European Defence Agency
The European Defence Agency (EDA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) that promotes and facilitates integration between member states within the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The EDA is headed by the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, European Commission’s Vice President (HR/VP), and reports to the Council. The EDA was established on 12 July 2004 and is based in Brussels, Belgium, along with a number of other CSDP bodies.
| EU CSDP agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 12 July 2004 |
| Jurisdiction | European Union |
| Headquarters | Lakenweversstraat 17-21, Brussels, Belgium |
| Annual budget | €34,1 million (2020)[1] |
| EU CSDP agency executives |
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| Key document |
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| Website | eda.europa.eu |
| Map | |
Brussels European Defence Agency (European Union) | |
All EU member states take part in the agency.
The EDA and the European External Action Service (EEAS), including the EU Military staff (EUMS), together form the Secretariat of the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), the structural integration pursued by 26 of the 27 national armed forces of the EU since 2017.[2]
Mission edit
Tasks edit
The council established the EDA "to support the Member States and the Council in their effort to improve European defence capabilities in the field of crisis management and to sustain the European Security and Defence Policy as it stands now and develops in the future". Within that overall mission are three functions;[3]
- supporting the development of defence capabilities and military cooperation among the European Union Member States;
- stimulating defence Research and Technology (R&T) and strengthening the European defence industry;
- acting as a military interface to EU policies.
EDA acts as a catalyst, promotes collaborations, launches new initiatives and introduces solutions to improve defence capabilities. It is the place where Member States willing to develop capabilities in cooperation do so. It is also a key facilitator in developing the capabilities necessary to underpin the Common Security and Defence Policy of the Union.
Organisation edit
Current organigramme is available here
The Agency is monitored and managed in three ways.[4]
Head edit
The EU HR/VP, currently Josep Borrell, acts as the Head of the EDA. The Head is responsible for the overall organisation and functioning, ensuring the implementation of guidelines and decisions and chairing ministerial meetings of the Steering Board. Javier Solana was the inaugural head of the EDA, a position which he held from 2004 to 2009.
Steering Board edit
EDA's Steering Board is the agency's decision-making body. The Steering Board is composed of the defence ministers of participating Member States together with a representative of the European Commission and is led by the Head of the Agency.[3] The Steering Board is responsible for projects such as the proposed pan-European Future Transport Helicopter.[5][6]
Chief Executive edit
The Chief Executive (CE, appointed by the HR/VP, is the agency's head of staff, responsible for the supervision and daily management of the agency.[7]
| Name | Nationality | Term of office |
|---|---|---|
| Nick Witney[9] | United Kingdom | 2004-2007 |
| Alexander Weis | Germany | 2007-October 2010 |
| Vacant | October 2010-January 2011 | |
| Claude-France Arnould | France | January 2011-February 2015 |
| Jorge Domecq[7] | Spain | February 2015 – January 2020 |
| Jiří Šedivý[10] | Czech Republic | April 2020 – Present |
Since April 2020 the EDA Steering Board appointed Jiří Šedivý, former Czech Defence Minister, is EDA Chief Executive upon recommendation of the Head of the European Defence Agency Josep Borrell. [11] [12] He succeeded Jorge Domecq who was EDA’s CE from 2015 to 2020. EDA’s CE is seconded by a Deputy Chief Executive (DCE). Since February 2023, EDA’s DCE has been André Denk, a German Major General.
Directorates edit
Since 2019 the agency has been reorganised into four directorates.
Industry Synergies & Enablers Directorate edit
The Industry Synergies & Enablers Directorate supports a range of activities critical to collaborative defence capability development in Europe. On top of leading the work on identifying, together with Member States, Key Strategic Activities (KSA) at EU level, the ISE Directorate is responsible for the effective engagement with industry across the agency's activities and in support of related priorities set by Member States.
The ISE Directorate facilitates work to address the implications of EU legislation and policies for the defence sector: REACH, procurement, funding instruments and the analysis of developments influencing governmental and industrial stakeholders.
Capability, Armament & Planning Directorate edit
The Capability, Armament & Planning Directorate supports the coherent development of the European defence landscape by integrating EDA's involvement in the Capability Development Plan (CDP), the Coordinated Annual Review on Defence (CARD) and the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO). The Directorate also identifies, plans and proposes collaborative opportunities in support of EU capability development priorities and tailored to Member States' needs, representing a coherent approach from priority setting to impact.
The Directorate is in charge of preparing the Capability Development Plan, based on the analysis of military requirements conducted together with Member States. It also identifies output- oriented EU capability development priorities and coordinates the development of Strategic Context Cases to facilitate the implementation of these priorities.
Research, Technology & Innovation Directorate edit
The Research, Technology & Innovation Directorate promotes and supports defence research at EU level. Based on the Overarching Strategic Research Agenda (OSRA), developed together with the Member States, the Directorate coordinates and plans joint research activities and the study of technical solutions to meet future operational needs.
The RTI Directorate provides support to Member States and to the European Commission for the Preparatory Action for defence research, including its implementation, and the research dimension of the European Defence Fund. The Directorate also ensures the promotion of innovation in defence and the exploitation of synergies at EU level with civil research in dual-use technology fields.
Corporate Services Directorate
The Corporate Services Directorate provides business and administrative support to EDA and includes units such as human resources, finance, IT, security, and infrastructure management, and the legal office.
Budget edit
The agency is financed by its members in proportion to their Gross National Income. An effect of this is that some nations pay different contributions towards the budgets than others.
EDA's budget consists of the general budget, the budgets associated with ad hoc projects or programmes and budgets resulting from additional revenue for a total budget of €151.847 million in 2022.
This budget covers the Agency's operating costs. Individual projects are funded separately.
| Year | Budget (€ millions) | Expenditure (€ millions) |
|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 1.9 | 0.4 |
| 2005 | 20.7 | 12.8 |
| 2006 | 22.7 | 18.8 |
| 2007 | 22.4 | 21.5 |
| 2008 | 27.5 | 26.2 |
| 2009 | 29.2 | 28.1 |
| 2010 | 31.0 | 30.5 |
| 2011 | 30.5 | 30.5 |
| 2012 | 30.5 | 30.5 |
| 2013 | 30.5 | 30.5 |
| 2014 | 30.5 | 30.5 |
| 2015 | 30.5 | 30.1 |
| 2016 | 30.5 | 30.5 |
| 2017 | 31.6 | 31.4 |
| 2018 | 33.6 | 32.9 |
| 2019 | 35.3 | 34.7 |
| 2020 | 37.6 | 37.0 |
| 2021 | 37.5 | (tbd) |
In its draft budget for the period 2021–2027, the European Commission will allocate €27.5 billion for defence and security.[14]
History edit
The European Defence Agency is part of several decades of steadily more formal defence cooperation in Europe. Its work is a continuation of the work of the Western European Armaments Organization (WEAO) and the Western European Armaments Group (WEAG) – it effectively represents the transference of their functions from the WEU to the EU framework, and thus continues the decommissioning of the WEU.
Established by the European Council in December 2001 following the Laeken Declaration, the European Convention (also known as the Convention on the Future of Europe) was a body intended to include the main EU “stakeholders” in a major brainstorming exercise about the future direction of the European Union. Its final purpose was to produce a draft constitution for the EU to finalise and adopt. This period saw a renewed impetus for the creation of a European Defence Agency.
In its final report, the Convention working group on Defence laid out some of the foundations of what would become the European Defence Agency we know today - although the final name wasn’t there yet. “The setting up on an intergovernmental basis of a European Armaments and Strategic Research Agency was supported by many in the Group”, the official document stated. “The Agency’s initial tasks would be to ensure the fulfilment of operational requirements by promoting a policy of harmonised procurement by the Member States and to support research into defence technology, including military space systems.
A year after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the EDA set up a project for the Common Procurement of Ammunition, looking at 155mm artillery rounds and a longer term project looking at multiple ammunition types, to support Ukraine and to replenish national stocks. By March 2023, 25 countries had joined the project.[15] The EDA also signed an agreement in April 2023 with the United States Department of Defense designed to provide a framework for transatlantic cooperation on shared defence issues, including supply chains.[16]
Relationships with non-EU European countries edit
The Agency signed Administrative Arrangements with Norway (2006),[17] Switzerland (2012), Serbia (2013), Ukraine (2015) and the United States (2023) enabling them to participate in EDA's projects and programmes without exercising voting rights. All Administrative Arrangements are approved by the European Council. The Head of the Agency is responsible for negotiating these arrangements in accordance with directives given by the EDA Steering Board.[18]
The departure of the United Kingdom from the EU in 2020 saw no mention within EU/UK agreements of the DEA working with the UK. The UK is one of the top five defence spenders in the world and its departure means that only France, alone in the EU, can conduct full-spectrum military operations abroad.[19] The UK still maintains a treaty with France for a Combined Joint Expeditionary Force whether acting bilaterally or through NATO, the EU or other coalition arrangements and on 6 October 2022 the UK joined the military mobility project within the EU’s Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) framework.[20]
See also edit
CSDP leadership edit
CSDP structures edit
- Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space
- European External Action Service
- Permanent Structured Cooperation
Other structures edit
- Franco-British Defence and Security Cooperation Treaty and Downing Street Declaration
- NATO Science and Technology Organization
- Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation (OCCAR)
Related edit
References edit
- ^ "Finance". Eda.europa.eu. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
- ^ "Permanent Structured Cooperation: An Institutional Pathway for European Defence « CSS Blog Network". Retrieved 6 February 2019.
- ^ a b . Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 20 October 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- ^ "Rüstung: EU beschließt Bau von Helikopter" (in German). Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ "EDA and Commission to work closely together on research". Eda.europa.eu. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ a b "Chief Executive". Eda.europa.eu. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
- ^ "council-tvnewsroom.eu". www.council-tvnewsroom.eu.
- ^ "Nick Witney". Ecfr.eu. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
- ^ "Chief Executive". Default.
- ^ "Jiří Šedivý appointed as new EDA Chief Executive". eda.europa.eu.
- ^ John O'Donnell (16 Dec 2022) EU defence agency chief: Europe cannot rely on U.S. alone as shield "The Russian war of aggression against Ukraine demonstrates our capability shortfalls". —Jiří Šedivý. "Without U.S. help, the EU would struggle to defend itself, lacking intelligence, reconnaissance aircraft and medium-range missile defence as well as amphibious ships and submarines". —2020 report of the European Parliament.
- ^ "Finance". Eda.europa.eu. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
- ^ "EU defence spending about integration, not military capability – Conservative MEPs". Conservativeeurope.com. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
- ^ "Collaborative procurement of ammunition". 20 March 2023.
- ^ "DoD and European Defence Agency sign cooperation pact in support of shared military interests". 28 April 2023.
- ^ "Norway and the EU". Norway.no. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
- ^ "Member States". Eda.europa.eu. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
- ^ ""The EU's Prospects for International Influence Post-Brexit: What Next for European Defence Integration?", Anna Sophie Kirchmayr". 19 August 2022.
- ^ "UK-France Defence Co-operation Treaty announced". 2 November 2010.
External links edit
- Official website (eda.europa.eu)
- Council Joint Action 2004/551/CFSP of 12 July 2004 on the establishment of the European Defence Agency Official website (eur-lex.europa.eu)
- CSDP structure, instruments, and agencies, EEAS website
- European Defence White Paper 5 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine EU ISS Document
- A proposed CSDP evolution in the Eurocorps and ESDI in NATO