Enhalus is a monotypic genus of marineflowering plants.[5] The sole species is Enhalus acoroides. Enhalus is a large seagrass native to coastal waters of the tropical Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.[5] It is the only species of seagrass that does aerial surface pollination in which the pollen and the styles remain dry.[6]Enhalus is surface pollinated with male flowers that detach from the plant to float on the surface until they reach a female flower where pollination can occur.[5] Enhalus acoroides is considered a slow-growing, "climax" species.[7]
Enhalus acoroides massive rhizomes (1.5 cm in diameter) help it stay anchored in soft mud substrates, withstanding wave action and tidal currents. it has long strap like leaves (30–150 cm) which make up a significant volume of total plant biomass of shallow water seagrass beds, because of the large structure of the leaves and where they are in the water column, they provide greater surfaces for Epibiont organisms to inhabit.[8] Fruit are round and large (4–6 cm in diameter) with dark, ribbed skin and 6-7 white seeds. The male plant bears a single pedunculate inflorescence or stem containing clusters of flowers, each is highly reduced in form to a small free floating device. Female Enhalus acoroides bears only a single inflorescence, but the peduncle of a female flower is much longer.[8]
Distribution and habitatedit
Enhalus acoroides is a littoral species living in shallow soft substrates like muddy or sand-flats and coral substrates depending the region of growth. It can be found as far east as Papua New Guinea and can range from the Red Sea south to northern Mozambique in the Indian Ocean.[9] It can be found in mixed meadows of seagrasses comprising 90% of the meadow biomass mainly with Thallassia hemprichii.[10] it can also be found living in isolated areas. Enhalus acoroides grows best just above the level of mean low water springs and grows to generally 4 meters deep.[6]
Reproductionedit
Enhalus acoroides is dioecious and able to reproduce sexually and asexually.[10]Enhalus acoroides create small isolated patches containing 25 to 200 shoots through lateral rhizome spreading. It can also produce pollen like other seagrasses but it is unique in that it is the only species of seagrasses that surface pollinates. During this process, the male flower will break off from the spathe and rise to the surface where it has numerous flowers inside its hydrophobic inflorescences.[10] Once at the surface it will release its pollen to a female inflorescence where it has reached the surface of the water by means of an elongated stalk surface. The developing fruit is drawn under the water to finish ripening. Flowering is a year round phenomenon and the amount of flowers being produced are strongly related to variations in mean water temperatures.[10]
Referencesedit
^Short, F.T.; Waycott, M. (2010). "Enhalus acoroides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T173331A6992567. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173331A6992567.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalayan Mountains 1 1839 (APNI)
^Mem. Inst. Par. ii. (1811) (Math.-Phys.)., 64. (Index Kewensis)
^ abcLarkum, Anthony W.D.; Duarte, Carlos; Orth, Robert J., eds. (2005). "Taxonomy and biogeorgraphy of seagrasses". Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Springer-Verlag New York, LLC. ISBN978-1-4020-2942-4.
^ abPhillips, R.C. and E.G. Meñez. 1988. Seagrasses. Smithsonian Contrib. Mar. Sci. 34, 104 pp.
^Duarte, Carlos M. (November 26, 1991). "Allometric scaling of seagrass form and productivity" (PDF). int-res.com.
^ abBROUNS AND HEIJS, JOOP AND FRANCIEN (December 17, 1986). "STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF SEAGRASS COMMUNITIES AND ASSOCIATED ALGAE FROM THE TROPICAL WEST-PACIFIC" (PDF).
^IUCN (2007-10-17). "Enhalus acoroides: Short, F.T. & Waycott, M.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T173331A6992567". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007-10-17. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2010-3.rlts.t173331a6992567.en.|date= / |doi= mismatch
^ abcdRollon, Rene N. (March 10, 1998). "Spatio-temporal variation in shoot size and leaf growth of the two dominant Philippine seagrasses Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle and Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers". balkema.nl.
Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2008). "Enhalus". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
enhalus, monotypic, genus, marine, flowering, plants, sole, species, acoroides, large, seagrass, native, coastal, waters, tropical, indian, western, pacific, oceans, only, species, seagrass, that, does, aerial, surface, pollination, which, pollen, styles, rema. Enhalus is a monotypic genus of marine flowering plants 5 The sole species is Enhalus acoroides Enhalus is a large seagrass native to coastal waters of the tropical Indian and Western Pacific Oceans 5 It is the only species of seagrass that does aerial surface pollination in which the pollen and the styles remain dry 6 Enhalus is surface pollinated with male flowers that detach from the plant to float on the surface until they reach a female flower where pollination can occur 5 Enhalus acoroides is considered a slow growing climax species 7 Enhalus Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Monocots Order Alismatales Family Hydrocharitaceae Genus EnhalusRich 3 Species E acoroides Binomial name Enhalus acoroides L f Royle 2 Synonyms 4 Stratiotes acoroides L f Enhalus koenigii Rich Vallisneria sphaerocarpa Blanco Enhalus marinus Griff Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Reproduction 4 References 5 External linksDescription editEnhalus acoroides massive rhizomes 1 5 cm in diameter help it stay anchored in soft mud substrates withstanding wave action and tidal currents it has long strap like leaves 30 150 cm which make up a significant volume of total plant biomass of shallow water seagrass beds because of the large structure of the leaves and where they are in the water column they provide greater surfaces for Epibiont organisms to inhabit 8 Fruit are round and large 4 6 cm in diameter with dark ribbed skin and 6 7 white seeds The male plant bears a single pedunculate inflorescence or stem containing clusters of flowers each is highly reduced in form to a small free floating device Female Enhalus acoroides bears only a single inflorescence but the peduncle of a female flower is much longer 8 Distribution and habitat editEnhalus acoroides is a littoral species living in shallow soft substrates like muddy or sand flats and coral substrates depending the region of growth It can be found as far east as Papua New Guinea and can range from the Red Sea south to northern Mozambique in the Indian Ocean 9 It can be found in mixed meadows of seagrasses comprising 90 of the meadow biomass mainly with Thallassia hemprichii 10 it can also be found living in isolated areas Enhalus acoroides grows best just above the level of mean low water springs and grows to generally 4 meters deep 6 Reproduction editEnhalus acoroides is dioecious and able to reproduce sexually and asexually 10 Enhalus acoroides create small isolated patches containing 25 to 200 shoots through lateral rhizome spreading It can also produce pollen like other seagrasses but it is unique in that it is the only species of seagrasses that surface pollinates During this process the male flower will break off from the spathe and rise to the surface where it has numerous flowers inside its hydrophobic inflorescences 10 Once at the surface it will release its pollen to a female inflorescence where it has reached the surface of the water by means of an elongated stalk surface The developing fruit is drawn under the water to finish ripening Flowering is a year round phenomenon and the amount of flowers being produced are strongly related to variations in mean water temperatures 10 References edit Short F T Waycott M 2010 Enhalus acoroides IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010 e T173331A6992567 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2010 3 RLTS T173331A6992567 en Retrieved 13 November 2021 Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalayan Mountains 1 1839 APNI Mem Inst Par ii 1811 Math Phys 64 Index Kewensis Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families a b c Larkum Anthony W D Duarte Carlos Orth Robert J eds 2005 Taxonomy and biogeorgraphy of seagrasses Seagrasses Biology Ecology and Conservation Springer Verlag New York LLC ISBN 978 1 4020 2942 4 a b Phillips R C and E G Menez 1988 Seagrasses Smithsonian Contrib Mar Sci 34 104 pp Duarte Carlos M November 26 1991 Allometric scaling of seagrass form and productivity PDF int res com a b BROUNS AND HEIJS JOOP AND FRANCIEN December 17 1986 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF SEAGRASS COMMUNITIES AND ASSOCIATED ALGAE FROM THE TROPICAL WEST PACIFIC PDF IUCN 2007 10 17 Enhalus acoroides Short F T amp Waycott M The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010 e T173331A6992567 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007 10 17 doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2010 3 rlts t173331a6992567 en date doi mismatch a b c d Rollon Rene N March 10 1998 Spatio temporal variation in shoot size and leaf growth of the two dominant Philippine seagrasses Enhalus acoroides L f Royle and Thalassia hemprichii Ehrenb Aschers balkema nl Guiry M D Guiry G M 2008 Enhalus AlgaeBase World wide electronic publication National University of Ireland Galway Retrieved 2009 02 21 External links edit nbsp Data related to Enhalus at Wikispecies Images Archived 2012 03 02 at the Wayback Machine of Enhalus at AlgaeBase Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Enhalus amp oldid 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