The Eskimo–Uralic hypothesis posits that the Uralic and Eskimo–Aleut language families belong to a common macrofamily. It is not generally accepted by linguists because the similarities can also be merely areal features, common to unrelated language families. In 1818, the Danish linguist Rasmus Rask grouped together the languages of Greenlandic and Finnish. The Eskimo–Uralic hypothesis was put forward by Knut Bergsland in 1959.[1][2][3] Ante Aikio stated that it's possible that there exists some connection between the two families, but exact conclusions can't be drawn and the similarities could exist by loaning.[4]
A similar theory was suggested in 1998 by Michael Fortescue, in his book Language Relations across Bering Strait where he proposed the Uralo-Siberian theory, which, unlike the Eskimo-Uralic hypothesis includes the Yukaghir languages, argues that Uralo-Siberian influenced Chukotko-Kamchatkan and some have included Nivkh as a part of the family.[5]
At present the arguments used to defend the Eskimo-Uralic theory are insufficient to even suspect a relationship between the languages, let alone to make an affirmative case for their relationship.[6]
Comparisons between Uralic and Eskimo–Aleut languages were made early. In 1746, the Danish theologian Marcus Wøldike [da] compared Greenlandic to Hungarian. In 1818, Rasmus Rask considered Greenlandic to be related to the Uralic languages, Finnish in particular, and presented a list of lexical correspondences (Rask also considered Uralic and Altaic to be related to each other). In 1871, H. Rink had also theorized of a similar theory.[2] In 1959, Knut Bergsland published the paper The Eskimo–Uralic Hypothesis, in which he, like other authors before him, presented a number of grammatical similarities and a small number of lexical correspondences.[7]
In 1998, Michael Fortescue presented more detailed arguments in his book, Language Relations across Bering Strait. His title evokes Morris Swadesh's 1962 article, "Linguistic relations across the Bering Strait".[8] Besides new proposed linguistic evidence, Fortescue (2016) presents several genetic studies that he argued to support a common origin of the included groups, with a suggested homeland in Northeast Asia.[9]
Proposed Evidenceedit
A few potential lexical cognates between Proto-Uralic and Eskimo–Aleut are pointed out in Aikio (2019: 53–54).[4] These are:
Proto-Uralic
Proto-Eskimo
*ila- ‘place under or below’
*at(ǝ)- ‘down’; *alaq ‘sole’
*elä- ‘live’
*ǝt(ǝ)- ‘be’
*tuli- ‘come’
*tut- ‘arrive, land’; *tulaɣ-
*kuda ‘morning, dawn’
*qilaɣ- ‘sky’
*kuda- ‘weave’
*qilaɣ- ‘knit, weave’
A possible regular sound correspondence with Uralic *-l- and Proto-Eskimo-Aleut *-t can be argued to exist.[4]
According to Ante Aikio The words "morning" and "weave" appear to be completely unrelated, which means there is an instance of coincidental homonymy, which very rarely happens by accident. Aikio thus stated that he believes it to be likely that there exists some connection between the two families, however exact conclusions cannot be drawn and it would not yet prove a direct relationship, as such can happen by loaning.[4]
^Bergsland, Knut (1959). The Eskimo-Uralic Hypothesis (in German). na.
^ abRask, Rasmus; Thalbitzer, William (January 1921). "The Aleutian Language Compared with Greenlandic". International Journal of American Linguistics. 2 (1/2): 40–57. doi:10.1086/463733. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 143810291. This problem, in reality, had already been taken up earlier, first by the Danish eskimologist H. Rink, later by the French linguist Lucien Adam. The former, in 1871, had referred to the agreement in the dual and plural endings (-k and -t) between the Eskimo language and the Samoyede-Finnish languages The latter had rejected the possibility of classifying the Eskimo either with any American Indian language or with the Uralo-Altaic languages
^Caveney, Geoffrey. "Uralic-Eskimo initial, first vowel, and medial consonant correspondences with 100 lexical examples". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ abcd Aikio, Ante (2019). "Proto-Uralic". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.). Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
^Fortescue, Michael (1998). Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence. London and New York: Cassell. ISBN0-304-70330-3.
^Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (2023-03-31). The Uralic Languages. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-1-317-23097-7.
^Bergsland, Knut (1959). "The Eskimo–Uralic hypothesis". Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. 61: 1–29.
^Swadesh, Morris (1962). "Linguistic relations across the Bering Strait". American Anthropologist. 64 (6): 1262–1291. doi:10.1525/aa.1962.64.6.02a00090.
^"Correlating Palaeo-Siberian languages and populations: recent advances in the Uralo-Siberian hypothesis". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
Bergsland, Knut (1979). "The comparison of Eskimo-Aleut and Uralic". Fenno-Ugrica Suecana. 2: 7–18.
Georg, Stefan; Seefloth, Uwe (2020). "Uralo-Eskimo?". Academia.edu. San Francisco, California: Academia, Inc.
Seefloth, Uwe (2000). "Die Entstehung polypersonaler Paradigmen im Uralo-Sibirischen". Zentralasiatische Studien. 30: 163–191.
Künnap, A. 1999. Indo-European-Uralic-Siberian Linguistic and Cultural Contacts. Tartu, Estonia: University of Tartu, Division of Uralic Languages.
April 22, 2024
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This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas incidents or controversies Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view September 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Eskimo Uralic hypothesis posits that the Uralic and Eskimo Aleut language families belong to a common macrofamily It is not generally accepted by linguists because the similarities can also be merely areal features common to unrelated language families In 1818 the Danish linguist Rasmus Rask grouped together the languages of Greenlandic and Finnish The Eskimo Uralic hypothesis was put forward by Knut Bergsland in 1959 1 2 3 Ante Aikio stated that it s possible that there exists some connection between the two families but exact conclusions can t be drawn and the similarities could exist by loaning 4 Eskimo Uralic controversial Geographicdistributionnorthern Eurasia and far northern North AmericaLinguistic classificationProposed language familySubdivisionsUralic Eskimo AleutGlottologNoneEskimo Uralic languages image reference needed A similar theory was suggested in 1998 by Michael Fortescue in his book Language Relations across Bering Strait where he proposed the Uralo Siberian theory which unlike the Eskimo Uralic hypothesis includes the Yukaghir languages argues that Uralo Siberian influenced Chukotko Kamchatkan and some have included Nivkh as a part of the family 5 At present the arguments used to defend the Eskimo Uralic theory are insufficient to even suspect a relationship between the languages let alone to make an affirmative case for their relationship 6 Contents 1 History 2 Proposed Evidence 3 See also 4 ReferencesHistory editComparisons between Uralic and Eskimo Aleut languages were made early In 1746 the Danish theologian Marcus Woldike da compared Greenlandic to Hungarian In 1818 Rasmus Rask considered Greenlandic to be related to the Uralic languages Finnish in particular and presented a list of lexical correspondences Rask also considered Uralic and Altaic to be related to each other In 1871 H Rink had also theorized of a similar theory 2 In 1959 Knut Bergsland published the paper The Eskimo Uralic Hypothesis in which he like other authors before him presented a number of grammatical similarities and a small number of lexical correspondences 7 In 1998 Michael Fortescue presented more detailed arguments in his book Language Relations across Bering Strait His title evokes Morris Swadesh s 1962 article Linguistic relations across the Bering Strait 8 Besides new proposed linguistic evidence Fortescue 2016 presents several genetic studies that he argued to support a common origin of the included groups with a suggested homeland in Northeast Asia 9 Proposed Evidence editA few potential lexical cognates between Proto Uralic and Eskimo Aleut are pointed out in Aikio 2019 53 54 4 These are Proto Uralic Proto Eskimo ila place under or below at ǝ down alaq sole ela live ǝt ǝ be tuli come tut arrive land tulaɣ kuda morning dawn qilaɣ sky kuda weave qilaɣ knit weave A possible regular sound correspondence with Uralic l and Proto Eskimo Aleut t can be argued to exist 4 According to Ante Aikio The words morning and weave appear to be completely unrelated which means there is an instance of coincidental homonymy which very rarely happens by accident Aikio thus stated that he believes it to be likely that there exists some connection between the two families however exact conclusions cannot be drawn and it would not yet prove a direct relationship as such can happen by loaning 4 See also editPaleosiberian languages Proto Chukotko Kamchatkan language Proto Uralic language Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas Linguistic areas of the Americas MacrofamilyReferences edit Bergsland Knut 1959 The Eskimo Uralic Hypothesis in German na a b Rask Rasmus Thalbitzer William January 1921 The Aleutian Language Compared with Greenlandic International Journal of American Linguistics 2 1 2 40 57 doi 10 1086 463733 ISSN 0020 7071 S2CID 143810291 This problem in reality had already been taken up earlier first by the Danish eskimologist H Rink later by the French linguist Lucien Adam The former in 1871 had referred to the agreement in the dual and plural endings k and t between the Eskimo language and the Samoyede Finnish languages The latter had rejected the possibility of classifying the Eskimo either with any American Indian language or with the Uralo Altaic languages Caveney Geoffrey Uralic Eskimo initial first vowel and medial consonant correspondences with 100 lexical examples a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b c d Aikio Ante 2019 Proto Uralic In Bakro Nagy Marianne Laakso Johanna Skribnik Elena eds Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages Oxford UK Oxford University Press Fortescue Michael 1998 Language Relations across Bering Strait Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence London and New York Cassell ISBN 0 304 70330 3 Abondolo Daniel Valijarvi Riitta Liisa 2023 03 31 The Uralic Languages Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 317 23097 7 Bergsland Knut 1959 The Eskimo Uralic hypothesis Journal de la Societe Finno Ougrienne 61 1 29 Swadesh Morris 1962 Linguistic relations across the Bering Strait American Anthropologist 64 6 1262 1291 doi 10 1525 aa 1962 64 6 02a00090 Correlating Palaeo Siberian languages and populations recent advances in the Uralo Siberian hypothesis ResearchGate Retrieved 2019 03 22 Bergsland Knut 1979 The comparison of Eskimo Aleut and Uralic Fenno Ugrica Suecana 2 7 18 Georg Stefan Seefloth Uwe 2020 Uralo Eskimo Academia edu San Francisco California Academia Inc Seefloth Uwe 2000 Die Entstehung polypersonaler Paradigmen im Uralo Sibirischen Zentralasiatische Studien 30 163 191 Kunnap A 1999 Indo European Uralic Siberian Linguistic and Cultural Contacts Tartu Estonia University of Tartu Division of Uralic Languages Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eskimo Uralic languages amp oldid 1219505782, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
