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Ethel Browne Harvey

August 18, 2023

Ethel (Nicholson) Browne Harvey (December 14, 1885 in Baltimore, Maryland – September 2, 1965 in Falmouth, Massachusetts) was an American embryologist, known for her critical findings about cell division, using the embryology of sea urchins, and for early work studying embryonic cell cleavage.

Biography and education

Ethel Nicholson Browne was born December 14, 1885, in Baltimore, Maryland, to Bennett Barnard Browne and Jennifer Nicholson Browne. She was one of five children; three of her siblings became doctors, including two of her sisters (Jennie Nicholson Browne and Mary Nicholson Browne), and one of her brothers became a metallurgist.[1]

Browne's parents sent their three daughters to the Bryn Mawr School, which was the first solely preparatory girls' school in the United States.[1] Browne graduated there in 1902, and then attended Goucher College (then known as the Woman's College of Baltimore).[1] After graduating with her B.A. in 1906, she then studied zoology at Columbia University, earning an MA in 1907 and a Ph.D. in 1913.

In 1915, she married fellow scientist, E. Newton Harvey, a physiologist known for work on bioluminescence.[1] Browne, adopting her husband's surname, had two children with him; Edmund Newton Harvey, Jr. (born 1916, later a chemist) and Richard Bennet Harvey (born 1922, later a physician).[1] Although working only part-time for the next several years, she nevertheless continued her work, making numerous important contributions.

Ethel Browne Harvey died of peritonitis from appendicitis in 1965.[1]

Career and research

At Columbia she worked with Thomas Hunt Morgan and Edmund Beecher Wilson. Her doctoral thesis in 1913 was on the male germ cells of genus Notonecta, an aquatic insect, leading her to further work focusing on cellular mechanisms in inheritance and development.[1][2] She was supported during this time by several fellowships aimed at assisting women in science, including a Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship from the Society for the Promotion of University Education for Women.[1]

During her graduate studies at Columbia, Browne "demonstrated that transplanting the hypostome from one hydra into another hydra would induce a secondary axis in the host hydra."[3] This work, done in 1909, preceded experiments in 1924 by Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold, that are credited with discovering the "organizer" — this work was the basis of a Nobel Prize given to Spemann.[3] Howard M. Lenhoff has argued that Ethel Browne should have shared in Spemann's Nobel Prize, because she did the experiment first; she understood its significance; and she had, in fact, sent her paper to Spemann, who had underlined the portion of the paper that discussed the significance of her work.[4]

In the 1930s, she demonstrated a method of parthenogenetic cleavage, inducing unfertilized sea urchin eggs to cleave and ultimately to hatch.[5] Browne used centrifugal force to remove the nuclei of these eggs. This work received popular attention as "creation of life without parents".[6] Browne's experiments were especially noteworthy in that she demonstrated that chromosomes were not necessary to create life. Her experiments showed that cytoplasm was capable of developing life without the need for the nucleus. She termed this method of creating life as "parthenogenic merogony" in which "a portion of the egg without the nucleus is fertilized".[7]

Browne worked for many years at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts.[1] She taught at a variety of institutions, including the Bennett School for Girls in Millbrook, New York, the Dana Hall School in Wellesley, Massachusetts; Washington Square College at NYU.[1] She conducted scientific research in a variety of positions including Princeton University and Cornell Medical College.[1] She was associated with the American Women's Table in Naples, an organization established by Ida Henrietta Hyde and other women scientists.

Bibliography

  • Selected significant publications
  • Many publications in The Biological Bulletin from 1919 to 1962

Awards

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Donna J. Haraway, "Ethel Browne Harvey", in Barbara Sicherman and Carol Hurd Green, editors, Notable American Women: The Modern Period: A Biographical Dictionary. Volume 4 (Harvard University Press, 1980)
  2. ^ "Harvey, Ethel Browne (1885–1965) | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
  3. ^ a b Scott F. Gilbert, "Ethel Browne Harvey (1885-1965) and the Organizer" Archived 2013-01-21 at archive.today, DevBio: A Companion to Developmental Biology, Ninth Edition, Chapter 18.
  4. ^ Lenhoff, H. M. 1991. "Ethel Browne, Hans Spemann, and the Discovery of the Organizer Phenomenon," Biol. Bull., v.181, pp.72–80 (Aug. 1991), cited by Gilbert.
  5. ^ "1940-1954", Birth of Molecular Biology (last visited Oct. 7, 2012).
  6. ^ See, e.g., Life, Sept. 13, 1937, p.7; New York Herald Tribune, Nov. 28, 1937, pp.1, 32; New York Times, Nov. 28, 1937, pp. 1, 41; Newsweek, Dec. 6, 1937, pp.36-37; Time, Dec. 6, 1937, p.32, all cited in Haraway.
  7. ^ "Dr. Ethel Harvey, Biologist, was 79". The New York Times. September 3, 1965. Retrieved November 27, 2020.

Further reading and research

  • Donna J. Haraway, "Ethel Browne Harvey", in Barbara Sicherman and Carol Hurd Green, editors, Notable American Women: The Modern Period: A Biographical Dictionary. Volume 4 (Harvard University Press, 1980)
  • Obituary, The New York Times, Sept. 3, 1965.

August 18, 2023
ethel, browne, harvey, ethel, nicholson, browne, harvey, december, 1885, baltimore, maryland, september, 1965, falmouth, massachusetts, american, embryologist, known, critical, findings, about, cell, division, using, embryology, urchins, early, work, studying,. Ethel Nicholson Browne Harvey December 14 1885 in Baltimore Maryland September 2 1965 in Falmouth Massachusetts was an American embryologist known for her critical findings about cell division using the embryology of sea urchins and for early work studying embryonic cell cleavage Contents 1 Biography and education 2 Career and research 3 Bibliography 4 Awards 5 Notes 6 Further reading and researchBiography and education EditEthel Nicholson Browne was born December 14 1885 in Baltimore Maryland to Bennett Barnard Browne and Jennifer Nicholson Browne She was one of five children three of her siblings became doctors including two of her sisters Jennie Nicholson Browne and Mary Nicholson Browne and one of her brothers became a metallurgist 1 Browne s parents sent their three daughters to the Bryn Mawr School which was the first solely preparatory girls school in the United States 1 Browne graduated there in 1902 and then attended Goucher College then known as the Woman s College of Baltimore 1 After graduating with her B A in 1906 she then studied zoology at Columbia University earning an MA in 1907 and a Ph D in 1913 In 1915 she married fellow scientist E Newton Harvey a physiologist known for work on bioluminescence 1 Browne adopting her husband s surname had two children with him Edmund Newton Harvey Jr born 1916 later a chemist and Richard Bennet Harvey born 1922 later a physician 1 Although working only part time for the next several years she nevertheless continued her work making numerous important contributions Ethel Browne Harvey died of peritonitis from appendicitis in 1965 1 Career and research EditAt Columbia she worked with Thomas Hunt Morgan and Edmund Beecher Wilson Her doctoral thesis in 1913 was on the male germ cells of genus Notonecta an aquatic insect leading her to further work focusing on cellular mechanisms in inheritance and development 1 2 She was supported during this time by several fellowships aimed at assisting women in science including a Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship from the Society for the Promotion of University Education for Women 1 During her graduate studies at Columbia Browne demonstrated that transplanting the hypostome from one hydra into another hydra would induce a secondary axis in the host hydra 3 This work done in 1909 preceded experiments in 1924 by Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold that are credited with discovering the organizer this work was the basis of a Nobel Prize given to Spemann 3 Howard M Lenhoff has argued that Ethel Browne should have shared in Spemann s Nobel Prize because she did the experiment first she understood its significance and she had in fact sent her paper to Spemann who had underlined the portion of the paper that discussed the significance of her work 4 In the 1930s she demonstrated a method of parthenogenetic cleavage inducing unfertilized sea urchin eggs to cleave and ultimately to hatch 5 Browne used centrifugal force to remove the nuclei of these eggs This work received popular attention as creation of life without parents 6 Browne s experiments were especially noteworthy in that she demonstrated that chromosomes were not necessary to create life Her experiments showed that cytoplasm was capable of developing life without the need for the nucleus She termed this method of creating life as parthenogenic merogony in which a portion of the egg without the nucleus is fertilized 7 Browne worked for many years at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole Massachusetts 1 She taught at a variety of institutions including the Bennett School for Girls in Millbrook New York the Dana Hall School in Wellesley Massachusetts Washington Square College at NYU 1 She conducted scientific research in a variety of positions including Princeton University and Cornell Medical College 1 She was associated with the American Women s Table in Naples an organization established by Ida Henrietta Hyde and other women scientists Bibliography EditSelected significant publications The American Arbacia and Other Sea Urchins 1956 A Study of the Male Germ Cells in Notonecta Journal of Experimental Zoology Jan 1913 A Review of the Chromosome Numbers in the Metazoa Journal of Morphology Dec 1916 and June 1920 Parthenogenetic Merogony or Cleavage Without Nuclei in Arbacia puntulata Biological Bulletin Aug 1936 Fertilization Encyclopaedia Britannica 1946 and 1961 Many publications in The Biological Bulletin from 1919 to 1962Awards Edit1956 Honorary D Sc from Goucher College Fellow American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow L Institut International d Embryologie in Utrecht Fellow New York Academy of Sciences Elected as trustee of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole Notes Edit a b c d e f g h i j k Donna J Haraway Ethel Browne Harvey in Barbara Sicherman and Carol Hurd Green editors Notable American Women The Modern Period A Biographical Dictionary Volume 4 Harvard University Press 1980 Harvey Ethel Browne 1885 1965 Encyclopedia com www encyclopedia com Retrieved 2020 12 07 a b Scott F Gilbert Ethel Browne Harvey 1885 1965 and the Organizer Archived 2013 01 21 at archive today DevBio A Companion to Developmental Biology Ninth Edition Chapter 18 Lenhoff H M 1991 Ethel Browne Hans Spemann and the Discovery of the Organizer Phenomenon Biol Bull v 181 pp 72 80 Aug 1991 cited by Gilbert 1940 1954 Birth of Molecular Biology last visited Oct 7 2012 See e g Life Sept 13 1937 p 7 New York Herald Tribune Nov 28 1937 pp 1 32 New York Times Nov 28 1937 pp 1 41 Newsweek Dec 6 1937 pp 36 37 Time Dec 6 1937 p 32 all cited in Haraway Dr Ethel Harvey Biologist was 79 The New York Times September 3 1965 Retrieved November 27 2020 Further reading and research EditDonna J Haraway Ethel Browne Harvey in Barbara Sicherman and Carol Hurd Green editors Notable American Women The Modern Period A Biographical Dictionary Volume 4 Harvard University Press 1980 Obituary The New York Times Sept 3 1965 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ethel Browne Harvey amp oldid 1151429494, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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