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Enrique Gorostieta

January 07, 2023

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Gorostieta and the second or maternal family name is Velarde.

Enrique Gorostieta Velarde (Monterrey, 1889 – Atotonilco el Alto, June 2, 1929) was a Mexican soldier best known for his leadership as a general during the Cristero War.

Enrique Gorostieta
Born1889
Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
DiedJune 2, 1929(1929-06-02) (aged 39–40)
Atotonilco el Alto, Jalisco, Mexico
Allegiance Mexico
RankGeneral
Battles/warsMexican Revolution
Cristero War
Other workSoap manufacturer

Life

Born in Monterrey into a prominent Mexican-Basque family, Enrique Gorostieta Velarde had a typically secular education. His early life is not well documented, but it is known that his father, an attorney and businessman, had personal ties with Victoriano Huerta, and that Enrique was encouraged by his mother to take up a military career, and he enrolled at the Heroic Military College of Chapultepec in 1906. Upon graduation in May 1911, the same month Porfirio Díaz stepped down from the Presidency, Gorostieta — as a protege of Victoriano Huerta — served on campaigns against Emiliano Zapata in September 1911 and against Pascual Orozco in April–May 1912.[1] During Huerta's short dictatorship of 1913-14, Gorostieta's father was Secretary of the Treasury (Secretario de Hacienda).[2]

During the Mexican Revolution he served in the Federal Army of counterrevolutionary dictator Victoriano Huerta, being Huerta's youngest general, and after Huerta's fall fought with Juan Andreu Almazán, but soon fled Mexico for Cuba and later the United States. Upon his return to Mexico, he worked as a soap manufacturer, but found the work boring, and sought a return to military activity.[3]

In 1927 the National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty chose him to lead the Cristeros, an army of Catholic rebels fighting against the government forces of president Plutarco Elías Calles.[4]

Gorostieta has been called a Mason[5] and lifelong anti-clerical, but recent letters of his have led historians to believe he was neither.[6][7][8][9] Gorostieta's motivation for taking command of the rebels was not only the high salary he was offered (about 3000 pesos per month, or twice the salary of a regular Army General), but also his political ambition. Although Gorostieta's 1928 "Plan de Los Altos" called for changes to the 1917 Constitution's Article 27 (which the Cristeros saw as restricting the rights of Catholics) and — more important to Gorostieta — install a Gorostieta regime on the country. Philosophically, he believed in a return to the Juarez-inspired 1857 Constitution's view of non-interference and toleration for religion, rather than the Calles' administration's reading of the 1917 Constitution as demanding subordination of religious organizations to the state. Although openly contemptuous of his subordinates' religious faith (several of his officers were priests), he respected the military acumen of the Jalisco farmers under his command, and believed he could turn them into a professional fighting force equal to the regular army.[10]

His importance as a Cristero leader was in bringing military discipline to an unorganized insurgency. He is credited with turning Cristero "armies" into a Cristero Army, which, for a time, was winning battles in the limited region where it operated: rural Jalisco, Michoacan, Colima and Zacatecas. However, without support from the Mexican church[11] or the Vatican[12] and torn by internal dissension,[13] the Cristeros were largely irrelevant as a political or military force as a negotiated settlement was worked out between the Vatican and the Mexican state over interpretations of the Church's rights under the Constitution.[14]

Death

Nineteen days before a cessation of hostilities, based on an agreement worked out by U.S. Ambassador Dwight Morrow between Pope Pius XI and Mexican bishop Pascual Díaz y Barreto, was to take effect, Gorostieta was killed following a Mexican government intelligence operation (2 June 1929). With the movement rapidly collapsing, Gorostieta was attempting a retreat into Michoacán, where he hoped to recruit followers and continue the rebellion. A federal officer, who had infiltrated Gorostieta's inner circle, tipped off the Mexican cavalry to the general's presence in Atotonilco, Jalisco, and killed him in a short firefight.[10]

In popular culture

Gorostieta was portrayed by Andy Garcia in the 2012 film Cristiada, aka "For Greater Glory", an epic historical drama also starring Eva Longoria, Eduardo Verástegui and Peter O'Toole.[15]

References

  1. ^ Grabman, Richard. Gorostieta and the Cristiada (Editorial Mazatlan, 2012) p 31.
  2. ^ Grabman, Richard. Gorostieta and the Cristiada (Editorial Mazatlan, 2012) pp. 28-34.
  3. ^ Tuck, The Anti-Clerical Who Led a Catholic Rebellion
  4. ^ Werner, Michael S., Concise encyclopedia of Mexico p. 147, Taylor & Francis, 2001
  5. ^ Mayer, Jean A. "The Cristero Rebellion: The Mexican People between Church and State 1926-1929 (Cambridge University Press, 1976) p. 53
  6. ^ . Proceso (in Mexican Spanish). 2012-05-11. Archived from the original on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
  7. ^ Laureán Cervantes, Luis Manuel (2007). Los Gallos de Picazo o Los Derechos De Dios. México, D.F.: El Arca Editores. pp. 72, footnote 38. ISBN 970-9873-27-X.
  8. ^ Mejicano, El Integrista (2012-05-14). "El Integrista Mejicano: CARTAS INÉDITAS DE GOROSTIETA, EL GENERAL CRISTERO". El Integrista Mejicano. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
  9. ^ "Enrique Gorostieta Velarde", Wikipédia (in French), 2017-10-28, retrieved 2018-07-15
  10. ^ a b Tuck
  11. ^ Bravo Ugarte, José. “Cómo se llegó al modus vivendi de 1929” en Temas históricos diversos. México, Jus, 1966, pp. 265-275.
  12. ^ Meyer, p. 203
  13. ^ Meyer, 80-81, et. passum
  14. ^ Grabman, Richard. Gods, Gachupines and Gringos: A People's History of Mexico (Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Editorial Mazatlán, 2008) p. 342-43
  15. ^ Cristiada (2011) IMDB, Accessed Oct. 8, 2010

Further reading

  • Tuck, Jim. The Anti-Clerical Who Led a Catholic Rebellion. November 2000 Guadalajara-Lakeside Volume 18, Number 3
  • Meyer, Jean A. La cristiada, Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1976.
  • Negrete, Marta Elena. Enrique Gorostieta Cristero Agnóstico, México, DF.: Universidad Iberoamericano, 1981.

External links

  • The Anti-clerical Who Led a Catholic Rebellion by Jim Tuck at Latin American Studies

January 07, 2023
enrique, gorostieta, this, spanish, name, first, paternal, surname, gorostieta, second, maternal, family, name, velarde, velarde, monterrey, 1889, atotonilco, alto, june, 1929, mexican, soldier, best, known, leadership, general, during, cristero, born1889monte. In this Spanish name the first or paternal surname is Gorostieta and the second or maternal family name is Velarde Enrique Gorostieta Velarde Monterrey 1889 Atotonilco el Alto June 2 1929 was a Mexican soldier best known for his leadership as a general during the Cristero War Enrique GorostietaBorn1889Monterrey Nuevo Leon MexicoDiedJune 2 1929 1929 06 02 aged 39 40 Atotonilco el Alto Jalisco MexicoAllegiance MexicoRankGeneralBattles warsMexican RevolutionCristero WarOther workSoap manufacturer Contents 1 Life 2 Death 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksLife EditBorn in Monterrey into a prominent Mexican Basque family Enrique Gorostieta Velarde had a typically secular education His early life is not well documented but it is known that his father an attorney and businessman had personal ties with Victoriano Huerta and that Enrique was encouraged by his mother to take up a military career and he enrolled at the Heroic Military College of Chapultepec in 1906 Upon graduation in May 1911 the same month Porfirio Diaz stepped down from the Presidency Gorostieta as a protege of Victoriano Huerta served on campaigns against Emiliano Zapata in September 1911 and against Pascual Orozco in April May 1912 1 During Huerta s short dictatorship of 1913 14 Gorostieta s father was Secretary of the Treasury Secretario de Hacienda 2 During the Mexican Revolution he served in the Federal Army of counterrevolutionary dictator Victoriano Huerta being Huerta s youngest general and after Huerta s fall fought with Juan Andreu Almazan but soon fled Mexico for Cuba and later the United States Upon his return to Mexico he worked as a soap manufacturer but found the work boring and sought a return to military activity 3 In 1927 the National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty chose him to lead the Cristeros an army of Catholic rebels fighting against the government forces of president Plutarco Elias Calles 4 Gorostieta has been called a Mason 5 and lifelong anti clerical but recent letters of his have led historians to believe he was neither 6 7 8 9 Gorostieta s motivation for taking command of the rebels was not only the high salary he was offered about 3000 pesos per month or twice the salary of a regular Army General but also his political ambition Although Gorostieta s 1928 Plan de Los Altos called for changes to the 1917 Constitution s Article 27 which the Cristeros saw as restricting the rights of Catholics and more important to Gorostieta install a Gorostieta regime on the country Philosophically he believed in a return to the Juarez inspired 1857 Constitution s view of non interference and toleration for religion rather than the Calles administration s reading of the 1917 Constitution as demanding subordination of religious organizations to the state Although openly contemptuous of his subordinates religious faith several of his officers were priests he respected the military acumen of the Jalisco farmers under his command and believed he could turn them into a professional fighting force equal to the regular army 10 His importance as a Cristero leader was in bringing military discipline to an unorganized insurgency He is credited with turning Cristero armies into a Cristero Army which for a time was winning battles in the limited region where it operated rural Jalisco Michoacan Colima and Zacatecas However without support from the Mexican church 11 or the Vatican 12 and torn by internal dissension 13 the Cristeros were largely irrelevant as a political or military force as a negotiated settlement was worked out between the Vatican and the Mexican state over interpretations of the Church s rights under the Constitution 14 Death EditNineteen days before a cessation of hostilities based on an agreement worked out by U S Ambassador Dwight Morrow between Pope Pius XI and Mexican bishop Pascual Diaz y Barreto was to take effect Gorostieta was killed following a Mexican government intelligence operation 2 June 1929 With the movement rapidly collapsing Gorostieta was attempting a retreat into Michoacan where he hoped to recruit followers and continue the rebellion A federal officer who had infiltrated Gorostieta s inner circle tipped off the Mexican cavalry to the general s presence in Atotonilco Jalisco and killed him in a short firefight 10 In popular culture EditGorostieta was portrayed by Andy Garcia in the 2012 film Cristiada aka For Greater Glory an epic historical drama also starring Eva Longoria Eduardo Verastegui and Peter O Toole 15 References Edit Grabman Richard Gorostieta and the Cristiada Editorial Mazatlan 2012 p 31 Grabman Richard Gorostieta and the Cristiada Editorial Mazatlan 2012 pp 28 34 Tuck The Anti Clerical Who Led a Catholic Rebellion Werner Michael S Concise encyclopedia of Mexico p 147 Taylor amp Francis 2001 Mayer Jean A The Cristero Rebellion The Mexican People between Church and State 1926 1929 Cambridge University Press 1976 p 53 Cartas ineditas de Gorostieta el lider cristero Proceso Proceso in Mexican Spanish 2012 05 11 Archived from the original on 2016 11 18 Retrieved 2018 07 15 Laurean Cervantes Luis Manuel 2007 Los Gallos de Picazo o Los Derechos De Dios Mexico D F El Arca Editores pp 72 footnote 38 ISBN 970 9873 27 X Mejicano El Integrista 2012 05 14 El Integrista Mejicano CARTAS INEDITAS DE GOROSTIETA EL GENERAL CRISTERO El Integrista Mejicano Retrieved 2018 07 15 Enrique Gorostieta Velarde Wikipedia in French 2017 10 28 retrieved 2018 07 15 a b Tuck Bravo Ugarte Jose Como se llego al modus vivendi de 1929 en Temas historicos diversos Mexico Jus 1966 pp 265 275 Meyer p 203 Meyer 80 81 et passum Grabman Richard Gods Gachupines and Gringos A People s History of Mexico Mazatlan Sinaloa Editorial Mazatlan 2008 p 342 43 Cristiada 2011 IMDB Accessed Oct 8 2010Further reading EditTuck Jim The Anti Clerical Who Led a Catholic Rebellion November 2000 Guadalajara Lakeside Volume 18 Number 3 Meyer Jean A La cristiada Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press 1976 Negrete Marta Elena Enrique Gorostieta Cristero Agnostico Mexico DF Universidad Iberoamericano 1981 External links EditThe Anti clerical Who Led a Catholic Rebellion by Jim Tuck at Latin American Studies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Enrique Gorostieta amp oldid 1104055232, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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