Evolved High Speed Packet Access, HSPA+, HSPA (Plus) or HSPAP, is a technical standard for wireless broadband telecommunication. It is the second phase of HSPA which has been introduced in 3GPP release 7 and being further improved in later 3GPP releases. HSPA+ can achieve data rates of up to 42.2 Mbit/s.[1] It introduces antenna array technologies such as beamforming and multiple-input multiple-output communications (MIMO). Beam forming focuses the transmitted power of an antenna in a beam towards the user's direction. MIMO uses multiple antennas at the sending and receiving side. Further releases of the standard have introduced dual carrier operation, i.e. the simultaneous use of two 5 MHz carriers. HSPA+ is an evolution of HSPA that upgrades the existing 3G network and provides a method for telecom operators to migrate towards 4G speeds that are more comparable to the initially available speeds of newer LTE networks without deploying a new radio interface. HSPA+ should not be confused with LTE though, which uses an air interface based on orthogonal frequency-division modulation and multiple access.[2]
HSPA+ sign shown in notification bar on an Android-based smartphone.
Advanced HSPA+ is a further evolution of HSPA and provides data rates up to 84.4 and 168 Megabits per second (Mbit/s) to the mobile device (downlink) and 22 Mbit/s from the mobile device (uplink) under ideal signal conditions. Technically these are achieved through the use of a multiple-antenna technique known as MIMO (for "multiple-input and multiple-output") and higher order modulation (64QAM) or combining multiple cells into one with a technique known as Dual-Cell HSDPA.
Cellular network standards and generation timeline.
An Evolved HSDPA network can theoretically support up to 28 Mbit/s and 42 Mbit/s with a single 5 MHz carrier for Rel7 (MIMO with 16QAM) and Rel8 (64-QAM + MIMO), in good channel conditions with low correlation between transmit antennas. Although real speeds are far lower. Besides the throughput gain from doubling the number of cells to be used, some diversity and joint scheduling gains can also be achieved.[3] The QoS (Quality of Service) can be particularly improved for end users in poor radio reception where they cannot benefit from the other WCDMA capacity improvements (MIMO and higher order modulations) due to poor radio signal quality. In 3GPP a study item was completed in June 2008. The outcome can be found in technical report 25.825.[4] An alternative method to double the data rates is to double the bandwidth to 10 MHz (i.e. 2×5 MHz) by using DC-HSDPA.
Dual-Carrier HSDPA (DC-HSDPA)Edit
Dual-Carrier HSDPA, also known as Dual-Cell HSDPA, is part of 3GPP Release 8 specification. It is the natural evolution of HSPA by means of carrier aggregation in the downlink. UMTS licenses are often issued as 5, 10, or 20 MHz paired spectrum allocations. The basic idea of the multicarrier feature is to achieve better resource utilization and spectrum efficiency by means of joint resource allocation and load balancing across the downlink carriers.[5]
New HSDPA User Equipment categories 21-24 have been introduced that support DC-HSDPA. DC-HSDPA can support up to 42.2 Mbit/s, but unlike HSPA, it does not need to rely on MIMO transmission.
The support of MIMO in combination with DC-HSDPA will allow operators deploying Release 7 MIMO to benefit from the DC-HSDPA functionality as defined in Release 8. While in Release 8 DC-HSDPA can only operate on adjacent carriers, Release 9 also allows that the paired cells can operate on two different frequency bands. Later releases allow the use of up to four carriers simultaneously.
From Release 9 onwards it will be possible to use DC-HSDPA in combination with MIMO being used on both carriers. The support of MIMO in combination with DC-HSDPA will allow operators even more capacity improvements within their network. This will allow theoretical speed of up to 84.4 Mbit/s.[6][7]
User Equipment (UE) CategoriesEdit
The following table is derived from table 5.1a of the release 11 of 3GPP TS 25.306[8] and shows maximum data rates of different device classes and by what combination of features they are achieved. The per-cell per-stream data rate is limited by the Maximum number of bits of an HS-DSCH transport block received within an HS-DSCH TTI and the Minimum inter-TTI interval. The TTI is 2 ms. So for example Cat 10 can decode 27,952 bits/2 ms = 13.976 Mbit/s (and not 14.4 Mbit/s as often claimed incorrectly). Categories 1-4 and 11 have inter-TTI intervals of 2 or 3, which reduces the maximum data rate by that factor. Dual-Cell and MIMO 2x2 each multiply the maximum data rate by 2, because multiple independent transport blocks are transmitted over different carriers or spatial streams, respectively. The data rates given in the table are rounded to one decimal point.
^16-QAM implies QPSK support, 64-QAM implies 16-QAM and QPSK support.
^The maximal code rate is not limited. A value close to 1 in this column indicates that the maximum data rate can be achieved only in ideal conditions. The device is therefore connected directly to the transmitter to demonstrate these data rates.
^The maximum data rates given in the table are physical layer data rates. Application layer data rate is approximately 85% of that, due to the inclusion of IP headers (overhead information) etc.
^Category 19 was specified in Release 7 as "For further use". Not until Release 8 simultaneous use of 64QAM and MIMO were allowed to obtain the specified max. data rate.
^Category 20 was specified in Release 7 as "For further use". Not until Release 8 simultaneous use of 64QAM and MIMO were allowed to obtain the specified max. data rate.
UplinkEdit
Dual-Carrier HSUPA (DC-HSUPA)Edit
Dual-Carrier HSUPA, also known as Dual-Cell HSUPA, is a wireless broadband standard based on HSPA that is defined in 3GPPUMTS release 9. Dual Cell (DC-)HSUPA is the natural evolution of HSPA by means of carrier aggregation in the uplink.[9] UMTS licenses are often issued as 10 or 15 MHz paired spectrum allocations. The basic idea of the multicarrier feature is to achieve better resource utilization and spectrum efficiency by means of joint resource allocation and load balancing across the uplink carriers.
Similar enhancements as introduced with Dual-Cell HSDPA in the downlink for 3GPP Release 8 were standardized for the uplink in 3GPP Release 9, called Dual-Cell HSUPA. The standardisation of Release 9 was completed in December 2009.[10][11][12]
User Equipment (UE) CategoriesEdit
The following table shows uplink speeds for the different categories of Evolved HSUPA.
2 ms, dual cell E-DCH operation, QPSK and 16QAM; (see 3GPP Rel 11 TS 25.306 table 5.1g)
10
11
17.25
2 ms, QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM; (see 3GPP Rel 11 TS 25.306 table 5.1g)
11
11
22.9
2 ms, uplink MIMO, QPSK and 16QAM; (see 3GPP Rel 11 TS 25.306 table 5.1g)
12
11
34.5
2 ms, uplink MIMO, QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM; (see 3GPP Rel 11 TS 25.306 table 5.1g)
Multi-carrier HSPA (MC-HSPA)Edit
The aggregation of more than two carriers has been studied and 3GPP Release 11 is scheduled to include 4-carrier HSPA. The standard was scheduled to be finalised in Q3 2012 and first chipsets supporting MC-HSPA in late 2013. Release 11 specifies 8-carrier HSPA allowed in non-contiguous bands with 4 × 4 MIMO offering peak transfer rates up to 672 Mbit/s.
The 168 Mbit/s and 22 Mbit/s represent theoretical peak speeds. The actual speed for a user will be lower. In general, HSPA+ offers higher bitrates only in very good radio conditions (very close to the cell tower) or if the terminal and network both support either MIMO or Dual-Cell HSDPA, which effectively use two parallel transmit channels with different technical implementations.
The higher 168 Mbit/s speeds are achieved by using multiple carriers with Dual-Cell HSDPA and 4-way MIMO together simultaneously.[13][14]
All-IP architectureEdit
A flattened all-IP architecture is an option for the network within HSPA+. In this architecture, the base stations connect to the network via IP (often Ethernet providing the transmission), bypassing legacy elements for the user's data connections. This makes the network faster and cheaper to deploy and operate. The legacy architecture is still permitted with the Evolved HSPA and is likely to exist for several years after adoption of the other aspects of HSPA+ (higher order modulation, multiple streams, etc.).
This 'flat architecture' connects the 'user plane' directly from the base station to the GGSN external gateway, using any available link technology supporting TCP/IP. The definition can be found in 3GPP TR25.999. The user's data flow bypasses the Radio Network Controller (RNC) and the SGSN of the previous 3GPP UMTS architecture versions, thus simplifying the architecture, reducing costs and delays. This is nearly identical to the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) flat architecture as defined in the 3GPP standard Rel-8. The changes allow cost effective modern link layer technologies such as xDSL or Ethernet, and these technologies are no longer tied to the more expensive and rigid requirements of the older standard of SONET/SDH and E1/T1 infrastructure.
There are no changes to the 'control plane'.
Nokia Siemens NetworksInternet HSPA (I-HSPA) was the first commercial solution implementing the Evolved HSPA flattened all-IP architecture.[15]
^Nomor 3GPP Newsletter 2009-03: Standardisation updates on HSPA Evolution 2014-02-01 at the Wayback Machine, nomor.de
^. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
^Klas Johansson; Johan Bergman; Dirk Gerstenberger; Mats Blomgren; Anders Wallén (28 January 2009). (PDF). Ericsson.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 2014-06-01.
^"White paper Long Term HSPA Evolution Mobile broadband evolution beyond 3GPP Release 10" (PDF). Nokiaslemensnetworks.com. 14 December 2010. Retrieved 2014-06-01.
Sri Lanka; Local 28.8 Mbit/s downlink HSPA trial a 'success'[3]
HSPA+ Now “Officially” 4G According to ITU
September 21, 2023
evolved, high, speed, packet, access, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, external, links, follow, wikipedia, policies, guidelines, please, i. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article s use of external links may not follow Wikipedia s policies or guidelines Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references February 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message This may be too technical for most readers to understand Please help improve it to make it understandable to non experts without removing the technical details September 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Evolved High Speed Packet Access HSPA HSPA Plus or HSPAP is a technical standard for wireless broadband telecommunication It is the second phase of HSPA which has been introduced in 3GPP release 7 and being further improved in later 3GPP releases HSPA can achieve data rates of up to 42 2 Mbit s 1 It introduces antenna array technologies such as beamforming and multiple input multiple output communications MIMO Beam forming focuses the transmitted power of an antenna in a beam towards the user s direction MIMO uses multiple antennas at the sending and receiving side Further releases of the standard have introduced dual carrier operation i e the simultaneous use of two 5 MHz carriers HSPA is an evolution of HSPA that upgrades the existing 3G network and provides a method for telecom operators to migrate towards 4G speeds that are more comparable to the initially available speeds of newer LTE networks without deploying a new radio interface HSPA should not be confused with LTE though which uses an air interface based on orthogonal frequency division modulation and multiple access 2 HSPA sign shown in notification bar on an Android based smartphone Advanced HSPA is a further evolution of HSPA and provides data rates up to 84 4 and 168 Megabits per second Mbit s to the mobile device downlink and 22 Mbit s from the mobile device uplink under ideal signal conditions Technically these are achieved through the use of a multiple antenna technique known as MIMO for multiple input and multiple output and higher order modulation 64QAM or combining multiple cells into one with a technique known as Dual Cell HSDPA Contents 1 Downlink 1 1 Evolved HSDPA HSPA 1 2 Dual Carrier HSDPA DC HSDPA 1 3 User Equipment UE Categories 2 Uplink 2 1 Dual Carrier HSUPA DC HSUPA 2 2 User Equipment UE Categories 3 Multi carrier HSPA MC HSPA 4 All IP architecture 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksDownlink EditEvolved HSDPA HSPA Edit Main article HSPA nbsp Cellular network standards and generation timeline An Evolved HSDPA network can theoretically support up to 28 Mbit s and 42 Mbit s with a single 5 MHz carrier for Rel7 MIMO with 16QAM and Rel8 64 QAM MIMO in good channel conditions with low correlation between transmit antennas Although real speeds are far lower Besides the throughput gain from doubling the number of cells to be used some diversity and joint scheduling gains can also be achieved 3 The QoS Quality of Service can be particularly improved for end users in poor radio reception where they cannot benefit from the other WCDMA capacity improvements MIMO and higher order modulations due to poor radio signal quality In 3GPP a study item was completed in June 2008 The outcome can be found in technical report 25 825 4 An alternative method to double the data rates is to double the bandwidth to 10 MHz i e 2 5 MHz by using DC HSDPA Dual Carrier HSDPA DC HSDPA Edit Dual Carrier HSDPA also known as Dual Cell HSDPA is part of 3GPP Release 8 specification It is the natural evolution of HSPA by means of carrier aggregation in the downlink UMTS licenses are often issued as 5 10 or 20 MHz paired spectrum allocations The basic idea of the multicarrier feature is to achieve better resource utilization and spectrum efficiency by means of joint resource allocation and load balancing across the downlink carriers 5 New HSDPA User Equipment categories 21 24 have been introduced that support DC HSDPA DC HSDPA can support up to 42 2 Mbit s but unlike HSPA it does not need to rely on MIMO transmission The support of MIMO in combination with DC HSDPA will allow operators deploying Release 7 MIMO to benefit from the DC HSDPA functionality as defined in Release 8 While in Release 8 DC HSDPA can only operate on adjacent carriers Release 9 also allows that the paired cells can operate on two different frequency bands Later releases allow the use of up to four carriers simultaneously From Release 9 onwards it will be possible to use DC HSDPA in combination with MIMO being used on both carriers The support of MIMO in combination with DC HSDPA will allow operators even more capacity improvements within their network This will allow theoretical speed of up to 84 4 Mbit s 6 7 User Equipment UE Categories Edit The following table is derived from table 5 1a of the release 11 of 3GPP TS 25 306 8 and shows maximum data rates of different device classes and by what combination of features they are achieved The per cell per stream data rate is limited by the Maximum number of bits of an HS DSCH transport block received within an HS DSCH TTI and the Minimum inter TTI interval The TTI is 2 ms So for example Cat 10 can decode 27 952 bits 2 ms 13 976 Mbit s and not 14 4 Mbit s as often claimed incorrectly Categories 1 4 and 11 have inter TTI intervals of 2 or 3 which reduces the maximum data rate by that factor Dual Cell and MIMO 2x2 each multiply the maximum data rate by 2 because multiple independent transport blocks are transmitted over different carriers or spatial streams respectively The data rates given in the table are rounded to one decimal point Evolved HSDPA User Equipment UE categoriesCategory Release Max numberof HS DSCHcodes per cell Modulation note 1 MIMO Multi Cell Code rateat max DataRate note 2 Max DownlinkSpeed Mbit s note 3 13 7 15 64 QAM 82 17 614 7 15 64 QAM 98 21 115 7 15 16 QAM MIMO 2x2 81 23 416 7 15 16 QAM MIMO 2x2 97 28 017 7 15 64 QAM 82 17 615 16 QAM MIMO 2x2 81 23 418 7 15 64 QAM 98 21 115 16 QAM MIMO 2x2 97 28 019 8 note 4 15 64 QAM MIMO 2x2 82 35 320 8 note 5 15 64 QAM MIMO 2x2 98 42 221 8 15 16 QAM Dual Cell 81 23 422 8 15 16 QAM Dual Cell 97 28 023 8 15 64 QAM Dual Cell 82 35 324 8 15 64 QAM Dual Cell 98 42 225 9 15 16 QAM Dual Cell MIMO 2x2 81 46 726 9 15 16 QAM Dual Cell MIMO 2x2 97 55 927 9 15 64 QAM Dual Cell MIMO 2x2 82 70 628 9 15 64 QAM Dual Cell MIMO 2x2 98 84 429 10 15 64 QAM Triple Cell 98 63 330 10 15 64 QAM Triple Cell MIMO 2x2 98 126 631 10 15 64 QAM Quad Cell 98 84 432 10 15 64 QAM Quad Cell MIMO 2x2 98 168 833 11 15 64 QAM Hexa Cell 98 126 634 11 15 64 QAM Hexa Cell MIMO 2x2 98 253 235 11 15 64 QAM Octa Cell 98 168 836 11 15 64 QAM Octa Cell MIMO 2x2 98 337 537 11 15 64 QAM Dual Cell MIMO 4x4 98 168 838 11 15 64 QAM Quad Cell MIMO 4x4 98 337 5Notes 16 QAM implies QPSK support 64 QAM implies 16 QAM and QPSK support The maximal code rate is not limited A value close to 1 in this column indicates that the maximum data rate can be achieved only in ideal conditions The device is therefore connected directly to the transmitter to demonstrate these data rates The maximum data rates given in the table are physical layer data rates Application layer data rate is approximately 85 of that due to the inclusion of IP headers overhead information etc Category 19 was specified in Release 7 as For further use Not until Release 8 simultaneous use of 64QAM and MIMO were allowed to obtain the specified max data rate Category 20 was specified in Release 7 as For further use Not until Release 8 simultaneous use of 64QAM and MIMO were allowed to obtain the specified max data rate Uplink EditDual Carrier HSUPA DC HSUPA Edit Dual Carrier HSUPA also known as Dual Cell HSUPA is a wireless broadband standard based on HSPA that is defined in 3GPP UMTS release 9 Dual Cell DC HSUPA is the natural evolution of HSPA by means of carrier aggregation in the uplink 9 UMTS licenses are often issued as 10 or 15 MHz paired spectrum allocations The basic idea of the multicarrier feature is to achieve better resource utilization and spectrum efficiency by means of joint resource allocation and load balancing across the uplink carriers Similar enhancements as introduced with Dual Cell HSDPA in the downlink for 3GPP Release 8 were standardized for the uplink in 3GPP Release 9 called Dual Cell HSUPA The standardisation of Release 9 was completed in December 2009 10 11 12 User Equipment UE Categories Edit The following table shows uplink speeds for the different categories of Evolved HSUPA Evolved HSUPA User Equipment UE categoriesHSUPACategory Release Max UplinkSpeed Mbit s Modulation7 7 11 5 QPSK amp 16QAM8 9 11 5 2 ms dual cell E DCH operation QPSK only see 3GPP Rel 11 TS 25 306 table 5 1g 9 9 22 9 2 ms dual cell E DCH operation QPSK and 16QAM see 3GPP Rel 11 TS 25 306 table 5 1g 10 11 17 25 2 ms QPSK 16QAM and 64QAM see 3GPP Rel 11 TS 25 306 table 5 1g 11 11 22 9 2 ms uplink MIMO QPSK and 16QAM see 3GPP Rel 11 TS 25 306 table 5 1g 12 11 34 5 2 ms uplink MIMO QPSK 16QAM and 64QAM see 3GPP Rel 11 TS 25 306 table 5 1g Multi carrier HSPA MC HSPA EditThe aggregation of more than two carriers has been studied and 3GPP Release 11 is scheduled to include 4 carrier HSPA The standard was scheduled to be finalised in Q3 2012 and first chipsets supporting MC HSPA in late 2013 Release 11 specifies 8 carrier HSPA allowed in non contiguous bands with 4 4 MIMO offering peak transfer rates up to 672 Mbit s The 168 Mbit s and 22 Mbit s represent theoretical peak speeds The actual speed for a user will be lower In general HSPA offers higher bitrates only in very good radio conditions very close to the cell tower or if the terminal and network both support either MIMO or Dual Cell HSDPA which effectively use two parallel transmit channels with different technical implementations The higher 168 Mbit s speeds are achieved by using multiple carriers with Dual Cell HSDPA and 4 way MIMO together simultaneously 13 14 All IP architecture EditA flattened all IP architecture is an option for the network within HSPA In this architecture the base stations connect to the network via IP often Ethernet providing the transmission bypassing legacy elements for the user s data connections This makes the network faster and cheaper to deploy and operate The legacy architecture is still permitted with the Evolved HSPA and is likely to exist for several years after adoption of the other aspects of HSPA higher order modulation multiple streams etc This flat architecture connects the user plane directly from the base station to the GGSN external gateway using any available link technology supporting TCP IP The definition can be found in 3GPP TR25 999 The user s data flow bypasses the Radio Network Controller RNC and the SGSN of the previous 3GPP UMTS architecture versions thus simplifying the architecture reducing costs and delays This is nearly identical to the 3GPP Long Term Evolution LTE flat architecture as defined in the 3GPP standard Rel 8 The changes allow cost effective modern link layer technologies such as xDSL or Ethernet and these technologies are no longer tied to the more expensive and rigid requirements of the older standard of SONET SDH and E1 T1 infrastructure There are no changes to the control plane Nokia Siemens Networks Internet HSPA I HSPA was the first commercial solution implementing the Evolved HSPA flattened all IP architecture 15 See also EditComparison of wireless data standards High Speed Packet Access List of UMTS networksReferences Edit HSPA About Us Archived from the original on 2017 07 09 Retrieved 2016 03 30 Ericsson Review 1 2009 Continued HSPA Evolution of mobile broadband PDF Ericsson com 27 January 2009 Archived from the original PDF on 5 June 2014 Retrieved 2014 06 01 R1 081546 Initial multi carrier HSPA performance evaluation Ericsson 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 52bis April 2008 3GPP specification 25 825 3gpp org Dual Cell HSPA and its Future Evolution Nomor Research nomor 2010 10 10 Archived from the original on 2014 02 01 Retrieved 2016 03 30 2009 03 Standardisation updates on HSPA Evolution Nomor Research nomor 2010 10 10 Archived from the original on 2014 02 01 Retrieved 2016 03 30 Dual carrier HSPA DC HSPA DC HSPDA Archived from the original on 2018 11 20 Retrieved 2016 03 14 3GPP TS 25 306 v11 0 0 http www 3gpp org ftp Specs html info 25306 htm Nomor 3GPP Newsletter 2009 03 Standardisation updates on HSPA Evolution Archived from the original on 2014 02 01 Retrieved 2016 03 14 3GPP releases Nomor 3GPP Newsletter 2009 03 Standardisation updates on HSPA Evolution Archived 2014 02 01 at the Wayback Machine nomor de Nomor Research White Paper Dual Cell HSDPA and its Evolution Archived from the original on 2014 02 01 Retrieved 2016 03 14 Klas Johansson Johan Bergman Dirk Gerstenberger Mats Blomgren Anders Wallen 28 January 2009 Multi Carrier HSPA Evolution PDF Ericsson com Archived from the original PDF on 26 May 2013 Retrieved 2014 06 01 White paper Long Term HSPA Evolution Mobile broadband evolution beyond 3GPP Release 10 PDF Nokiaslemensnetworks com 14 December 2010 Retrieved 2014 06 01 1 Archived January 2 2011 at the Wayback MachineExternal links Edit3GPP Specifications Home Page ETSI GSM UMTS 3GPP Numbering Cross Reference HSPA LTE Link Budget Comparison Public HSPA Discussion Forum EDGE HSPA amp LTE QUALCOMM to Deliver 28 Mbps Mobile Broadband with HSPA HSPA Upgrade in Sri Lanka 2 Sri Lanka Local 28 8 Mbit s downlink HSPA trial a success 3 HSPA Now Officially 4G According to ITU Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Evolved High Speed Packet Access amp oldid 1156835713, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
