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Divergent evolution

May 12, 2024

Divergent evolution or divergent selection is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, sometimes leading to speciation. Divergent evolution is typically exhibited when two populations become separated by a geographic barrier (such as in allopatric or peripatric speciation) and experience different selective pressures that cause adaptations. After many generations and continual evolution, the populations become less able to interbreed with one another.[1] The American naturalist J. T. Gulick (1832–1923) was the first to use the term "divergent evolution", with its use becoming widespread in modern evolutionary literature.[2] Examples of divergence in nature are the adaptive radiation of the finches of the Galápagos, changes in mobbing behavior of the kittiwake, and the evolution of the modern-day dog from the wolf.

Darwin's finches are a clear and famous example of divergent evolution, in which an ancestral species radiates into a number of descendant species with both similar and different traits.

The term can also be applied in molecular evolution, such as to proteins that derive from homologous genes. Both orthologous genes (resulting from a speciation event) and paralogous genes (resulting from gene duplication) can illustrate divergent evolution. Through gene duplication, it is possible for divergent evolution to occur between two genes within a species. Similarities between species that have diverged are due to their common origin, so such similarities are homologies.[3]

Causes edit

Animals undergo divergent evolution for a number of reasons linked to changes in environmental or social pressures. This could include changes in the environment, such access to food and shelter.[4] It could also result from changes in predators, such as new adaptations, an increase or decrease in number of active predators, or the introduction of new predators.[5] Divergent evolution can also be a result of mating pressures such as increased competition for mates or selective breeding by humans.[6]

Distinctions edit

Divergent evolution is a type of evolution and is distinct from convergent evolution and parallel evolution, although it does share similarities with the other types of evolution.[7]

Divergent versus convergent evolution edit

Convergent evolution is the development of analogous structures that occurs in different species as a result of those two species facing similar environmental pressures and adapting in similar ways. It differs from divergent evolution as the species involved do not descend from a closely related common ancestor and the traits accumulated are similar.[4] An example of convergent evolution is the development of flight in birds, bats, and insects, all of which are not closely related but share analogous structures allowing for flight.[8]

Divergent versus parallel evolution edit

Parallel evolution is the development of a similar trait in species descending from a common ancestor. It is comparable to divergent evolution in that the species are descend from a common ancestor, but the traits accumulated are similar due to similar environmental pressures while in divergent evolution the traits accumulated are different.[9] An example of parallel evolution is that certain arboreal frog species, 'flying' frogs, in both Old World families and New World families, have developed the ability of gliding flight. They have "enlarged hands and feet, full webbing between all fingers and toes, lateral skin flaps on the arms and legs, and reduced weight per snout-vent length".[10]

Darwin's finches edit

One of the first recorded examples of divergent evolution is the case of Darwin's Finches. During Darwin's travels to the Galápagos Islands, he discovered several different species of finch, living on the different islands. Darwin observed that the finches had different beaks specialized for that species of finches' diet.[11] Some finches had short beaks for eating nuts and seeds, other finches had long thin beaks for eating insects, and others had breaks specialized for eating cacti and other plants.[12] He concluded that the finches evolved from a shared common ancestor that lived on the islands, and due to geographic isolation, evolved to fill the particular niche on each the island.[13] This is supported by modern day genomic sequencing.[14]

Divergent evolution in dogs edit

Another example of divergent evolution is the origin of the domestic dog and the modern wolf, who both shared a common ancestor.[15] Comparing the anatomy of dogs and wolves supports this claim as they have similar body shape, skull size, and limb formation.[16] This is even more obvious in some species of dogs, such as malamutes and huskies, who appear even more physically and behaviorally similar.[17] There is a divergent genomic sequence of the mitochondrial DNA of wolves and dogs dated to over 100,000 years ago, which further supports the theory that dogs and wolves have diverged from shared ancestry.[18]

Divergent evolution in kittiwakes edit

Another example of divergent evolution is the behavioral changes in the kittiwake as opposed to other species of gulls. Ancestorial and other modern-day species of gulls exhibit a mobbing behavior in order to protect their young due the nesting at ground-level where they are susceptible to predators.[19] As a result of migration and environmental changes, the kittiwake nest solely on cliff faces. As a result, their young are protected from predatory reptiles, mammals, and birds who struggle with the climb and cliff-face weather conditions, and they do not exhibit this mobbing behavior.[20]

Divergent evolution in cacti edit

Another example of divergent evolution is the split forming the Cactaceae family approximately dated in the late Miocene. Due to increase in arid climates, following the Eocene–Oligocene event, these ancestral plants evolved to survive in the new climates.[21] Cacti evolved to have areoles, succulent stems, and some have light leaves, with the ability to store water for up to months.[22] The plants they diverged from either went extinct leaving little in the fossil record or migrated surviving in less arid climates.[23]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Sympatric speciation". Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  2. ^   Gulick, John T. (September 1888). "Divergent Evolution through Cumulative Segregation". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology. 20 (120): 189–274. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1888.tb01445.x. Retrieved 26 September 2011. (subscription required)
  3. ^ Zuckerkandl, EMILE; Pauling, LINUS (1965-01-01), Bryson, Vernon; Vogel, Henry J. (eds.), "Evolutionary Divergence and Convergence in Proteins", Evolving Genes and Proteins, Academic Press, pp. 97–166, ISBN 978-1-4832-2734-4, retrieved 2024-03-24
  4. ^ a b Clark, Mary Ann; Douglas, Matthew; Choi, Jung (2018-03-28). "18.1 Understanding Evolution - Biology 2e | OpenStax". openstax.org. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  5. ^ Johnson, Jerald B.; Belk, Mark C. (2020-10-31). "Predators as Agents of Selection and Diversification". Diversity. 12 (11): 415. doi:10.3390/d12110415. ISSN 1424-2818.
  6. ^ "Artificial selection". evolution.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  7. ^ "18.5G: Convergent Evolution". Biology LibreTexts. 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  8. ^ Alexander, David E. (2015-09-02). On the Wing: Insects, Pterosaurs, Birds, Bats and the Evolution of Animal Flight. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-999679-7.
  9. ^ Pearce, Trevor (2012-06-01). "Convergence and Parallelism in Evolution: A Neo-Gouldian Account". The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 63 (2): 429–448. doi:10.1093/bjps/axr046. ISSN 0007-0882.
  10. ^ Emerson, S.B.; M.A.R. Koehl (1990). "The interaction of behavioral and morphological change in the evolution of a novel locomotor type: 'Flying' frogs". Evolution. 44 (8): 1931–1946. doi:10.2307/2409604. JSTOR 2409604. PMID 28564439.
  11. ^ Desmond, Adrian J.; Moore, James R. (1991). Darwin (1. publ ed.). London: Joseph. ISBN 978-0-7181-3430-3.
  12. ^ Grant, Peter R. (1999). Ecology and evolution of Darwin's finches. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-04865-9.
  13. ^ Grant, Peter R.; Grant, B. Rosemary (2008). How and why species multiply: the radiation of Darwin's finches. Princeton series in evolutionary biology. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13360-7. OCLC 82673670.
  14. ^ Lamichhaney, Sangeet; Berglund, Jonas; Almén, Markus Sällman; Maqbool, Khurram; Grabherr, Manfred; Martinez-Barrio, Alvaro; Promerová, Marta; Rubin, Carl-Johan; Wang, Chao; Zamani, Neda; Grant, B. Rosemary; Grant, Peter R.; Webster, Matthew T.; Andersson, Leif (2015-02-11). "Evolution of Darwin's finches and their beaks revealed by genome sequencing". Nature. 518 (7539): 371–375. Bibcode:2015Natur.518..371L. doi:10.1038/nature14181. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25686609.
  15. ^ Vila, C. (1999-01-01). "Phylogenetic relationships, evolution, and genetic diversity of the domestic dog". Journal of Heredity. 90 (1): 71–77. doi:10.1093/jhered/90.1.71. PMID 9987908.
  16. ^ Honeycutt, Rodney L (2010-03-09). "Unraveling the mysteries of dog evolution". BMC Biology. 8: 20. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-20. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 2841097. PMID 20214797.
  17. ^ Freedman, Adam H.; Lohmueller, Kirk E.; Wayne, Robert K. (2016-11-01). "Evolutionary History, Selective Sweeps, and Deleterious Variation in the Dog". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 47 (1): 73–96. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032155. ISSN 1543-592X.
  18. ^ Vilà, C.; Savolainen, P.; Maldonado, J. E.; Amorim, I. R.; Rice, J. E.; Honeycutt, R. L.; Crandall, K. A.; Lundeberg, J.; Wayne, R. K. (1997-06-13). "Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog". Science. 276 (5319): 1687–1689. doi:10.1126/science.276.5319.1687. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9180076.
  19. ^ Alcock, John (2013). Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach, Tenth Edition. pp. 101–109.
  20. ^ Cullen, Esther (April 2008). "Adaptations in the kittiwake to cliff-nesting". Ibis. 99 (2): 275–302. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1957.tb01950.x.
  21. ^ Hernández-Hernández, Tania; Brown, Joseph W.; Schlumpberger, Boris O.; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Magallón, Susana (June 2014). "Beyond aridification: multiple explanations for the elevated diversification of cacti in the New World Succulent Biome". New Phytologist. 202 (4): 1382–1397. doi:10.1111/nph.12752. hdl:2027.42/106989. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 24611540.
  22. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  23. ^ Arakaki, Mónica; Christin, Pascal-Antoine; Nyffeler, Reto; Lendel, Anita; Eggli, Urs; Ogburn, R. Matthew; Spriggs, Elizabeth; Moore, Michael J.; Edwards, Erika J. (2011-05-17). "Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (20): 8379–8384. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.8379A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100628108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3100969. PMID 21536881.

Further reading edit

  • Jonathan B. Losos (2017). Improbable Destinies: Fate, Chance, and the Future of Evolution. Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-0399184925.

May 12, 2024
divergent, evolution, divergent, selection, accumulation, differences, between, closely, related, populations, within, species, sometimes, leading, speciation, typically, exhibited, when, populations, become, separated, geographic, barrier, such, allopatric, p. Divergent evolution or divergent selection is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species sometimes leading to speciation Divergent evolution is typically exhibited when two populations become separated by a geographic barrier such as in allopatric or peripatric speciation and experience different selective pressures that cause adaptations After many generations and continual evolution the populations become less able to interbreed with one another 1 The American naturalist J T Gulick 1832 1923 was the first to use the term divergent evolution with its use becoming widespread in modern evolutionary literature 2 Examples of divergence in nature are the adaptive radiation of the finches of the Galapagos changes in mobbing behavior of the kittiwake and the evolution of the modern day dog from the wolf Darwin s finches are a clear and famous example of divergent evolution in which an ancestral species radiates into a number of descendant species with both similar and different traits The term can also be applied in molecular evolution such as to proteins that derive from homologous genes Both orthologous genes resulting from a speciation event and paralogous genes resulting from gene duplication can illustrate divergent evolution Through gene duplication it is possible for divergent evolution to occur between two genes within a species Similarities between species that have diverged are due to their common origin so such similarities are homologies 3 Contents 1 Causes 2 Distinctions 2 1 Divergent versus convergent evolution 2 2 Divergent versus parallel evolution 3 Darwin s finches 4 Divergent evolution in dogs 5 Divergent evolution in kittiwakes 6 Divergent evolution in cacti 7 See also 8 References 9 Further readingCauses editAnimals undergo divergent evolution for a number of reasons linked to changes in environmental or social pressures This could include changes in the environment such access to food and shelter 4 It could also result from changes in predators such as new adaptations an increase or decrease in number of active predators or the introduction of new predators 5 Divergent evolution can also be a result of mating pressures such as increased competition for mates or selective breeding by humans 6 Distinctions editDivergent evolution is a type of evolution and is distinct from convergent evolution and parallel evolution although it does share similarities with the other types of evolution 7 Divergent versus convergent evolution edit Convergent evolution is the development of analogous structures that occurs in different species as a result of those two species facing similar environmental pressures and adapting in similar ways It differs from divergent evolution as the species involved do not descend from a closely related common ancestor and the traits accumulated are similar 4 An example of convergent evolution is the development of flight in birds bats and insects all of which are not closely related but share analogous structures allowing for flight 8 Divergent versus parallel evolution edit Parallel evolution is the development of a similar trait in species descending from a common ancestor It is comparable to divergent evolution in that the species are descend from a common ancestor but the traits accumulated are similar due to similar environmental pressures while in divergent evolution the traits accumulated are different 9 An example of parallel evolution is that certain arboreal frog species flying frogs in both Old World families and New World families have developed the ability of gliding flight They have enlarged hands and feet full webbing between all fingers and toes lateral skin flaps on the arms and legs and reduced weight per snout vent length 10 Darwin s finches editOne of the first recorded examples of divergent evolution is the case of Darwin s Finches During Darwin s travels to the Galapagos Islands he discovered several different species of finch living on the different islands Darwin observed that the finches had different beaks specialized for that species of finches diet 11 Some finches had short beaks for eating nuts and seeds other finches had long thin beaks for eating insects and others had breaks specialized for eating cacti and other plants 12 He concluded that the finches evolved from a shared common ancestor that lived on the islands and due to geographic isolation evolved to fill the particular niche on each the island 13 This is supported by modern day genomic sequencing 14 Divergent evolution in dogs editAnother example of divergent evolution is the origin of the domestic dog and the modern wolf who both shared a common ancestor 15 Comparing the anatomy of dogs and wolves supports this claim as they have similar body shape skull size and limb formation 16 This is even more obvious in some species of dogs such as malamutes and huskies who appear even more physically and behaviorally similar 17 There is a divergent genomic sequence of the mitochondrial DNA of wolves and dogs dated to over 100 000 years ago which further supports the theory that dogs and wolves have diverged from shared ancestry 18 Divergent evolution in kittiwakes editAnother example of divergent evolution is the behavioral changes in the kittiwake as opposed to other species of gulls Ancestorial and other modern day species of gulls exhibit a mobbing behavior in order to protect their young due the nesting at ground level where they are susceptible to predators 19 As a result of migration and environmental changes the kittiwake nest solely on cliff faces As a result their young are protected from predatory reptiles mammals and birds who struggle with the climb and cliff face weather conditions and they do not exhibit this mobbing behavior 20 Divergent evolution in cacti editAnother example of divergent evolution is the split forming the Cactaceae family approximately dated in the late Miocene Due to increase in arid climates following the Eocene Oligocene event these ancestral plants evolved to survive in the new climates 21 Cacti evolved to have areoles succulent stems and some have light leaves with the ability to store water for up to months 22 The plants they diverged from either went extinct leaving little in the fossil record or migrated surviving in less arid climates 23 See also editCladistics Devolution ChronospeciesReferences edit Sympatric speciation Retrieved 2 February 2016 nbsp Gulick John T September 1888 Divergent Evolution through Cumulative Segregation Journal of the Linnean Society of London Zoology 20 120 189 274 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1888 tb01445 x Retrieved 26 September 2011 subscription required Zuckerkandl EMILE Pauling LINUS 1965 01 01 Bryson Vernon Vogel Henry J eds Evolutionary Divergence and Convergence in Proteins Evolving Genes and Proteins Academic Press pp 97 166 ISBN 978 1 4832 2734 4 retrieved 2024 03 24 a b Clark Mary Ann Douglas Matthew Choi Jung 2018 03 28 18 1 Understanding Evolution Biology 2e OpenStax openstax org Retrieved 2024 03 24 Johnson Jerald B Belk Mark C 2020 10 31 Predators as Agents of Selection and Diversification Diversity 12 11 415 doi 10 3390 d12110415 ISSN 1424 2818 Artificial selection evolution berkeley edu Retrieved 2024 03 24 18 5G Convergent Evolution Biology LibreTexts 2018 07 13 Retrieved 2024 03 24 Alexander David E 2015 09 02 On the Wing Insects Pterosaurs Birds Bats and the Evolution of Animal Flight Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 999679 7 Pearce Trevor 2012 06 01 Convergence and Parallelism in Evolution A Neo Gouldian Account The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 63 2 429 448 doi 10 1093 bjps axr046 ISSN 0007 0882 Emerson S B M A R Koehl 1990 The interaction of behavioral and morphological change in the evolution of a novel locomotor type Flying frogs Evolution 44 8 1931 1946 doi 10 2307 2409604 JSTOR 2409604 PMID 28564439 Desmond Adrian J Moore James R 1991 Darwin 1 publ ed London Joseph ISBN 978 0 7181 3430 3 Grant Peter R 1999 Ecology and evolution of Darwin s finches Princeton N J Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 04865 9 Grant Peter R Grant B Rosemary 2008 How and why species multiply the radiation of Darwin s finches Princeton series in evolutionary biology Princeton Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 13360 7 OCLC 82673670 Lamichhaney Sangeet Berglund Jonas Almen Markus Sallman Maqbool Khurram Grabherr Manfred Martinez Barrio Alvaro Promerova Marta Rubin Carl Johan Wang Chao Zamani Neda Grant B Rosemary Grant Peter R Webster Matthew T Andersson Leif 2015 02 11 Evolution of Darwin s finches and their beaks revealed by genome sequencing Nature 518 7539 371 375 Bibcode 2015Natur 518 371L doi 10 1038 nature14181 ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 25686609 Vila C 1999 01 01 Phylogenetic relationships evolution and genetic diversity of the domestic dog Journal of Heredity 90 1 71 77 doi 10 1093 jhered 90 1 71 PMID 9987908 Honeycutt Rodney L 2010 03 09 Unraveling the mysteries of dog evolution BMC Biology 8 20 doi 10 1186 1741 7007 8 20 ISSN 1741 7007 PMC 2841097 PMID 20214797 Freedman Adam H Lohmueller Kirk E Wayne Robert K 2016 11 01 Evolutionary History Selective Sweeps and Deleterious Variation in the Dog Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 47 1 73 96 doi 10 1146 annurev ecolsys 121415 032155 ISSN 1543 592X Vila C Savolainen P Maldonado J E Amorim I R Rice J E Honeycutt R L Crandall K A Lundeberg J Wayne R K 1997 06 13 Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog Science 276 5319 1687 1689 doi 10 1126 science 276 5319 1687 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 9180076 Alcock John 2013 Animal Behavior An Evolutionary Approach Tenth Edition pp 101 109 Cullen Esther April 2008 Adaptations in the kittiwake to cliff nesting Ibis 99 2 275 302 doi 10 1111 j 1474 919x 1957 tb01950 x Hernandez Hernandez Tania Brown Joseph W Schlumpberger Boris O Eguiarte Luis E Magallon Susana June 2014 Beyond aridification multiple explanations for the elevated diversification of cacti in the New World Succulent Biome New Phytologist 202 4 1382 1397 doi 10 1111 nph 12752 hdl 2027 42 106989 ISSN 0028 646X PMID 24611540 Wayback Machine PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2012 02 13 Retrieved 2024 03 25 Arakaki Monica Christin Pascal Antoine Nyffeler Reto Lendel Anita Eggli Urs Ogburn R Matthew Spriggs Elizabeth Moore Michael J Edwards Erika J 2011 05 17 Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world s major succulent plant lineages Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 20 8379 8384 Bibcode 2011PNAS 108 8379A doi 10 1073 pnas 1100628108 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 3100969 PMID 21536881 Further reading editJonathan B Losos 2017 Improbable Destinies Fate Chance and the Future of Evolution Riverhead Books ISBN 978 0399184925 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Divergent evolution amp oldid 1220471745, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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