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Eucalyptus oil

February 17, 2023

Eucalyptus oil is the generic name for distilled oil from the leaf of Eucalyptus, a genus of the plant family Myrtaceae native to Australia and cultivated worldwide. Eucalyptus oil has a history of wide application, as a pharmaceutical, antiseptic, repellent, flavouring, fragrance and industrial uses. The leaves of selected Eucalyptus species are steam distilled to extract eucalyptus oil.

Eucalypt oils distilled in the early 20th century, on display at the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney
Eucalyptus oil for pharmaceutical use.

Types and production

Eucalyptus oils in the trade are categorized into three broad types according to their composition and main end-use: medicinal, perfumery and industrial.[1] The most prevalent is the standard cineole-based "oil of eucalyptus", a colourless mobile liquid (yellow with age) with a penetrating, camphoraceous, woody-sweet scent.[2]

China produces about 75% of the world trade, but most of this is derived from the cineole fractions of camphor laurel rather than being true eucalyptus oil.[3] Significant producers of true eucalyptus include South Africa, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, Australia, Chile, and Eswatini.

 
Eucalyptus polybractea or Blue-leaf Mallee, a species yielding high quality eucalyptus oil

Global production is dominated by Eucalyptus globulus. However, Eucalyptus kochii and Eucalyptus polybractea have the highest cineole content, ranging from 80 to 95%. The British Pharmacopoeia states that the oil must have a minimum cineole content of 70% if it is pharmaceutical grade. Rectification is used to bring lower grade oils up to the high cineole standard required. In 1991, global annual production was estimated at 3,000 tonnes for the medicinal eucalyptus oil with another 1500 tonnes for the main perfumery oil (produced from Eucalyptus citriodora).[4] The eucalyptus genus also produces non-cineole oils, including piperitone, phellandrene, citral, methyl cinnamate and geranyl acetate.

Uses

Herbal medicine

The European Medicines Agency Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products concluded that traditional medicines based on eucalyptus oil can be used for treating cough associated with the common cold, and to relieve symptoms of localized muscle pain.[5]

Repellent and biopesticide

Cineole-based eucalyptus oil is used as an insect repellent and biopesticide.[6] In the U.S., eucalyptus oil was first registered in 1948 as an insecticide and miticide.[7]

Flavouring and fragrance

Eucalyptus oil is used in flavouring. Cineole-based eucalyptus oil is used as a flavouring at low levels (0.002%) in various products, including baked goods, confectionery, meat products and beverages.[8] Eucalyptus oil has antimicrobial activity against a broad range of foodborne human pathogens and food spoilage microorganisms.[9] Non-cineole peppermint gum, strawberry gum and lemon ironbark are also used as flavouring. Eucalyptus oil is also used as a fragrance component to impart a fresh and clean aroma in soaps, detergents, lotions, and perfumes. It is known for its pungent, intoxicating scent. Due to its cleansing properties, Eucalyptus oil is found in mouthrinses to freshen breath.

Industrial

Research shows that cineole-based eucalyptus oil (5% of mixture) prevents the separation problem with ethanol and petrol fuel blends. Eucalyptus oil also has a respectable octane rating and can be used as a fuel in its own right. However, production costs are currently too high for the oil to be economically viable as a fuel.[10]

Phellandrene- and piperitone-based eucalyptus oils have been used in mining to separate sulfide minerals via flotation.

Cleaning

Eucalyptus oil is used in household cleaning applications.[11][12] It is commonly used in commercial laundry products such as wool wash liquid. It is used as a solvent for removing grease and sticky residue.[13]

Safety and toxicity

If consumed internally at low dosage as a flavouring component or in pharmaceutical products at the recommended rate, cineole-based 'oil of eucalyptus' is safe for adults. However, systemic toxicity can result from ingestion or topical application at higher than recommended doses.[14] In Australia, eucalyptus oil is one of the many essential oils that have been increasingly causing cases of poisoning, mostly of children. In the period 2014-2018 there were 2049 reported cases in New South Wales, accounting for 46.4% of essential oil poisoning incidents.[15]

The probable lethal dose of pure eucalyptus oil for an adult is in the range of 0.05 mL to 0.5 mL/per kg of body weight.[16] Because of their high body-surface-area-to-mass ratio, children are more vulnerable to poisons absorbed transdermally. Severe poisoning has occurred in children after ingestion of 4 mL to 5 mL of eucalyptus oil.[17]

Eucalyptus oil has also been shown to be dangerous to domestic cats, causing an unstable gait, excessive drooling, and other symptoms of ill health.[18]

History

 
Eucalypt oils distilled in the early 20th century, on display at the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney

Australian Aboriginals use eucalyptus leaf infusions (which contain eucalyptus oil) as a traditional medicine for treating body pains, sinus congestion, fever, and colds.[19][20]

Dennis Considen and John White, surgeons on the First Fleet, distilled eucalyptus oil from Eucalyptus piperita found growing on the shores of Port Jackson in 1788 to treat convicts and marines.[21][22][23][24] Eucalyptus oil was subsequently extracted by early colonists, but was not commercially exploited for some time.

Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, Victorian botanist, promoted the qualities of Eucalyptus as a disinfectant in "fever districts", and also encouraged Joseph Bosisto, a Melbourne pharmacist, to investigate the commercial potential of the oil.[25] Bosisto started the commercial eucalyptus oil industry in 1852 near Dandenong, Victoria, Australia, when he set up a distillation plant and extracted the essential oil from the cineole chemotype of Eucalyptus radiata. This resulted in the cineole chemotype becoming the generic 'oil of eucalyptus', and "Bosisto's Eucalyptus Oil" still survives as a brand.

French chemist, F. S. Cloez, identified and ascribed the name eucalyptol — also known as cineole — to the dominant portion of E. globulus oil.[26] By the 1870s oil from Eucalyptus globulus, Tasmanian blue gum, was being exported worldwide and eventually dominated world trade, while other higher quality species were also being distilled to a lesser extent. Surgeons were using eucalyptus oil as an antiseptic during surgery by the 1880s.[27]

Eucalyptus oil became an important industry in the box-ironbark forests of Victoria during the post gold-rush era of the 1870s. The oil was often described as Australia's natural wonder and was exported to a growing international market, mostly for medicinal purposes. Eucalyptus oil was in particularly big demand during the global influenza pandemic of 1918-19. A distillation plant was established by the Forests Commission Victoria at Wellsford State Forest[28] near Bendigo in 1926. The Principal of the Victorian School of Forestry, Edwin James Semmens, undertook much of the pioneering chemistry into the composition of eucalyptus oil.[29] His steam extraction kilns are in the museum at the school.

The Australian eucalyptus oil industry peaked in the 1940s, the main area of production being the central goldfields region of Victoria, particularly Inglewood; then the global establishment of eucalyptus plantations for timber resulted in increased volumes of eucalyptus oil as a plantation by-product. By the 1950s the cost of producing eucalyptus oil in Australia had increased so much that it could not compete against cheaper Spanish and Portuguese oils (closer to European Market therefore less costs). Non-Australian sources now dominate commercial eucalyptus oil supply, although Australia continues to produce high grade oils, mainly from blue mallee (E. polybractea) stands.

Species utilised

Commercial cineole-based eucalyptus oils are produced from several species of Eucalyptus:

Non-cineole oil producing species:

The former lemon eucalyptus species Eucalyptus citriodora is now classified as Corymbia citriodora, which produces a citronellal-based oil.

Compendial status

See also

References

  1. ^ William M. Ciesla. "Types of oil and uses". Non-wood Forest Products from Temperate Broad-leaved Trees. Food & Agriculture Org (2002). p. 30.
  2. ^ Lawless, J., The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils, Element Books 1995 ISBN 1-85230-661-0
  3. ^ Ashurst, P. R (31 July 1999). Food Flavorings. ISBN 9780834216211.
  4. ^ . Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
  5. ^ "Eucalypti aetheroleum". European Medicines Agency. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  6. ^ Batish, Daizy R.; Singh, Harminder Pal; Kohli, Ravinder Kumar; Kaur, Shalinder (10 December 2008). "Eucalyptus essential oil as a natural pesticide". Forest Ecology and Management. 256 (12): 2166–2174. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.08.008.
  7. ^ Flower and Vegetable Oils, R.E.D. Facts, EPA
  8. ^ Harborne, J.B., Baxter, H., Chemical Dictionary of Economic Plants, ISBN 0-471-49226-4
  9. ^ Zhao, J., Agboola, S., Functional Properties of Australian Bushfoods 21 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine - A Report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, 2007, RIRDC Publication No 07/030
  10. ^ Boland, D.J., Brophy, J.J., and A.P.N. House, Eucalyptus Leaf Oils, 1991, p. 8 ISBN 0-909605-69-6
  11. ^ Feeney, Katherine (14 January 2011). "Pressure hoses and pantyhose: How to clean houses after the flood". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  12. ^ Barbosa, Luiz Claudio Almeida; Filomeno, Claudinei Andrade; Teixeira, Robson Ricardo (7 December 2016). "Chemical Variability and Biological Activities of Eucalyptus spp. Essential Oils". Molecules. 21 (12): 1671. doi:10.3390/molecules21121671. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 6273930. PMID 27941612.
  13. ^ Coppen, John, ed. (2002). Eucalyptus: The Genus Eucalyptus. Taylor & Francis. p. 198. ISBN 9780367396183.
  14. ^ Darben, T; Cominos, B; Lee, CT (1998). "Topical eucalyptus oil poisoning". The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 39 (4): 265–7. doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.1998.tb01488.x. PMID 9838728. S2CID 21183986.
  15. ^ Lee KA, Harnett JE, Cairns R (2019). "Essential oil exposures in Australia: analysis of cases reported to the NSW Poisons Information Centre". Medical Journal of Australia. 212 (3): 132–133. doi:10.5694/mja2.50403. ISSN 0025-729X. PMID 31709543.
  16. ^ Hindle, R.C. (1994). "Eucalyptus oil ingestion". New Zealand Medical Journal. 107 (977): 185–186. PMID 8177581.
  17. ^ Foggie, WE (1911). "Eucalyptus Oil Poisoning". British Medical Journal. 1 (2616): 359–360. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2616.359. PMC 2332914. PMID 20765463.
  18. ^ Snopes, Are essential oils dangerous to cats?, 7 Jan. 2018
  19. ^ Low, T., Bush Medicine, A Pharmacopeia of Natural Remedies, Angus & Robertson, p. 85, 1990.
  20. ^ Barr, A., Chapman, J., Smith, N., Beveridge, M., Traditional Bush Medicines, An Aboriginal Pharmacopoeia, Greenhouse Publications, pp. 116–117, 1988, ISBN 086436167X
  21. ^ Maiden, J.H., The Forest Flora of New South Wales, vol. 4, Government Printer, Sydney, 1922.
  22. ^ Copy of letter received by Dr Anthony Hamiltion 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, from Dennis Considen, 18 November 1788, and sent onto Joseph Banks.
  23. ^ Lassak, E.V., & McCarthy, T., Australian Medicinal Plants, Methuen Australia, 1983, p. 15, ISBN 0-454-00438-9.
  24. ^ White, J., Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, 1790
  25. ^ Grieve, M.,(author) & Leyel, C.F., (ed), A Modern Herbal, Jonathon Cape, 1931, p. 287.
  26. ^ Boland, D.J., Brophy, J.J., and A.P.N. House, Eucalyptus Leaf Oils, 1991, p. 6 ISBN 0-909605-69-6
  27. ^ Maiden, J.H., The Useful Native Plants of Australia, pp. 255, 1889
  28. ^ Amy Groch (2015). "Wellsford State Forest" (PDF).
  29. ^ Moulds, F. R. (1991). The Dynamic Forest – A History of Forestry and Forest Industries in Victoria. Lynedoch Publications. Richmond, Australia. pp. 232pp. ISBN 0646062654.
  30. ^ The British Pharmacopoeia Secretariat (2009). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.

Further reading

  • Boland, D.J., Brophy, J.J., and A.P.N. House, Eucalyptus Leaf Oils, 1991, ISBN 0-909605-69-6
  • FAO Corporate Document Repository, Flavours and fragrances of plant origin

External links

February 17, 2023
eucalyptus, generic, name, distilled, from, leaf, eucalyptus, genus, plant, family, myrtaceae, native, australia, cultivated, worldwide, history, wide, application, pharmaceutical, antiseptic, repellent, flavouring, fragrance, industrial, uses, leaves, selecte. Eucalyptus oil is the generic name for distilled oil from the leaf of Eucalyptus a genus of the plant family Myrtaceae native to Australia and cultivated worldwide Eucalyptus oil has a history of wide application as a pharmaceutical antiseptic repellent flavouring fragrance and industrial uses The leaves of selected Eucalyptus species are steam distilled to extract eucalyptus oil Eucalypt oils distilled in the early 20th century on display at the Powerhouse Museum Sydney Eucalyptus oil for pharmaceutical use Contents 1 Types and production 2 Uses 2 1 Herbal medicine 2 2 Repellent and biopesticide 2 3 Flavouring and fragrance 2 4 Industrial 2 5 Cleaning 3 Safety and toxicity 4 History 5 Species utilised 6 Compendial status 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksTypes and production EditEucalyptus oils in the trade are categorized into three broad types according to their composition and main end use medicinal perfumery and industrial 1 The most prevalent is the standard cineole based oil of eucalyptus a colourless mobile liquid yellow with age with a penetrating camphoraceous woody sweet scent 2 China produces about 75 of the world trade but most of this is derived from the cineole fractions of camphor laurel rather than being true eucalyptus oil 3 Significant producers of true eucalyptus include South Africa Portugal Spain Brazil Australia Chile and Eswatini Eucalyptus polybractea or Blue leaf Mallee a species yielding high quality eucalyptus oil Global production is dominated by Eucalyptus globulus However Eucalyptus kochii and Eucalyptus polybractea have the highest cineole content ranging from 80 to 95 The British Pharmacopoeia states that the oil must have a minimum cineole content of 70 if it is pharmaceutical grade Rectification is used to bring lower grade oils up to the high cineole standard required In 1991 global annual production was estimated at 3 000 tonnes for the medicinal eucalyptus oil with another 1500 tonnes for the main perfumery oil produced from Eucalyptus citriodora 4 The eucalyptus genus also produces non cineole oils including piperitone phellandrene citral methyl cinnamate and geranyl acetate Uses EditHerbal medicine Edit The European Medicines Agency Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products concluded that traditional medicines based on eucalyptus oil can be used for treating cough associated with the common cold and to relieve symptoms of localized muscle pain 5 Repellent and biopesticide Edit Cineole based eucalyptus oil is used as an insect repellent and biopesticide 6 In the U S eucalyptus oil was first registered in 1948 as an insecticide and miticide 7 Flavouring and fragrance Edit Eucalyptus oil is used in flavouring Cineole based eucalyptus oil is used as a flavouring at low levels 0 002 in various products including baked goods confectionery meat products and beverages 8 Eucalyptus oil has antimicrobial activity against a broad range of foodborne human pathogens and food spoilage microorganisms 9 Non cineole peppermint gum strawberry gum and lemon ironbark are also used as flavouring Eucalyptus oil is also used as a fragrance component to impart a fresh and clean aroma in soaps detergents lotions and perfumes It is known for its pungent intoxicating scent Due to its cleansing properties Eucalyptus oil is found in mouthrinses to freshen breath Industrial Edit Research shows that cineole based eucalyptus oil 5 of mixture prevents the separation problem with ethanol and petrol fuel blends Eucalyptus oil also has a respectable octane rating and can be used as a fuel in its own right However production costs are currently too high for the oil to be economically viable as a fuel 10 Phellandrene and piperitone based eucalyptus oils have been used in mining to separate sulfide minerals via flotation Cleaning Edit Eucalyptus oil is used in household cleaning applications 11 12 It is commonly used in commercial laundry products such as wool wash liquid It is used as a solvent for removing grease and sticky residue 13 Safety and toxicity EditIf consumed internally at low dosage as a flavouring component or in pharmaceutical products at the recommended rate cineole based oil of eucalyptus is safe for adults However systemic toxicity can result from ingestion or topical application at higher than recommended doses 14 In Australia eucalyptus oil is one of the many essential oils that have been increasingly causing cases of poisoning mostly of children In the period 2014 2018 there were 2049 reported cases in New South Wales accounting for 46 4 of essential oil poisoning incidents 15 The probable lethal dose of pure eucalyptus oil for an adult is in the range of 0 05 mL to 0 5 mL per kg of body weight 16 Because of their high body surface area to mass ratio children are more vulnerable to poisons absorbed transdermally Severe poisoning has occurred in children after ingestion of 4 mL to 5 mL of eucalyptus oil 17 Eucalyptus oil has also been shown to be dangerous to domestic cats causing an unstable gait excessive drooling and other symptoms of ill health 18 History Edit Eucalypt oils distilled in the early 20th century on display at the Powerhouse Museum Sydney Australian Aboriginals use eucalyptus leaf infusions which contain eucalyptus oil as a traditional medicine for treating body pains sinus congestion fever and colds 19 20 Dennis Considen and John White surgeons on the First Fleet distilled eucalyptus oil from Eucalyptus piperita found growing on the shores of Port Jackson in 1788 to treat convicts and marines 21 22 23 24 Eucalyptus oil was subsequently extracted by early colonists but was not commercially exploited for some time Baron Ferdinand von Mueller Victorian botanist promoted the qualities of Eucalyptus as a disinfectant in fever districts and also encouraged Joseph Bosisto a Melbourne pharmacist to investigate the commercial potential of the oil 25 Bosisto started the commercial eucalyptus oil industry in 1852 near Dandenong Victoria Australia when he set up a distillation plant and extracted the essential oil from the cineole chemotype of Eucalyptus radiata This resulted in the cineole chemotype becoming the generic oil of eucalyptus and Bosisto s Eucalyptus Oil still survives as a brand French chemist F S Cloez identified and ascribed the name eucalyptol also known as cineole to the dominant portion of E globulus oil 26 By the 1870s oil from Eucalyptus globulus Tasmanian blue gum was being exported worldwide and eventually dominated world trade while other higher quality species were also being distilled to a lesser extent Surgeons were using eucalyptus oil as an antiseptic during surgery by the 1880s 27 Eucalyptus oil became an important industry in the box ironbark forests of Victoria during the post gold rush era of the 1870s The oil was often described as Australia s natural wonder and was exported to a growing international market mostly for medicinal purposes Eucalyptus oil was in particularly big demand during the global influenza pandemic of 1918 19 A distillation plant was established by the Forests Commission Victoria at Wellsford State Forest 28 near Bendigo in 1926 The Principal of the Victorian School of Forestry Edwin James Semmens undertook much of the pioneering chemistry into the composition of eucalyptus oil 29 His steam extraction kilns are in the museum at the school The Australian eucalyptus oil industry peaked in the 1940s the main area of production being the central goldfields region of Victoria particularly Inglewood then the global establishment of eucalyptus plantations for timber resulted in increased volumes of eucalyptus oil as a plantation by product By the 1950s the cost of producing eucalyptus oil in Australia had increased so much that it could not compete against cheaper Spanish and Portuguese oils closer to European Market therefore less costs Non Australian sources now dominate commercial eucalyptus oil supply although Australia continues to produce high grade oils mainly from blue mallee E polybractea stands Species utilised EditCommercial cineole based eucalyptus oils are produced from several species of Eucalyptus Eucalyptus cneorifolia Eucalyptus dives Eucalyptus dumosa Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus goniocalyx Eucalyptus horistes Eucalyptus kochii Eucalyptus leucoxylon Eucalyptus oleosa Eucalyptus polybractea Eucalyptus radiata Eucalyptus sideroxylon Eucalyptus smithii Eucalyptus tereticornis Eucalyptus viridisNon cineole oil producing species Eucalyptus dives phellandrene variant Eucalyptus dives piperitone variant Eucalyptus elata piperitone variant Eucalyptus macarthurii geranyl acetate Eucalyptus olida methyl cinnamate Eucalyptus radiata phellandrene variant Eucalyptus staigeriana citral limoneneThe former lemon eucalyptus species Eucalyptus citriodora is now classified as Corymbia citriodora which produces a citronellal based oil Compendial status EditBritish Pharmacopoeia 30 See also EditEssential oil Olbas Oil a combination of oils from Eucalyptus peppermint clove juniper cajuput and wintergreen used as a treatment for nasal congestion Eucalypts woody plants belonging to three closely related genera Eucalyptus Corymbia and AngophoraReferences Edit William M Ciesla Types of oil and uses Non wood Forest Products from Temperate Broad leaved Trees Food amp Agriculture Org 2002 p 30 Lawless J The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils Element Books 1995 ISBN 1 85230 661 0 Ashurst P R 31 July 1999 Food Flavorings ISBN 9780834216211 FOA Archived from the original on 2 May 2012 Retrieved 31 May 2008 Eucalypti aetheroleum European Medicines Agency 12 May 2016 Retrieved 11 May 2021 Batish Daizy R Singh Harminder Pal Kohli Ravinder Kumar Kaur Shalinder 10 December 2008 Eucalyptus essential oil as a natural pesticide Forest Ecology and Management 256 12 2166 2174 doi 10 1016 j foreco 2008 08 008 Flower and Vegetable Oils R E D Facts EPA Harborne J B Baxter H Chemical Dictionary of Economic Plants ISBN 0 471 49226 4 Zhao J Agboola S Functional Properties of Australian Bushfoods Archived 21 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine A Report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation 2007 RIRDC Publication No 07 030 Boland D J Brophy J J and A P N House Eucalyptus Leaf Oils 1991 p 8 ISBN 0 909605 69 6 Feeney Katherine 14 January 2011 Pressure hoses and pantyhose How to clean houses after the flood The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 13 August 2019 Barbosa Luiz Claudio Almeida Filomeno Claudinei Andrade Teixeira Robson Ricardo 7 December 2016 Chemical Variability and Biological Activities of Eucalyptus spp Essential Oils Molecules 21 12 1671 doi 10 3390 molecules21121671 ISSN 1420 3049 PMC 6273930 PMID 27941612 Coppen John ed 2002 Eucalyptus The Genus Eucalyptus Taylor amp Francis p 198 ISBN 9780367396183 Darben T Cominos B Lee CT 1998 Topical eucalyptus oil poisoning The Australasian Journal of Dermatology 39 4 265 7 doi 10 1111 j 1440 0960 1998 tb01488 x PMID 9838728 S2CID 21183986 Lee KA Harnett JE Cairns R 2019 Essential oil exposures in Australia analysis of cases reported to the NSW Poisons Information Centre Medical Journal of Australia 212 3 132 133 doi 10 5694 mja2 50403 ISSN 0025 729X PMID 31709543 Hindle R C 1994 Eucalyptus oil ingestion New Zealand Medical Journal 107 977 185 186 PMID 8177581 Foggie WE 1911 Eucalyptus Oil Poisoning British Medical Journal 1 2616 359 360 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 2616 359 PMC 2332914 PMID 20765463 Snopes Are essential oils dangerous to cats 7 Jan 2018 Low T Bush Medicine A Pharmacopeia of Natural Remedies Angus amp Robertson p 85 1990 Barr A Chapman J Smith N Beveridge M Traditional Bush Medicines An Aboriginal Pharmacopoeia Greenhouse Publications pp 116 117 1988 ISBN 086436167X Maiden J H The Forest Flora of New South Wales vol 4 Government Printer Sydney 1922 Copy of letter received by Dr Anthony Hamiltion Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine from Dennis Considen 18 November 1788 and sent onto Joseph Banks Lassak E V amp McCarthy T Australian Medicinal Plants Methuen Australia 1983 p 15 ISBN 0 454 00438 9 White J Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales 1790 Grieve M author amp Leyel C F ed A Modern Herbal Jonathon Cape 1931 p 287 Boland D J Brophy J J and A P N House Eucalyptus Leaf Oils 1991 p 6 ISBN 0 909605 69 6 Maiden J H The Useful Native Plants of Australia pp 255 1889 Amy Groch 2015 Wellsford State Forest PDF Moulds F R 1991 The Dynamic Forest A History of Forestry and Forest Industries in Victoria Lynedoch Publications Richmond Australia pp 232pp ISBN 0646062654 The British Pharmacopoeia Secretariat 2009 Index BP 2009 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 11 April 2009 Retrieved 10 September 2009 Further reading EditBoland D J Brophy J J and A P N House Eucalyptus Leaf Oils 1991 ISBN 0 909605 69 6 FAO Corporate Document Repository Flavours and fragrances of plant originExternal links EditToxicity Eucalyptus oil profile Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations Eucalyptus oil E globulus Labillardiere E fructicetorum F Von Mueller E smithii R T Baker MedlinePlus U S National Library of Medicine U S National Institutes of Health evidence based monograph prepared by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eucalyptus oil amp oldid 1139065469, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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