The Endurance-class tank landing ships (LST) are the largest class of ships in the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN). They were designed and built by Singapore Technologies (ST) Marine to replace the old County-class tank landing ships. The four ships form the Third Flotilla of the RSN.
The navy's intention to purchase the Endurance class was revealed by former Defence Minister Dr. Tony Tan during his visit to Tuas Naval Base on 3 August 1996. These ships were to replace the five ex-United States Navy (USN) County-class LSTs, which were acquired by Singapore from the United States in the 1970s. ST Marine was awarded the government contract to design and build the four ships – a significant milestone for the local defence and shipbuilding industries given the scale and extensiveness of the programme. Construction of Endurance began in early 1997, with the keel laid down at ST Marine's Benoi yard on 27 March 1997.
A Republic of Singapore Air Force Super Puma takes off from the flight deck of Resolution. Visible in the foreground is the ASIST system
The Endurance class is 40% larger than the previous County-class that they replaced, and travels almost twice as fast. Each ship is fitted with a well dock which can accommodate four landing craft, as well as a flight deck which can accommodate two medium lift helicopters.[3] While the RSN describes the Endurance-class as LSTs, they lack the beaching capability traditionally associated with LSTs[dubious – discuss] and their well docks and flight decks qualify the Endurance-class more as amphibious transport docks.
The integrated bridge system allows the operator to access the navigation and communications systems, the ECDIS and other vital systems needed to sail the ship effectively, while the Ship Control, Monitoring and Management System controls, monitors and manages most of the platforms on board. The ships are also equipped with an Aircraft Ship Integrated Secure and Traverse (ASIST) system which helps in landing, securing, manoeuvring and traversing a helicopter, and eliminates the need for deck personnel to secure helicopters upon landing.[5] All these result in a high degree of automation, with a reduced manning requirement of 65 crew members for a 6,500-tonne ship.[6]
Proposed landing helicopter dock variant
The Endurance-160 is a proposed landing helicopter dock (LHD) variant of the Endurance class. A model of it was first displayed at the 2014 Singapore Airshow. It is longer than the Endurance class (retrospectively named the Endurance-140), with a full-length flight deck for helicopter operations.[7] The Singapore Ministry of Defence would neither confirm nor deny that a vessel of the type would be built.
As Singapore is interested in acquiring the F-35BSTOVL fighter aircraft, it is thought that such an LHD could be used as a light aircraft carrier. The STOVL F-35B needs a minimum of 168 m (551 ft) of runway to take off. It is thought that Singapore would need one to maintain sea lines of communication, as well as cope with fewer air bases in the future. However, operating the F-35B would incur greater procurement and operating costs compared to the conventional takeoff variants and greater fuel consumption needed for vertical landing, which could result in fewer aircraft being purchased. The design of the Endurance class would also have to be considerably revamped with a larger space to operate and store fixed-wing aircraft with a larger elevator and a ski ramp.[8]
The Endurance-170, a further development of the LHD variant, has been offered to the UAE Navy. It would have a full load displacement of 19,000 tons. New features include a 76mm gun, vertical launching systems, RAM close-in weapon systems, and a hangar able to accommodate up to 10 medium size helicopters.[9]
The ships provide sea transportation for personnel and equipment for Singapore Armed Forces' overseas training, as well as a training platform for RSN's midshipmen. RSS Endurance became the first RSN ship to circumnavigate the globe when it participated in the 6th USN International Naval Review in New York City,[10] passing through both Panama and Suez canals.
The ships actively participate in various multilateral exercises annually. Resolution successfully fired a Mistral surface-to-air missile during Exercise Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training in 2000, an annual joint naval exercise between the USN and RSN.[11]Endurance participated as both a compliant and non-compliant vessel for boarding teams during Exercise Sea Sabre in 2004 as part of the Proliferation Security Initiative.[12]
The ships are active participants in multinational peacekeeping efforts. As part of Singapore's contribution to the reconstruction efforts in Iraq, Endurance was sent to the Persian Gulf in October 2003 for two months.[13]Resolution followed in November 2004 and Endeavour in February 2006.[14][15] The ships conducted logistical tasks, such as replenishing supplies for other naval vessels in the Persian Gulf, and conducted patrols to enforce maritime presence. They also served as a platform for helicopter missions and maritime boarding operations missions by teams from other coalition countries when they inspected ships leaving Iraq. The last deployment saw Resolution taking on the expanded role of taking charge of coalition and Iraqi Navy ships to defend Iraq's oil platforms.[16] On 1 September 2007, Persistence became the fourth ship to be deployed to the Persian Gulf in support of the multinational reconstruction efforts in Iraq.[17]Resolution was subsequently tasked for RSN's fifth deployment to the Gulf on 30 August 2008.[18]
The ships were also involved in various humanitarian relief operations, such as the tsunami-hit Indonesian province of Aceh in 2004. Within a few days of the disaster, Endurance sailed to Aceh in Indonesia to deliver emergency supplies and medical personnel to aid in the relief efforts. She was then joined by Persistence on 4 January 2005 and Endeavour on 16 January.[19]Persistence also featured later in support of the efforts finding Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501.[20]
On 12 February 2009, Minister of Defence Teo Chee Hean announced that Persistence would join other naval forces off the coast of Somalia for three months in 2009. Comprising an LST with two Super Puma helicopters on board, the Singapore Armed Forces Task Group has been conducting daily helicopter surveillance flights and sector patrols to deter and disrupt piracy activities. The ship worked with the multinational Combined Task Force 151 to protect shipping in the Gulf of Aden.[21] Since then, two additional SAF task groups have been deployed to the Gulf of Aden, Endurance from June to October 2010 and Endeavour from August 2011.[22]
In December 2014, Persistence was deployed in the search for Airasia Flight QZ8501 after it crashed into the Java Sea on 28 December 2014; along with the RSN ships Supreme, Valour, and Kallang, MV Swift Rescue, and two Lockheed C-130H Hercules.[23]
Export
The Royal Thai Navy ship HTMS Angthong(LPD-791) navigates the waters off the coast of Thailand as part of an amphibious capabilities demonstration in support of exercise Cobra Gold (CG) 2016.
On 11 November 2008, a SGD 200 million contract was signed between ST Marine and Thailand for the sale of one unit of the Endurance-class LPD and its associated landing craft.[24][25] The LPD would use the Terma C-Series system, which includes the C-Flex combat management system, C-Search radar suite which includes the Scanter 4100 radar and IFF, and the C-Fire fire control system.[26]
On 21 March 2011, the new ship was christened HTMS Angthong (pennant number LPD-791) and was launched from ST Marine's dockyard by the wife of AdmiralKhamthorn Pumhiran, Commander-In-Chief of Royal Thai Navy (RTN). The delivery of the ship was completed on 19 April 2012.[2][27]
^"RSN – Assets – Weapons". Ministry of Defence (Singapore) (MINDEF). 23 July 2010. from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
^ ab"Navy officially welcomes HTMS Ang Thong to fleet", Bangkok Post (20 Apr 2012)
^"Characteristics of the Endurance class LST". MINDEF. from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2004-09-26.
^. United Kingdom Hydrographic Office. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
^. DSTA. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
^. MINDEF. Archived from the original on 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
^"Endurance 160 LHD". from the original on 2015-10-23. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
^Koh Swee Lean Collin, Bernard Fook Weng Loo (2015-03-18). "Exposed: Singapore's Aircraft Carrier in Disguise". The National Interest. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
^"EIMDEX Asia 2017: ST Marine Unveiled the Endurance 170 LHD". from the original on 2021-10-30. Retrieved 2021-10-30.
^"Speech by Dr Tony Tan Keng Yam, Deputy Prime Minister & Minister for Defence, on the Occasion of the Commissioning Ceremony for the RSN Landing Ship Tank, RSS Endurance & RSS Resolution Held on Saturday, 18 March 2000 at 10:00 AM at Tuas Naval Base". MINDEF. from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2006-10-17.
^. National Library Board. Archived from the original on 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
^"Sea Sabre". Global Security. from the original on 2007-04-22. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
^. MINDEF. Archived from the original on 2007-10-29. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
^"SAF Landing Ship Tank Deployment to Aid in the Reconstruction of Iraq". MINDEF. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
^"SAF Landing Ship Tank Deployment to Aid in the Reconstruction of Iraq". MINDEF. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
^. MINDEF. Archived from the original on 2007-10-28. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
^. MINDEF. Archived from the original on 2007-10-28. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
^"Fifth Deployment of Landing Ship Tank to the Gulf to Support Reconstruction of Iraq". MINDEF. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
^. MINDEF. Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
^. Mediacorp News Group. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
^"Singapore to join anti-piracy efforts in Gulf of Aden". Channel NewsAsia. 12 February 2009. from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2009.
^"Third SAF task group sails for Gulf of Aden". Channel NewsAsia. 22 August 2011. from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
^. CNA. 31 December 2014. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015.
^. STE. Archived from the original on 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
^"ST Marine wins contract for Thai amphibious vessels". Jane's Navy International. November 2008.
^. Terma. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
^"Royal Thai Navy receives HTMS Ang Thong" 2013-07-13 at the Wayback Machine, Naval Technology (20 Apr 2012)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Endurance class landing platform dock ship.
MINDEF – Republic of Singapore Navy – Naval Assets
Endurance Class Landing Ship Tank (LST), Singapore(Naval technology)
January 02, 2023
endurance, class, landing, platform, dock, endurance, class, tank, landing, ships, largest, class, ships, republic, singapore, navy, they, were, designed, built, singapore, technologies, marine, replace, county, class, tank, landing, ships, four, ships, form, . The Endurance class tank landing ships LST are the largest class of ships in the Republic of Singapore Navy RSN They were designed and built by Singapore Technologies ST Marine to replace the old County class tank landing ships The four ships form the Third Flotilla of the RSN RSS Persistence in the Singapore Strait Class overviewNameEnduranceBuildersST Engineering Marine Operators Republic of Singapore Navy Royal Thai NavyPreceded byCounty classCompleted5Active5General characteristicsTypeLanding platform dockDisplacementStandard 6 500 t 6 400 long tons 7 200 short tons Full load 8 500 t 8 400 long tons 9 400 short tons Length141 0 m 462 ft 7 in Beam21 0 m 68 ft 11 in Draught5 0 m 16 ft 5 in Ramps2 bow and stern Installed power4 Ruston 6RK215 diesel generators each producing 875 kW 1 173 hp Total output 3 500 kW 4 690 shp PropulsionCombined diesel and diesel CODAD arrangement 2 Ruston 16RK 270 diesels each producing 5 500 kW 7 400 hp coupled to two Kamewa controllable pitch propellers Total output 11 000 kW 14 800 shp SpeedIn excess of 15 kn 28 km h 17 mph Range5 000 nmi 9 300 km 5 800 mi at 15 kn 28 km h 17 mph Boats amp landing craft carried4 13 m 43 ft Fast Craft Equipment amp Utility FCEU on davits 2 25 m 82 ft Fast Craft Utility FCU inside well deckCapacity18 tanks 20 vehicles and bulk cargoTroops gt 350 500Crew65 8 officers and 57 men Sensors and processing systemsSearch radar IAI ELTA EL M 2238 Navigation radar Kelvin Hughes Type 1007 I band Weapon control CS Defense NAJIR 2000 electro optronic directorElectronic warfare amp decoysESM ECM RAFAEL RAN 1101 Decoys 2 GEC Marconi Marine Shield III 102 mm sextuple fixed chaff decoy launcherArmamentAnti air Mistral missiles launched from 2 Simbad twin launcher mounts Main gun 1 Oto Melara 76 mm super rapid gun Autocannons 2 25mm M242 Bushmaster Mk 38 Mod 2 with stabilised Typhoon weapon sighting system mounted amidships on port and starboard side 1 Machine guns 4 STK 50MG 12 7 mm 0 50 in HMGsAircraft carriedAS 332M Super Puma or AS532UL AL Cougar or CH 47SD Chinook helicoptersAviation facilitiesFlight deck and enclosed hangar for up to 2 medium lift helicoptersNotesShips in class include RSS Endurance 207 RSS Resolution 208 RSS Persistence 209 RSS Endeavour 210 HTMS Angthong LPD 791 Contents 1 Planning and development 2 List of ships 3 Design and construction 3 1 Proposed landing helicopter dock variant 4 Operational history 5 Export 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Comparable ships 9 References 9 1 Citations 10 External linksPlanning and development EditThe navy s intention to purchase the Endurance class was revealed by former Defence Minister Dr Tony Tan during his visit to Tuas Naval Base on 3 August 1996 These ships were to replace the five ex United States Navy USN County class LSTs which were acquired by Singapore from the United States in the 1970s ST Marine was awarded the government contract to design and build the four ships a significant milestone for the local defence and shipbuilding industries given the scale and extensiveness of the programme Construction of Endurance began in early 1997 with the keel laid down at ST Marine s Benoi yard on 27 March 1997 List of ships EditName Pennant number Launched CommissionedRSS Endurance 207 14 March 1998 18 March 2000RSS Resolution 208 1 August 1998 18 March 2000RSS Persistence 209 13 March 1999 7 April 2001RSS Endeavour 210 12 February 2000 7 April 2001HTMS Angthong LPD 791 21 March 2011 19 April 2012 2 Design and construction Edit A Republic of Singapore Air Force Super Puma takes off from the flight deck of Resolution Visible in the foreground is the ASIST system The Endurance class is 40 larger than the previous County class that they replaced and travels almost twice as fast Each ship is fitted with a well dock which can accommodate four landing craft as well as a flight deck which can accommodate two medium lift helicopters 3 While the RSN describes the Endurance class as LSTs they lack the beaching capability traditionally associated with LSTs dubious discuss and their well docks and flight decks qualify the Endurance class more as amphibious transport docks The Endurance class was built with a heavy emphasis on automation Endurance became the first ship in the world to use official electronic navigational charts with the Electronic Chart Display and Information System ECDIS to circumnavigate the world 4 The integrated bridge system allows the operator to access the navigation and communications systems the ECDIS and other vital systems needed to sail the ship effectively while the Ship Control Monitoring and Management System controls monitors and manages most of the platforms on board The ships are also equipped with an Aircraft Ship Integrated Secure and Traverse ASIST system which helps in landing securing manoeuvring and traversing a helicopter and eliminates the need for deck personnel to secure helicopters upon landing 5 All these result in a high degree of automation with a reduced manning requirement of 65 crew members for a 6 500 tonne ship 6 Proposed landing helicopter dock variant Edit The Endurance 160 is a proposed landing helicopter dock LHD variant of the Endurance class A model of it was first displayed at the 2014 Singapore Airshow It is longer than the Endurance class retrospectively named the Endurance 140 with a full length flight deck for helicopter operations 7 The Singapore Ministry of Defence would neither confirm nor deny that a vessel of the type would be built As Singapore is interested in acquiring the F 35B STOVL fighter aircraft it is thought that such an LHD could be used as a light aircraft carrier The STOVL F 35B needs a minimum of 168 m 551 ft of runway to take off It is thought that Singapore would need one to maintain sea lines of communication as well as cope with fewer air bases in the future However operating the F 35B would incur greater procurement and operating costs compared to the conventional takeoff variants and greater fuel consumption needed for vertical landing which could result in fewer aircraft being purchased The design of the Endurance class would also have to be considerably revamped with a larger space to operate and store fixed wing aircraft with a larger elevator and a ski ramp 8 The Endurance 170 a further development of the LHD variant has been offered to the UAE Navy It would have a full load displacement of 19 000 tons New features include a 76mm gun vertical launching systems RAM close in weapon systems and a hangar able to accommodate up to 10 medium size helicopters 9 Operational history Edit Endeavour at Garden Island during the International Fleet Review 2013 The ships provide sea transportation for personnel and equipment for Singapore Armed Forces overseas training as well as a training platform for RSN s midshipmen RSS Endurance became the first RSN ship to circumnavigate the globe when it participated in the 6th USN International Naval Review in New York City 10 passing through both Panama and Suez canals The ships actively participate in various multilateral exercises annually Resolution successfully fired a Mistral surface to air missile during Exercise Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training in 2000 an annual joint naval exercise between the USN and RSN 11 Endurance participated as both a compliant and non compliant vessel for boarding teams during Exercise Sea Sabre in 2004 as part of the Proliferation Security Initiative 12 The ships are active participants in multinational peacekeeping efforts As part of Singapore s contribution to the reconstruction efforts in Iraq Endurance was sent to the Persian Gulf in October 2003 for two months 13 Resolution followed in November 2004 and Endeavour in February 2006 14 15 The ships conducted logistical tasks such as replenishing supplies for other naval vessels in the Persian Gulf and conducted patrols to enforce maritime presence They also served as a platform for helicopter missions and maritime boarding operations missions by teams from other coalition countries when they inspected ships leaving Iraq The last deployment saw Resolution taking on the expanded role of taking charge of coalition and Iraqi Navy ships to defend Iraq s oil platforms 16 On 1 September 2007 Persistence became the fourth ship to be deployed to the Persian Gulf in support of the multinational reconstruction efforts in Iraq 17 Resolution was subsequently tasked for RSN s fifth deployment to the Gulf on 30 August 2008 18 The ships were also involved in various humanitarian relief operations such as the tsunami hit Indonesian province of Aceh in 2004 Within a few days of the disaster Endurance sailed to Aceh in Indonesia to deliver emergency supplies and medical personnel to aid in the relief efforts She was then joined by Persistence on 4 January 2005 and Endeavour on 16 January 19 Persistence also featured later in support of the efforts finding Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 20 On 12 February 2009 Minister of Defence Teo Chee Hean announced that Persistence would join other naval forces off the coast of Somalia for three months in 2009 Comprising an LST with two Super Puma helicopters on board the Singapore Armed Forces Task Group has been conducting daily helicopter surveillance flights and sector patrols to deter and disrupt piracy activities The ship worked with the multinational Combined Task Force 151 to protect shipping in the Gulf of Aden 21 Since then two additional SAF task groups have been deployed to the Gulf of Aden Endurance from June to October 2010 and Endeavour from August 2011 22 In December 2014 Persistence was deployed in the search for Airasia Flight QZ8501 after it crashed into the Java Sea on 28 December 2014 along with the RSN ships Supreme Valour and Kallang MV Swift Rescue and two Lockheed C 130H Hercules 23 Export Edit The Royal Thai Navy ship HTMS Angthong LPD 791 navigates the waters off the coast of Thailand as part of an amphibious capabilities demonstration in support of exercise Cobra Gold CG 2016 On 11 November 2008 a SGD 200 million contract was signed between ST Marine and Thailand for the sale of one unit of the Endurance class LPD and its associated landing craft 24 25 The LPD would use the Terma C Series system which includes the C Flex combat management system C Search radar suite which includes the Scanter 4100 radar and IFF and the C Fire fire control system 26 On 21 March 2011 the new ship was christened HTMS Angthong pennant number LPD 791 and was launched from ST Marine s dockyard by the wife of Admiral Khamthorn Pumhiran Commander In Chief of Royal Thai Navy RTN The delivery of the ship was completed on 19 April 2012 2 27 Gallery Edit Port stern view of Endeavour at sea USS George H W Bush underway with RSS Endeavour in the Gulf of Aden RSS Endeavour near Visakhapatnam RSS Resolution at anchor in the Gulf of Thailand with USS Denver passing behind during Cobra Gold 11 See also EditUSS Holmes County LST 836 sold to RSN in 1975 as the original RSS Endurance pennant number L201 Comparable ships EditAustin class amphibious transport dock Makassar class landing platform dock San Giorgio class amphibious transport dock San Antonio class amphibious transport dock Type 071 amphibious transport dockReferences EditCitations Edit RSN Assets Weapons Ministry of Defence Singapore MINDEF 23 July 2010 Archived from the original on 20 July 2008 Retrieved 15 September 2010 a b Navy officially welcomes HTMS Ang Thong to fleet Bangkok Post 20 Apr 2012 Characteristics of the Endurance class LST MINDEF Archived from the original on 2007 03 11 Retrieved 2004 09 26 International Dimension United Kingdom Hydrographic Office Archived from the original on 2007 09 28 Retrieved 2007 04 21 DSTA equips RSN with technologically advanced Landing Ship Tanks DSTA Archived from the original on October 23 2007 Retrieved 2007 04 21 Factsheet New Landing Ship Tank MINDEF Archived from the original on 2007 10 26 Retrieved 2007 04 21 Endurance 160 LHD Archived from the original on 2015 10 23 Retrieved 2015 10 26 Koh Swee Lean Collin Bernard Fook Weng Loo 2015 03 18 Exposed Singapore s Aircraft Carrier in Disguise The National Interest Retrieved 2021 10 18 EIMDEX Asia 2017 ST Marine Unveiled the Endurance 170 LHD Archived from the original on 2021 10 30 Retrieved 2021 10 30 Speech by Dr Tony Tan Keng Yam Deputy Prime Minister amp Minister for Defence on the Occasion of the Commissioning Ceremony for the RSN Landing Ship Tank RSS Endurance amp RSS Resolution Held on Saturday 18 March 2000 at 10 00 AM at Tuas Naval Base MINDEF Archived from the original on 2007 03 11 Retrieved 2006 10 17 Landing Ship Tanks National Library Board Archived from the original on 2007 06 12 Retrieved 2007 04 21 Sea Sabre Global Security Archived from the original on 2007 04 22 Retrieved 2007 04 21 SAF Deploys LST and C 130 to Assist in Reconstruction of Iraq MINDEF Archived from the original on 2007 10 29 Retrieved 2007 04 21 SAF Landing Ship Tank Deployment to Aid in the Reconstruction of Iraq MINDEF Archived from the original on 2012 08 05 Retrieved 2007 04 21 SAF Landing Ship Tank Deployment to Aid in the Reconstruction of Iraq MINDEF Archived from the original on 2012 08 05 Retrieved 2007 04 21 A taste of home after successful Gulf deployment MINDEF Archived from the original on 2007 10 28 Retrieved 2007 04 21 SAF Landing Ship Tank Deployment to the Gulf MINDEF Archived from the original on 2007 10 28 Retrieved 2007 09 01 Fifth Deployment of Landing Ship Tank to the Gulf to Support Reconstruction of Iraq MINDEF Archived from the original on 2012 08 05 Retrieved 2009 03 25 2000 The LSTs of 191 Squadron MINDEF Archived from the original on 2007 03 10 Retrieved 2007 04 21 Singapore Navy sends 3 vessels to help in QZ8501 search Mediacorp News Group Archived from the original on 29 December 2014 Retrieved 29 December 2014 Singapore to join anti piracy efforts in Gulf of Aden Channel NewsAsia 12 February 2009 Archived from the original on 31 March 2009 Retrieved 25 March 2009 Third SAF task group sails for Gulf of Aden Channel NewsAsia 22 August 2011 Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 Retrieved 27 August 2011 Singapore sends 5th navy ship for AirAsia QZ8501 search CNA 31 December 2014 Archived from the original on 6 January 2015 ST Engineering s Marine Arm Secures S 200m Contract To Design And Build Landing Platform Dock STE Archived from the original on 2010 01 25 Retrieved 2009 10 11 ST Marine wins contract for Thai amphibious vessels Jane s Navy International November 2008 C Series Combat System from Terma to the Royal Thai Navy s Landing Platform Dock Terma Archived from the original on 2011 07 16 Retrieved 2009 10 11 Royal Thai Navy receives HTMS Ang Thong Archived 2013 07 13 at the Wayback Machine Naval Technology 20 Apr 2012 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Endurance class landing platform dock ship MINDEF Republic of Singapore Navy Naval Assets ST Marine product list 141m Landing Ship Tank Brochure for 141m Landing Ship Tank Endurance Class Landing Ship Tank LST Singapore Naval technology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Endurance class landing platform dock amp oldid 1123171167, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
