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Exceptionalism

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see Overwhelming exception.

Exceptionalism is the perception or belief that a species, country, society, institution, movement, individual, or time period is "exceptional" (i.e., unusual or extraordinary). The term carries the implication, whether or not specified, that the referent is superior in some way.

Although the idea appears to have developed with respect to an era, today it is particularly applied with respect to particular nations or regions.

Other uses of the term include medical and genetic exceptionalism.

History edit

Further information: Historic recurrence

The German romantic philosopher-historians, especially Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) and Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), dwelt on the theme of uniqueness in the late 18th century. They de-emphasized the political state and instead emphasized the uniqueness of the Volk, comprising the whole people, their languages and traditions. Each nation, considered as a cultural entity with its own distinctive history, possessed a "national spirit", or "soul of the people" (in German: Volksgeist). This idea had a strong influence in the growth of nationalism in 19th-century European lands—especially in ones ruled by élites from somewhere else.[1][2]

Claims of exceptionality have been made for many countries, including the United States, Australia (especially in South Australia[3]),[4] China, France, Germany, Greece,[5] Pakistan, Imperial Japan, Iran, Serbia, Israel, North Korea, South Africa,[6][7] Spain, the UK, the USSR, Thailand[8][9] and Lebanon.[10] Historians have added many other cases, including historic empires such as China, the Ottoman Empire, ancient Rome, and ancient India, along with a wide range of minor kingdoms in history.[11]

Criticism edit

Belief in exceptionalism can represent erroneous thought analogous to historicism in that it overemphasizes peculiarities in an analysis and ignores or downplays meaningful comparisons [citation needed]. A group may assert exceptionalism in order to exaggerate the appearance of difference, to invoke a wider latitude of action, and to avoid recognition of similarities that would reduce perceived justifications [citation needed]. This can be an example of special pleading, a form of spurious argumentation that ignores relevant bases for meaningful comparisons [citation needed]. Exceptionalism is often based on poor historical knowledge.[12]

Separateness edit

J. Bradford DeLong has used the term "exceptionalism" to describe the economic growth of post-World War II Western Europe.[13]

Exceptionalism can represent an error analogous to historicism in assuming that only peculiarities are relevant to analysis, while overlooking meaningful comparisons. Political scientist Noritada Matsuda writes, "[W]hat is seemingly exceptional in one country may be found in other countries."[14]

In ideologically-driven debates, a group may assert exceptionalism, with or without the term, in order to exaggerate the appearance of difference, perhaps to create an atmosphere permissive of a wider latitude of action, and to avoid recognition of similarities that would reduce perceived justifications. If unwarranted, this represents an example of special pleading, a form of spurious argumentation that ignores relevant bases for meaningful comparison.[citation needed]

The term "exceptionalism" can imply criticism of a tendency to remain separate from others. For example, the reluctance of the United States government to join various international treaties is sometimes called "exceptionalist".[15]

Medical exceptionalism edit

Use of the term "HIV exceptionalism" implies that AIDS is a contagious disease that is or should be treated differently from other contagions[16] or entails benefits not available to those suffering from other diseases.[17][18]

See also edit

Instances of exceptionalism:

Related terms:

Notes edit

  1. ^ Royal J. Schmidt, "Cultural Nationalism in Herder", Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 17, No. 3 (June 1956), pp. 407–17 in JSTOR
  2. ^ Hans Kohn, "The Paradox of Fichte's Nationalism", Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 10, No. 3 (June 1949), pp. 319–43 in JSTOR
  3. ^ C. J. Coventry, "A New Birth of Freedom: South Australia, slavery and exceptionalism," Speech to History Council of South Australia (HCSA) (2020), https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:33351/
  4. ^ . www.humanrights.gov.au. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  5. ^ (jwehner@wehnerweb.com), wehnerj. "Questioning Greek Exceptionalism". www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  6. ^ Dlakavu, Simamkele (24 October 2013). "South Africa IS in 'Africa' - Daily Maverick". Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  7. ^ Raymond Padya, Journalism Editor (October 29, 2013). . Iziko Live. Durban University of Technology. Archived from the original on May 16, 2019. Retrieved September 2, 2018. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  8. ^ Georg Nolte and Helmut Philipp Aust (2013). "European exceptionalism?" (PDF). Global Constitutionalism. 2 (3): 407–436. doi:10.1017/S2045381713000038. hdl:10419/66220. S2CID 232178437.
  9. ^ du même auteur (2011-01-01). "Becoming Exceptional? American and European Exceptionalism and their Critics: A Review". Cairn.info. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
  10. ^ Mikdashi, Maya (2022). Sextarianism. Sovereignty, Secularism, and the State in Lebanon. Stanford University Press. p. 117-152. ISBN 9781503631564.
  11. ^ See Christopher K. Chase-Dunn, Thomas D. Hall, and E. Susan Manning, "Rise and Fall: East-West Synchronicity and Indic Exceptionalism Reexamined", Social Science History, Volume 24, Number 4, Winter 2000, pp. 727–54 in Project Muse
  12. ^ C. J. Coventry, "A New Birth of Freedom: South Australia, slavery and exceptionalism," Speech to History Council of South Australia (HCSA) (2020), https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:33351/
  13. ^ DeLong, J. Bradford (September 1997). . Berkeley: University of California. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  14. ^ Matsuda, Noritada (13 August 2003). "Exceptionalism in Political Science: Japanese Politics, US Politics, and Supposed International Norms". Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  15. ^ Park, Jeanne (November 2000). "The New Sovereigntists: American Exceptionalism and Its False Prophets". Foreign Affairs (November/December 2000). Retrieved 2015-11-14.
  16. ^ Hanssens, Catherine (Lambda Legal) (Winter 1997–1998). "Inventing "AIDS Exceptionalism"". TheBody.com. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
  17. ^ Sheryl Gay Stolberg (12 November 1997). "New Challenge to Idea That 'AIDS Is Special'". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  18. ^ United States Congress (25 October 2010). Congressional Record, V. 152, Pt. 16, September 29 2006. United States Government Publishing Office. p. 539. ISBN 978-0-16-086781-1.

References edit

  • George M. Fredrickson. "From Exceptionalism to Variability: Recent Developments in Cross-National Comparative History," Journal of American History, Vol. 82, No. 2 (Sep., 1995), pp. 587–604 in JSTOR
  • Gallant, Thomas W. "Greek Exceptionalism and Contemporary Historiography: New Pitfalls and Old Debates," Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Volume 15, Number 2, October 1997, pp. 209–16
  • Michael Kammen, "The Problem of American Exceptionalism: A Reconsideration," American Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Mar., 1993), pp. 1–43 in JSTOR
  • Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (1996)
  • Lund, Joshua. "Barbarian Theorizing and the Limits of Latin American Exceptionalism," Cultural Critique, 47, Winter 2001, pp. 54–90 in Project Muse
  • Pei, Minxin. "The Puzzle of East Asian Exceptionalism," Journal of Democracy, Volume 5, Number 4, October 1994, pp. 90–103
  • Thompson, Eric C. "Singaporean Exceptionalism and Its Implications for ASEAN Regionalism," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Volume 28, Number 2, August 2006, pp. 183–206.

Further reading edit

January 01, 1970
exceptionalism, other, uses, overwhelming, exception, perception, belief, that, species, country, society, institution, movement, individual, time, period, exceptional, unusual, extraordinary, term, carries, implication, whether, specified, that, referent, sup. For other uses see Overwhelming exception Exceptionalism is the perception or belief that a species country society institution movement individual or time period is exceptional i e unusual or extraordinary The term carries the implication whether or not specified that the referent is superior in some way Although the idea appears to have developed with respect to an era today it is particularly applied with respect to particular nations or regions Other uses of the term include medical and genetic exceptionalism Contents 1 History 2 Criticism 3 Separateness 4 Medical exceptionalism 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further readingHistory editFurther information Historic recurrence The German romantic philosopher historians especially Johann Gottfried Herder 1744 1803 and Johann Gottlieb Fichte 1762 1814 dwelt on the theme of uniqueness in the late 18th century They de emphasized the political state and instead emphasized the uniqueness of the Volk comprising the whole people their languages and traditions Each nation considered as a cultural entity with its own distinctive history possessed a national spirit or soul of the people in German Volksgeist This idea had a strong influence in the growth of nationalism in 19th century European lands especially in ones ruled by elites from somewhere else 1 2 Claims of exceptionality have been made for many countries including the United States Australia especially in South Australia 3 4 China France Germany Greece 5 Pakistan Imperial Japan Iran Serbia Israel North Korea South Africa 6 7 Spain the UK the USSR Thailand 8 9 and Lebanon 10 Historians have added many other cases including historic empires such as China the Ottoman Empire ancient Rome and ancient India along with a wide range of minor kingdoms in history 11 Criticism editBelief in exceptionalism can represent erroneous thought analogous to historicism in that it overemphasizes peculiarities in an analysis and ignores or downplays meaningful comparisons citation needed A group may assert exceptionalism in order to exaggerate the appearance of difference to invoke a wider latitude of action and to avoid recognition of similarities that would reduce perceived justifications citation needed This can be an example of special pleading a form of spurious argumentation that ignores relevant bases for meaningful comparisons citation needed Exceptionalism is often based on poor historical knowledge 12 Separateness editJ Bradford DeLong has used the term exceptionalism to describe the economic growth of post World War II Western Europe 13 Exceptionalism can represent an error analogous to historicism in assuming that only peculiarities are relevant to analysis while overlooking meaningful comparisons Political scientist Noritada Matsuda writes W hat is seemingly exceptional in one country may be found in other countries 14 In ideologically driven debates a group may assert exceptionalism with or without the term in order to exaggerate the appearance of difference perhaps to create an atmosphere permissive of a wider latitude of action and to avoid recognition of similarities that would reduce perceived justifications If unwarranted this represents an example of special pleading a form of spurious argumentation that ignores relevant bases for meaningful comparison citation needed The term exceptionalism can imply criticism of a tendency to remain separate from others For example the reluctance of the United States government to join various international treaties is sometimes called exceptionalist 15 Medical exceptionalism editUse of the term HIV exceptionalism implies that AIDS is a contagious disease that is or should be treated differently from other contagions 16 or entails benefits not available to those suffering from other diseases 17 18 See also editInstances of exceptionalism American exceptionalism United States of America Chinese exceptionalism Chosen people multiple nations Christ of Europe Poland God s Own Country multiple nations Holy Rus amp Eurasianism Russia Nihonjinron Japan Sonderweg Germany Related terms Anthropocentrism Chauvinism Civilizing mission Cultural exception Grandiosity Great Divergence Historic recurrence Jingoism Rare Earth hypothesis Third RomeNotes edit Royal J Schmidt Cultural Nationalism in Herder Journal of the History of Ideas Vol 17 No 3 June 1956 pp 407 17 in JSTOR Hans Kohn The Paradox of Fichte s Nationalism Journal of the History of Ideas Vol 10 No 3 June 1949 pp 319 43 in JSTOR C J Coventry A New Birth of Freedom South Australia slavery and exceptionalism Speech to History Council of South Australia HCSA 2020 https hcommons org deposits item hc 33351 Speeches www humanrights gov au Archived from the original on 18 November 2018 Retrieved 1 September 2018 jwehner wehnerweb com wehnerj Questioning Greek Exceptionalism www mod langs ox ac uk Retrieved 1 September 2018 Dlakavu Simamkele 24 October 2013 South Africa IS in Africa Daily Maverick Retrieved 1 September 2018 Raymond Padya Journalism Editor October 29 2013 South Africa s Worrying Exceptionalism Iziko Live Durban University of Technology Archived from the original on May 16 2019 Retrieved September 2 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a author has generic name help Georg Nolte and Helmut Philipp Aust 2013 European exceptionalism PDF Global Constitutionalism 2 3 407 436 doi 10 1017 S2045381713000038 hdl 10419 66220 S2CID 232178437 du meme auteur 2011 01 01 Becoming Exceptional American and European Exceptionalism and their Critics A Review Cairn info Retrieved 2015 11 14 Mikdashi Maya 2022 Sextarianism Sovereignty Secularism and the State in Lebanon Stanford University Press p 117 152 ISBN 9781503631564 See Christopher K Chase Dunn Thomas D Hall and E Susan Manning Rise and Fall East West Synchronicity and Indic Exceptionalism Reexamined Social Science History Volume 24 Number 4 Winter 2000 pp 727 54 in Project Muse C J Coventry A New Birth of Freedom South Australia slavery and exceptionalism Speech to History Council of South Australia HCSA 2020 https hcommons org deposits item hc 33351 DeLong J Bradford September 1997 Post WWII Western European Exceptionalism The Economic Dimension Berkeley University of California Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 Retrieved 14 November 2015 Matsuda Noritada 13 August 2003 Exceptionalism in Political Science Japanese Politics US Politics and Supposed International Norms Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies Retrieved 26 November 2020 Park Jeanne November 2000 The New Sovereigntists American Exceptionalism and Its False Prophets Foreign Affairs November December 2000 Retrieved 2015 11 14 Hanssens Catherine Lambda Legal Winter 1997 1998 Inventing AIDS Exceptionalism TheBody com Retrieved 2015 11 14 Sheryl Gay Stolberg 12 November 1997 New Challenge to Idea That AIDS Is Special The New York Times New York City Retrieved 14 November 2015 United States Congress 25 October 2010 Congressional Record V 152 Pt 16 September 29 2006 United States Government Publishing Office p 539 ISBN 978 0 16 086781 1 References editGeorge M Fredrickson From Exceptionalism to Variability Recent Developments in Cross National Comparative History Journal of American History Vol 82 No 2 Sep 1995 pp 587 604 in JSTOR Gallant Thomas W Greek Exceptionalism and Contemporary Historiography New Pitfalls and Old Debates Journal of Modern Greek Studies Volume 15 Number 2 October 1997 pp 209 16 Michael Kammen The Problem of American Exceptionalism A Reconsideration American Quarterly Vol 45 No 1 Mar 1993 pp 1 43 in JSTOR Seymour Martin Lipset American Exceptionalism A Double Edged Sword 1996 Lund Joshua Barbarian Theorizing and the Limits of Latin American Exceptionalism Cultural Critique 47 Winter 2001 pp 54 90 in Project Muse Pei Minxin The Puzzle of East Asian Exceptionalism Journal of Democracy Volume 5 Number 4 October 1994 pp 90 103 Thompson Eric C Singaporean Exceptionalism and Its Implications for ASEAN Regionalism Contemporary Southeast Asia Volume 28 Number 2 August 2006 pp 183 206 Further reading editGreg Grandin The Strange Career of American Exceptionalism The Nation January 2 9 2017 pp 22 27 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Exceptionalism amp oldid 1223218513, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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