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Exercise Saif Sareea

October 26, 2023

Exercise Saif Sareea (Arabic: سيف سريع Swift Sword) is a series of military exercises undertaken by the United Kingdom and Oman which first began in 1986 and most recently took place in 2018.[5]

Exercise Saif Sareea
British and Omani Challenger 2 tanks during Exercise Saif Sareea 3 in 2018.
Location
Oman
Objective
  • Demonstrate the UK's ability to conduct a strategic deployment of a warfighting force to the Middle East.[1]
  • Strengthen the UK's relationship with Oman and assist in the development of its military capabilities.[1]
DateSaif Sareea 1
15 November 1986 - 8 December 1986

Saif Sareea 2
15 September 2001 - 26 October 2001[2][3]

Saif Sareea 3
5 October 2018 - 3 November 2018[4]
Executed by United Kingdom
Oman

Saif Sareea 1 edit

Exercise Saif Sareea 1 was the first exercise held between 15 November and 8 December 1986.[6] Nearly 5,000 British military personnel deployed for the exercise. Units that took part from the British Army included elements of 5th Airborne Brigade and 3 Commando Brigade. It also involved ships from the Royal Navy task group, and a detachment of Tornado GR1 and FR3 aircraft and air transport resources from the Royal Air Force. The exercise was the largest deployment to the Middle East in a single operation by the UK since the Suez Crisis in 1956.[7][8]

The joint headquarters for the exercise was at RAFO Masirah airbase, on Masirah Island in Oman. The exercise involved a demonstration parachute drop by 5th Airborne Brigade on a desert airstrip, with air support from the Tornado aircraft, and Omani Hunter aircraft forming the opposing force.[9]

Saif Sareea 2 edit

 
A British soldier with an SA80 assault rifle participating in the exercise.

Exercise Saif Sareea 2 was the second and largest Saif Sareea exercise which was held between 15 August and 26 October 2001.[2][3] It was the largest single deployment of the British Armed Forces since the Gulf War in 1991 and trialed the newly-formed Joint Rapid Reaction Force.[10] Over 22,500 personnel, 6,500 vehicles, 21 naval vessels, 49 fixed-wing aircraft and 44 helicopters were deployed; compared with the previous largest force of around 5,000 personnel.[11] In addition over 11,000 Omani forces took part.

Results edit

 
A Challenger 2 tank at speed during the exercise, located to the north of Thumrait.

This exercise illustrated a number of problems in the British Army; the traditional "make-do" attitude to shortages of modern equipment and essential spares fell down in the face of the Omani weather.

  • Soldiers reported their uniform was too hot and those who had not been issued with desert boots suffered from foot problems as their combat boots melted in the heat.[12]
  • The 66 Challenger 2 tanks suffered from poor reliability. This was not due to any inherent defect with the tank, but rather due to the failure of the Army to adequately 'desertise' the tanks (apparently on grounds of cost). The failure to fit appropriate filters led to substantial engine damage due to the ingress of sand and dust. Two squadrons of tanks were withdrawn from the exercise.[13]
  • The SA80A1 rifle (the unmodified variant) suffered stoppages and jamming due to sand and dust ingress.[13]
  • Westland Lynx helicopters became unserviceable as their rotor blades' flying time was reduced from 500 hours to 27 hours.[13]
  • The Clansman radio system performed so poorly it was judged "incapable" of operating in combat.[13] Unable to communicate by radio and with no mobile phone service, tank commanders had to pull up during manoeuvres to check orders with each other.[13]
  • Plastic filters on the AS-90 self-propelled artillery melted in the heat, rendering the gun useless.[13]
  • Some of the Army's trucks were so old that the only way to keep the engines from overheating was to turn the cabin heaters on full, which meant the drivers had to get out every few minutes because of the heat.[13]

Some of these problems - mostly with Challenger 2 and the AS-90 self-propelled gun were fixed in time for the invasion of Iraq in 2003.

Some equipment performed extremely well in the operation.

  • The recently introduced C-17 provided a level of strategic lift not previously available to the RAF.

A report by the National Audit Office stated that "given that the joint rapid reaction forces are intended to be able to operate anywhere in the world, it is a concern that the MoD does not hold sufficient stocks of desert combat suits to equip the Forces." Despite these myriad problems, the MoD called the exercise a "success" and said that "the key point of major exercises is that they allow us to identify the challenges our forces might face when actually operating in such testing conditions. We have made comprehensive arrangements for identifying lessons and, where necessary, we will make improvements to our equipment and procedures."[13] The House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts concluded that the exercise had been of benefit to the subsequent British invasion of Iraq, Operation TELIC.[14]

Equipment edit

Royal Air Force edit

 
An RAF C-130 Hercules participating in the exercise.

Royal Navy edit

British Army edit

Saif Sareea 3 edit

 
RAF Typhoons conducted sorties from RAFO Thumrait in Oman.
 
An RAF C-17 prepares to unload an RAF Chinook.
 
A Challenger 2 of the 1st Royal Tank Regiment crossing the Omani desert.
 
A Warrior infantry fighting vehicle of the 1 MERCIAN battlegroup.

Exercise Saif Sareea 3 was the third exercise held between 5 October and 3 November 2018. It was the UK's largest deployment to Oman since the previous Saif Sareea exercise 17 years before.[15] Over 70,000 personnel from the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces took part, as well as 5,500 from the British Armed Forces. The exercise lasted 10 days and consisted of five phases: Phase 1 involved the deployment from the UK to Oman of 2,000 soldiers and 185 armoured fighting vehicles, which was followed by Phase 2 consisting of national forces training. Phase 3 saw the integration of the UK Battle Group with Omani forces, followed by Phase 4, a final test exercise. The exercise culminated in Phase 5 which involved a firepower demonstration showcasing the combined effects of UK and Omani forces with a beach assault, aided by naval gunfire support, and a display of airborne firepower.[1][16][17] The exercise's simulated enemy was Russia.[18]

The exercise was the first to be facilitated by the newly-established UK Joint Logistics Support Base in Al Duqm Port & Drydock, Oman.[19] It ran concurrently with the UK's involvement in Exercise Trident Juncture 2018, a NATO exercise in Norway.[1]

Equipment edit

Royal Air Force edit

Royal Navy edit

British Army edit

The smaller scale of Saif Sareea 3 has been blamed on defence cuts, however, whilst the exercise was undeniably smaller than previous exercises, this has been attributed to the greater capability of newer equipment.[28] Saif Sareea 2, for example, involved six landing ships but these were old, smaller and far less capable than the newer Albion and Bay-class landing ships involved in Saif Sareea 3.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d "Exercise SAIF SAREEA 3". British Army. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Alvis Rolls Out New Piranha For Oman". defense-aerospace.com. 10 September 2001. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  3. ^ a b "British army practises expeditionary operations in Oman". World Socialist Website. 9 October 2001. Retrieved 15 September 2020. Since September 15, Britain's armed forces have been engaged in Operation Swift Sword II
  4. ^ "British Troops Begin Omani Exercise In 'Absolutely Insane' Environment". Forces News. 8 October 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  5. ^ "RAF Air & Space Power 2019". Royal Air Force. 17 July 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2020. Exercise Saif Sareea (Swift Sword) 3 was the third in a series of exercises that take place about every 15 years, with the previous exercises in 1987 and 2001.
  6. ^ Hansard. HC Deb 15 December 1986 vol 107 cc371-2W. 15 December 1986. Retrieved 24 December 2018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ Hansard. HC Deb 30 January 1986 vol 90 cc1115-85. 30 January 1986. Retrieved 24 December 2018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Alford, Johnathan; Hunt, Kenneth (2015). Europe in the Western Alliance. Springer. p. 133. ISBN 978-1349098378. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  9. ^ Gledhill, David (17 May 2017). Tornado F3 in Focus: A Navigator's Eye on Britain's Last Interceptor. Fonthill Media. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  10. ^ Operation Veritas - Armed Forces deployments: The Armed Forces Minister's statement in the Commons
  11. ^ . Oman Economic Review. United Press and Publishing, LLC. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  12. ^ BBC World news, 16 January 2003; Soldiers 'having to buy own kit'
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Philip Johnston (1 August 2002). "Tanks, guns and boots all failed Army in desert". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  14. ^ House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts (21 June 2004). "Ministry of Defence: Operation TELIC United Kingdom military operations in Iraq" (PDF). publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  15. ^ Ripley, Tim (18 January 2018). "'Saif Sareea 3' to see 4,500 UK military personnel exercise with Omani forces". Jane's Defence Weekly. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  16. ^ "On the ground with Saif Sareea 3, Oman's largest ever joint drill". The Times of Oman. 4 November 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  17. ^ "SAIF SAREEA 3 CONCLUDES WITH MAJOR EXERCISE". www.raf.mod.uk. RAF. 3 November 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  18. ^ "BRITISH MILITARY BASES ABROAD: A STRATEGIC SHIFT". Global Defence Technology. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2020. Organised in the Omani desert, the joint training drill brought together six warships, 200 armoured vehicles and 5,500 UK personnel, as well as 60,000 Sultan Armed Forces for a simulated conflict, in this instance against Russia.
  19. ^ "Defence Secretary announces investment in strategic Omani port". Ministry of Defence. September 12, 2020.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Oliver, David (9 November 2018). "British and Omani Armed Forces train in the Desert". EDR Magazine.
  21. ^ a b "RAF Typhoons arrive in Oman at start of Exercise Saif Sareea 3". Royal Air Force. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  22. ^ "Saif Sareea 3 concludes with major exercise". Royal Air Force. 3 November 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  23. ^ "RAF Brize Norton Supports Largest Multinational Exercise in 17 Years". Royal Air Force. 21 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  24. ^ "1 Squadron RAF Regt conduct live-firing exercise on Ex Saif Sareea 3". Royal Air Force. 26 October 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g "SAIF SAREEA". Royal Navy. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  26. ^ "Exercise SAIF SAREEA 3". Warfare.Today. 13 October 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  27. ^ "Challenger 2 MBT and Wildcat prove desert capability on Ex Khanjar Oman". British Army. 26 March 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  28. ^ "Lima Charlie: Why Is Exercise Saif Sareea 3 So Important?". Forces News. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.

October 26, 2023
exercise, saif, sareea, arabic, سيف, سريع, swift, sword, series, military, exercises, undertaken, united, kingdom, oman, which, first, began, 1986, most, recently, took, place, 2018, british, omani, challenger, tanks, during, 2018, locationomanobjectivedemonst. Exercise Saif Sareea Arabic سيف سريع Swift Sword is a series of military exercises undertaken by the United Kingdom and Oman which first began in 1986 and most recently took place in 2018 5 Exercise Saif SareeaBritish and Omani Challenger 2 tanks during Exercise Saif Sareea 3 in 2018 LocationOmanObjectiveDemonstrate the UK s ability to conduct a strategic deployment of a warfighting force to the Middle East 1 Strengthen the UK s relationship with Oman and assist in the development of its military capabilities 1 DateSaif Sareea 115 November 1986 8 December 1986Saif Sareea 215 September 2001 26 October 2001 2 3 Saif Sareea 35 October 2018 3 November 2018 4 Executed byUnited Kingdom Oman Contents 1 Saif Sareea 1 2 Saif Sareea 2 2 1 Results 2 2 Equipment 2 2 1 Royal Air Force 2 2 2 Royal Navy 2 2 3 British Army 3 Saif Sareea 3 3 1 Equipment 3 1 1 Royal Air Force 3 1 2 Royal Navy 3 1 3 British Army 4 ReferencesSaif Sareea 1 editExercise Saif Sareea 1 was the first exercise held between 15 November and 8 December 1986 6 Nearly 5 000 British military personnel deployed for the exercise Units that took part from the British Army included elements of 5th Airborne Brigade and 3 Commando Brigade It also involved ships from the Royal Navy task group and a detachment of Tornado GR1 and FR3 aircraft and air transport resources from the Royal Air Force The exercise was the largest deployment to the Middle East in a single operation by the UK since the Suez Crisis in 1956 7 8 The joint headquarters for the exercise was at RAFO Masirah airbase on Masirah Island in Oman The exercise involved a demonstration parachute drop by 5th Airborne Brigade on a desert airstrip with air support from the Tornado aircraft and Omani Hunter aircraft forming the opposing force 9 Saif Sareea 2 edit nbsp A British soldier with an SA80 assault rifle participating in the exercise Exercise Saif Sareea 2 was the second and largest Saif Sareea exercise which was held between 15 August and 26 October 2001 2 3 It was the largest single deployment of the British Armed Forces since the Gulf War in 1991 and trialed the newly formed Joint Rapid Reaction Force 10 Over 22 500 personnel 6 500 vehicles 21 naval vessels 49 fixed wing aircraft and 44 helicopters were deployed compared with the previous largest force of around 5 000 personnel 11 In addition over 11 000 Omani forces took part Results edit nbsp A Challenger 2 tank at speed during the exercise located to the north of Thumrait This exercise illustrated a number of problems in the British Army the traditional make do attitude to shortages of modern equipment and essential spares fell down in the face of the Omani weather Soldiers reported their uniform was too hot and those who had not been issued with desert boots suffered from foot problems as their combat boots melted in the heat 12 The 66 Challenger 2 tanks suffered from poor reliability This was not due to any inherent defect with the tank but rather due to the failure of the Army to adequately desertise the tanks apparently on grounds of cost The failure to fit appropriate filters led to substantial engine damage due to the ingress of sand and dust Two squadrons of tanks were withdrawn from the exercise 13 The SA80A1 rifle the unmodified variant suffered stoppages and jamming due to sand and dust ingress 13 Westland Lynx helicopters became unserviceable as their rotor blades flying time was reduced from 500 hours to 27 hours 13 The Clansman radio system performed so poorly it was judged incapable of operating in combat 13 Unable to communicate by radio and with no mobile phone service tank commanders had to pull up during manoeuvres to check orders with each other 13 Plastic filters on the AS 90 self propelled artillery melted in the heat rendering the gun useless 13 Some of the Army s trucks were so old that the only way to keep the engines from overheating was to turn the cabin heaters on full which meant the drivers had to get out every few minutes because of the heat 13 Some of these problems mostly with Challenger 2 and the AS 90 self propelled gun were fixed in time for the invasion of Iraq in 2003 Some equipment performed extremely well in the operation The recently introduced C 17 provided a level of strategic lift not previously available to the RAF A report by the National Audit Office stated that given that the joint rapid reaction forces are intended to be able to operate anywhere in the world it is a concern that the MoD does not hold sufficient stocks of desert combat suits to equip the Forces Despite these myriad problems the MoD called the exercise a success and said that the key point of major exercises is that they allow us to identify the challenges our forces might face when actually operating in such testing conditions We have made comprehensive arrangements for identifying lessons and where necessary we will make improvements to our equipment and procedures 13 The House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts concluded that the exercise had been of benefit to the subsequent British invasion of Iraq Operation TELIC 14 Equipment edit Royal Air Force edit nbsp An RAF C 130 Hercules participating in the exercise Tornado GR4 strike aircraft Harrier GR7 strike aircraft Tornado F3 fighter Chinook transport helicopter Sentry AEW1 airborne early warning Puma HC1 transport helicopter C 130 Hercules transport aircraft VC10 transport aircraft aerial refueling tanker Nimrod MR2 anti submarine warfare Falcon 20EW Operated by F R Aviation in support of RAF assets Royal Navy edit HMS Illustrious R06 aircraft carrier HMS Ocean L12 landing platform helicopter HMS Fearless L10 landing platform dock HMS Cornwall F99 frigate HMS Marlborough F233 frigate HMS Monmouth F235 frigate HMS Southampton D90 destroyer HMS Nottingham D91 destroyer HMS Inverness M102 minehunter HMS Cattistock M31 minehunter HMS Quorn M41 minehunter HMS Walney M104 minehunter HMS Beagle A319 survey vessel HMS Roebuck H130 survey vessel RFA Fort Victoria replenishment ship RFA Fort Rosalie replenishment ship RFA Sir Tristram landing ship logistics RFA Sir Galahad landing ship logistics RFA Sir Percivale landing ship logistics RFA Sir Bedivere landing ship logistics RFA Oakleaf replenishment ship FA2 Sea Harrier strike fighter Sea King HAS Mk6 anti submarine warfare helicopter Sea King Mk4 transport helicopter Lynx Mk7 utility helicopter Sea King AEW Mk 2 airborne early warning British Army edit Challenger 2 main battle tank Lynx AH7 utility helicopter Gazelle AH1 scout helicopter Saif Sareea 3 edit nbsp RAF Typhoons conducted sorties from RAFO Thumrait in Oman nbsp An RAF C 17 prepares to unload an RAF Chinook nbsp A Challenger 2 of the 1st Royal Tank Regiment crossing the Omani desert nbsp A Warrior infantry fighting vehicle of the 1 MERCIAN battlegroup Exercise Saif Sareea 3 was the third exercise held between 5 October and 3 November 2018 It was the UK s largest deployment to Oman since the previous Saif Sareea exercise 17 years before 15 Over 70 000 personnel from the Sultan of Oman s Armed Forces took part as well as 5 500 from the British Armed Forces The exercise lasted 10 days and consisted of five phases Phase 1 involved the deployment from the UK to Oman of 2 000 soldiers and 185 armoured fighting vehicles which was followed by Phase 2 consisting of national forces training Phase 3 saw the integration of the UK Battle Group with Omani forces followed by Phase 4 a final test exercise The exercise culminated in Phase 5 which involved a firepower demonstration showcasing the combined effects of UK and Omani forces with a beach assault aided by naval gunfire support and a display of airborne firepower 1 16 17 The exercise s simulated enemy was Russia 18 The exercise was the first to be facilitated by the newly established UK Joint Logistics Support Base in Al Duqm Port amp Drydock Oman 19 It ran concurrently with the UK s involvement in Exercise Trident Juncture 2018 a NATO exercise in Norway 1 Equipment edit Royal Air Force edit 8 x Typhoon FGR4 multirole fighter No 2 Squadron RAF 20 21 3 x Chinook HC6 transport helicopter No 27 Squadron RAF 20 22 3 x Puma HC2 transport helicopter No 230 Squadron RAF 20 2 x Sentry AEW1 airborne early warning No 8 Squadron RAF 20 21 2 x Voyager KC3 aerial refueling tanker 20 1 x Atlas C1 transport aircraft 20 2 x C 17 Globemaster III transport aircraft No 99 Squadron RAF 20 23 1 x BAe 146 transport aircraft 20 Foxhound Panther and Jackal armoured vehicles No 1 Squadron RAF Regiment 24 Royal Navy edit HMS Albion L14 landing platform dock 25 HMS Dragon D35 destroyer 25 HMS Blyth M111 minehunter 25 HMS Ledbury M30 minehunter 25 RFA Cardigan Bay L3009 landing ship dock 25 RFA Lyme Bay L3007 landing ship dock 25 MV Anvil Point sealift ship 25 British Army edit 18 x Challenger 2 main battle tank 20 61 x Warrior armoured fighting vehicle 20 43 x Scimitar armoured fighting vehicle 20 4 x AS 90 self propelled artillery 20 54 x Bulldog armoured personnel carrier 20 3 x Apache AH1 attack helicopter No 664 Squadron AAC 20 26 Wildcat AH1 utility helicopter No 659 Squadron AAC 27 The smaller scale of Saif Sareea 3 has been blamed on defence cuts however whilst the exercise was undeniably smaller than previous exercises this has been attributed to the greater capability of newer equipment 28 Saif Sareea 2 for example involved six landing ships but these were old smaller and far less capable than the newer Albion and Bay class landing ships involved in Saif Sareea 3 References edit a b c d Exercise SAIF SAREEA 3 British Army 4 October 2018 Retrieved 8 September 2020 a b Alvis Rolls Out New Piranha For Oman defense aerospace com 10 September 2001 Retrieved 15 September 2020 a b British army practises expeditionary operations in Oman World Socialist Website 9 October 2001 Retrieved 15 September 2020 Since September 15 Britain s armed forces have been engaged in Operation Swift Sword II British Troops Begin Omani Exercise In Absolutely Insane Environment Forces News 8 October 2018 Retrieved 8 September 2020 RAF Air amp Space Power 2019 Royal Air Force 17 July 2019 Retrieved 15 September 2020 Exercise Saif Sareea Swift Sword 3 was the third in a series of exercises that take place about every 15 years with the previous exercises in 1987 and 2001 Hansard HC Deb 15 December 1986 vol 107 cc371 2W 15 December 1986 Retrieved 24 December 2018 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hansard HC Deb 30 January 1986 vol 90 cc1115 85 30 January 1986 Retrieved 24 December 2018 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link CS1 maint location missing publisher link Alford Johnathan Hunt Kenneth 2015 Europe in the Western Alliance Springer p 133 ISBN 978 1349098378 Retrieved 24 December 2018 Gledhill David 17 May 2017 Tornado F3 in Focus A Navigator s Eye on Britain s Last Interceptor Fonthill Media Retrieved 24 December 2018 Operation Veritas Armed Forces deployments The Armed Forces Minister s statement in the Commons Top Guns Oman Economic Review United Press and Publishing LLC Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 Retrieved 9 May 2011 BBC World news 16 January 2003 Soldiers having to buy own kit a b c d e f g h Philip Johnston 1 August 2002 Tanks guns and boots all failed Army in desert The Daily Telegraph Retrieved 18 March 2016 House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts 21 June 2004 Ministry of Defence Operation TELIC United Kingdom military operations in Iraq PDF publications parliament uk Retrieved 29 March 2023 Ripley Tim 18 January 2018 Saif Sareea 3 to see 4 500 UK military personnel exercise with Omani forces Jane s Defence Weekly Retrieved 24 December 2018 On the ground with Saif Sareea 3 Oman s largest ever joint drill The Times of Oman 4 November 2018 Retrieved 24 December 2018 SAIF SAREEA 3 CONCLUDES WITH MAJOR EXERCISE www raf mod uk RAF 3 November 2018 Retrieved 24 December 2018 BRITISH MILITARY BASES ABROAD A STRATEGIC SHIFT Global Defence Technology 27 May 2019 Retrieved 18 September 2020 Organised in the Omani desert the joint training drill brought together six warships 200 armoured vehicles and 5 500 UK personnel as well as 60 000 Sultan Armed Forces for a simulated conflict in this instance against Russia Defence Secretary announces investment in strategic Omani port Ministry of Defence September 12 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Oliver David 9 November 2018 British and Omani Armed Forces train in the Desert EDR Magazine a b RAF Typhoons arrive in Oman at start of Exercise Saif Sareea 3 Royal Air Force 2 October 2018 Retrieved 16 September 2020 Saif Sareea 3 concludes with major exercise Royal Air Force 3 November 2018 Retrieved 16 September 2020 RAF Brize Norton Supports Largest Multinational Exercise in 17 Years Royal Air Force 21 September 2018 Retrieved 16 September 2020 1 Squadron RAF Regt conduct live firing exercise on Ex Saif Sareea 3 Royal Air Force 26 October 2018 Retrieved 16 September 2020 a b c d e f g SAIF SAREEA Royal Navy Retrieved 15 September 2020 Exercise SAIF SAREEA 3 Warfare Today 13 October 2018 Retrieved 16 September 2020 Challenger 2 MBT and Wildcat prove desert capability on Ex Khanjar Oman British Army 26 March 2019 Retrieved 16 September 2020 Lima Charlie Why Is Exercise Saif Sareea 3 So Important Forces News 29 October 2020 Retrieved 15 September 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Exercise Saif Sareea amp oldid 1176543390, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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