service Tianlong 3 medium to heavy lift kerolox launch vehicle with reusable first stage from private firm currently under development Zhuque 2 medium lift liquid fuel methalox launch vehicle by private firm currently in service first methane fueled rocket in the world to reach space and to reach orbit with payload Zhuque 3 medium to heavy lift methalox launch vehicle by private firm with reusable first stage currently under developmentCancelled Retired edit CZ 1D based on a CZ 1 but with a new N2O4 UDMH second stage Project 869 reusable shuttle system with Tianjiao 1 or Chang Cheng 1 Great Wall 1 orbiters Project of 1980s 1990s ISRO edit Main article Indian Space Research Organisation Launch vehicles nbsp Comparison of Indian carrier rockets Left to right SLV ASLV PSLV GSLV LVM 3During the 1960s and 1970s India initiated its own launch vehicle program in alignment with its geopolitical and economic considerations In the 1960s 1970s the country India started with a sounding rocket in the 1960s and 1970s and advanced its research to deliver the Satellite Launch Vehicle 3 and the more advanced Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle ASLV complete with operational supporting infrastructure by the 1990s 14 JAXA edit This section is an excerpt from JAXA Launch development edit nbsp H IIA amp H IIB nbsp H IIA F19 launchJapan launched its first satellite Ohsumi in 1970 using ISAS L 4S rocket Prior to the merger ISAS used small solid fueled launch vehicles while NASDA developed larger liquid fueled launchers In the beginning NASDA used licensed American models The first model of liquid fuelled launch vehicle indigenously developed in Japan was the H II introduced in 1994 However at the end of the 1990s with two H II launch failures Japanese rocket technology began to face criticism 15 Japan s first space mission under JAXA an H IIA rocket launch on 29 November 2003 ended in failure due to stress problems After a 15 month hiatus JAXA performed a successful launch of an H IIA rocket from Tanegashima Space Center placing a satellite into orbit on 26 February 2005 On 10 September 2009 the first H IIB rocket was successfully launched delivering the HTV 1 freighter to resupply the International Space Station 16 To be able to launch smaller mission on JAXA developed a new solid fueled rocket the Epsilon as a replacement to the retired M V The maiden flight successfully happened in 2013 So far the rocket has flown six times with one launch failure In January 2017 JAXA attempted and failed to put a miniature satellite into orbit atop one of its SS520 series rockets 17 A second attempt on 2 February 2018 was successful putting a four kilogram CubeSat into Earth orbit The rocket known as the SS 520 5 is the world s smallest orbital launcher 18 In January 2021 JAXA shipped an H3 rocket to Tanegashima Space Center to begin launch trials in an effort to phase out and replace the H IIA series 19 The H3 s first flight took place in March 2023 the flight was unfortunately a failure Roscosmos edit This section is an excerpt from Roscosmos Rockets edit Roscosmos uses a family of several launch rockets the most famous of them being the R 7 commonly known as the Soyuz rocket that is capable of launching about 7 5 tons into low Earth orbit LEO The Proton rocket or UR 500K has a lift capacity of over 20 tons to LEO Smaller rockets include Rokot and other Stations Currently rocket development encompasses both a new rocket system Angara as well as enhancements of the Soyuz rocket Soyuz 2 and Soyuz 2 3 Two modifications of the Soyuz the Soyuz 2 1a and Soyuz 2 1b have already been successfully tested enhancing the launch capacity to 8 5 tons to LEO United States edit Main articles Space Launch System and National Security Space Launch Several governmental agencies of the United States purchase ELV launches NASA is a major customer with the Commercial Resupply Services and Commercial Crew Development programs also launching scientific spacecraft The vast majority of launch vehicles for its missions from the Redstone missile to the Delta Atlas Titan and Saturn rocket families have been expendable As its flagship crewed exploration replacement for the partially reusable Space Shuttle NASA s newest ELV the Space Launch System flew successfully in November 2022 after delays of more than six years It is planned to serve in a major role on crewed exploration programs going forward 20 21 The United States Air Force is also an ELV customer having designed the Titan Atlas and Delta families Both the Delta IV and Atlas V from the 1994 Evolved ELV EELV program remain in active service operated by the United Launch Alliance 22 The National Security Space Launch NSSL competition has selected two EELV successors the expendable Vulcan Centaur and partially reusable Falcon 9 to provide assured access to space 23 Iranian Space Agency edit Main articles Safir rocket and Simorgh rocket Safir edit This section is an excerpt from Iranian Space Agency Safir SLV edit Iran has developed an expendable satellite launch vehicle named Safir SLV Measuring 22 m in height with a core diameter of 1 25 m with two liquid propellant stages a single thrust chambered first stage and a two thrust chambered step throttled second stage the SLV has a lift off mass exceeding 26 tons The first stage consists of a lengthened up rated Shahab 3C According to the technical documentation presented in the annual meeting of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs it is a two stage rocket with all liquid propellant engines The first stage is capable of carrying the payload to the maximum altitude of 68 kilometers 24 The Safir 1B is the second generation of Safir SLV and can carry a satellite weighing 60 kg into an elliptical orbit of 300 to 450 km The thrust of the Safir 1B rocket engine has been increased from 32 to 37 tons Simorgh edit This section is an excerpt from Iranian Space Agency Simorgh SLV edit In 2010 a more powerful rocket named Simorgh was built Its mission is to carry heavier satellites into orbit 25 26 The Simorgh rocket is 27 meters 89 feet long and has a mass of 77 tonnes 85 tons 4 Its first stage is powered by four main engines each generating up to 29 000 kilograms 64 000 pounds of thrust plus a fifth which will be used for attitude control which provides an additional 13 600 kilograms 30 000 pounds At liftoff these engines will generate a total of 130 000 kilograms 290 000 pounds of thrust Simorgh is capable of putting a 350 kilogram 770 lb payload into a 500 kilometer 310 mile low Earth orbit In 2015 Israeli media reported the missile is capable of taking a crewed spacecraft or satellite into space 27 28 The first flight of the Simorgh rocket occurred on 19 April 2016 29 Qoqnoos edit This section is an excerpt from Iranian Space Agency Qoqnoos SLV edit On 2 February 2013 the head of the Iranian Space Agency Hamid Fazeli mentioned that the new satellite launch vehicle Qoqnoos will be used after the Simorgh SLV for heavier payloads 30 31 Israel Space Agency edit This section is an excerpt from Israel Space Agency Launch capabilities edit nbsp Shavit Rocket nbsp Shavit launcherThe Israel Space Agency is one of only seven countries that both build their own satellites and launch their own launchers The Shavit is a space launch vehicle capable of sending payload into low Earth orbit 32 The Shavit launcher has been used to send every Ofeq satellite to date The development of the Shavit began in 1983 and its operational capabilities were proven on three successful launches of the Ofek satellites on September 19 1988 April 3 1990 and April 5 1995 The Shavit launchers allows low cost and high reliability launch of micro mini satellites to a low Earth orbit The Shavit launcher is developed by Malam factory one of four factories in the IAI Electronics Group The factory is very experienced in development assembling testing and operating system for use in space The Shavit is a triple stage launcher solid propellant booster based on the 2 stage Jericho II ballistic missile The first and second stage engines are manufactured by Ta as and use solid fuel 33 The third stage engines are manufactured by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems The next generation Shavit rockets now called the Shavit 2 are being developed The Shavit 2 is said to be made available for commercial launches in the near future See also edit nbsp Spaceflight portalComparison of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launchers families Launch vehicle Lists of rockets Spacecraft propulsion SpaceflightReferences edit Expendable Launch Vehicles spacetethers com Retrieved 2018 12 31 Jaeger Ralph W Claudon Jean Louis May 1986 Ariane The first commercial space transportation system Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science Vol 2 Tokyo Japan AGNE Publishing Inc published 1986 Bibcode 1986spte conf 1431J A87 32276 13 12 Arianespace was founded in 1980 as the world s first launch services company arianespace com Archived from the original on 18 February 2008 Retrieved 7 March 2008 Service amp Solutions arianespace com Archived from the original on 12 February 2011 Retrieved 15 February 2011 Arianespace Company profile Arianespace May 5 2021 Retrieved May 25 2021 Russians French sign space contract UPI Science Report United Press International 12 April 2005 Retrieved on 24 September 2009 Contact Us Arianespace Retrieved 11 June 2020 空射运载火箭亮相珠海航展 新华网 2006 11 01 Archived from the original on February 7 2008 Retrieved May 3 2008 CZ 2EA地面风载试验 中国空气动力研究与发展中心 2008 02 04 Archived from the original on February 13 2009 Retrieved June 30 2008 独家 神八 将用改进型火箭发射 2010年左右首飞 人民网 June 25 2008 Archived from the original on June 10 2016 Retrieved June 26 2008 让年轻人与航天事业共同成长 中国人事报 2008 03 14 Archived from the original on 2011 07 15 Retrieved July 19 2008 中国科学技术协会 2007 航天科学技术学科发展报告 Beijing PRC 中国科学技术协会出版社 p 17 ISBN 978 7504648662 Archived from the original on 2008 09 11 国际空间大学公众论坛关注中国航天 3 People Daily 2007 07 11 Archived from the original on March 3 2016 Retrieved July 13 2007 Gupta S C Suresh B N Sivan K 2007 Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies PDF Current Science Bangalore Indian Academy of Sciences 93 12 1697 Archived PDF from the original on 6 August 2020 Retrieved 17 March 2021 Shim Elizabeth 25 November 2015 Japan launches first commercial satellite Japan s space freighter in orbit Jonathan Amos BBC 10 August 2009 Retrieved 10 September 2009 Kyodo 15 January 2017 JAXA fails in bid to launch world s smallest satellite carrying rocket The Japan Times Retrieved 16 January 2017 Souped up sounding rocket lifts off from Japan with tiny satellite Spaceflight Now 2 February 2018 Retrieved 7 February 2018 Jones Andrew 26 January 2021 JAXA ships new H3 rocket to Tanegashima Space Center for testing Spacenews com Retrieved 26 January 2021 Gebhardt Chris Burghardt Thomas 2022 11 16 SLS makes successful debut flight sending Artemis I to the Moon NASASpaceFlight com Retrieved 2022 11 19 NASA Prepares Rocket Spacecraft Ahead of Tropical Storm Nicole Re targets Launch NASA 8 November 2022 Retrieved 8 November 2022 Boeing Lockheed Martin to Form Launch Services Joint Venture SpaceRef Your Space Reference Erwin Sandra 7 August 2020 Pentagon picks SpaceX and ULA to remain its primary launch providers SpaceNews Retrieved 24 August 2022 Our website is currently undergoing scheduled maintenance PDF Archived PDF from the original on 5 September 2015 Retrieved 15 March 2009 Iran unveils three new home made satellites Payvand com 22 November 2006 Archived from the original on 6 February 2010 Retrieved 6 February 2010 Iran launches spacecraft carrying animals Space program breakthroughs signal the dawn of a new era of national development Ahmadinejad Tehran Times Archived from the original on 12 February 2010 Retrieved 6 February 2010 Israeli TV shows Iranian missile that can reach far beyond Europe The Times of Israel Archived from the original on 25 December 2016 Retrieved 29 January 2015 Israel News is Iran on Its Way to Sending a Man to Outer Space JerusalemOnline Archived from the original on 1 July 2015 Retrieved 29 January 2015 Eshel Tamir 24 April 2016 Simorgh First Launch an Iranian Success or Failure Defense Update defense update com Archived from the original on 27 November 2016 Retrieved 29 October 2016 Details and revealing of Nahid Satellite Launch of Nahid with Safir B 1 Persian mehrnews com 2 February 2013 Archived from the original on 5 February 2013 Retrieved 3 February 2013 Ahmadinejad to unveil Nahid Satellite soon English mehrnews com 2 February 2013 Retrieved 17 November 2022 Space launch systems Shavit Deagel Retrieved 19 November 2013 Shavit BritannicaExternal links editULA website Arianespace website ESA website Mitsubishi Heavy Industries website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Expendable launch system amp oldid 1194446384, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
