fbpx
Wikipedia

Emiliania huxleyi

January 31, 2023

Emiliania huxleyi is a species of coccolithophore found in almost all ocean ecosystems from the equator to sub-polar regions, and from nutrient rich upwelling zones to nutrient poor oligotrophic waters.[1][2][3][4] It is one of thousands of different photosynthetic plankton that freely drift in the photic zone of the ocean, forming the basis of virtually all marine food webs. It is studied for the extensive blooms it forms in nutrient-depleted waters after the reformation of the summer thermocline. Like other coccolithophores, E. huxleyi is a single-celled phytoplankton covered with uniquely ornamented calcite disks called coccoliths. Individual coccoliths are abundant in marine sediments although complete coccospheres are more unusual. In the case of E. huxleyi, not only the shell, but also the soft part of the organism may be recorded in sediments. It produces a group of chemical compounds that are very resistant to decomposition. These chemical compounds, known as alkenones, can be found in marine sediments long after other soft parts of the organisms have decomposed. Alkenones are most commonly used by earth scientists as a means to estimate past sea surface temperatures.

Emiliania huxleyi
A scanning electron micrograph of a single Emiliania huxleyi cell.
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
(unranked):
Haptophyta
Class:
Prymnesiophyceae
Order:
Isochrysidales
Family:
Noelaerhabdaceae
Genus:
Emiliania
Species:
E. huxleyi
Binomial name
Emiliania huxleyi
(Lohm.) Hay and Mohler
Bloom of E. huxleyi in Hardangerfjord, Norway, May 2020

Basic facts

Emiliania huxleyi was named after Thomas Huxley and Cesare Emiliani, who were the first to examine sea-bottom sediment and discover the coccoliths within it. It is believed to have evolved approximately 270,000 years ago from the older genus Gephyrocapsa Kampter[5][6] and became dominant in planktonic assemblages, and thus in the fossil record, approximately 70,000 years ago.[5][7] It is the most numerically abundant and widespread coccolithophore species. The species is divided into seven morphological forms called morphotypes based on differences in coccolith structure [8][9][10] (See Nannotax for more detail on these forms). Its coccoliths are transparent and commonly colourless, but are formed of calcite which refracts light very efficiently in the water column. This, and the high concentrations caused by continual shedding of their coccoliths makes E. huxleyi blooms easily visible from space. Satellite images show that blooms can cover areas of more than 10,000 km , with complementary shipboard measurements indicating that E. huxleyi is by far the dominant phytoplankton species under these conditions.[11] This species has been an inspiration for James Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis which claims that living organisms collectively self-regulate biogeochemistry and climate at nonrandom metastable states.

Abundance and distribution

Emiliania huxleyi is considered a ubiquitous species. It exhibits one of the largest temperature ranges (1-30 °C) of any coccolithophores species.[3] It has been observed under a range of nutrient levels from oligotrophic (subtropical gyres) to eutrophic waters (upwelling zones/ Norwegian fjords).[12][13][14] Its presence in plankton communities from the surface to 200m depth indicates a high tolerance for both fluctuating and low light conditions.[4][12][15] This extremely wide tolerance of environmental conditions is believed to be explained by the existence of a range of environmentally adapted ecotypes within the species.[6] As a result of these tolerances its distribution ranges from the sub-Arctic to the sub-Antarctic and from coastal to oceanic habitats.[3][16] Within this range it is present in nearly all euphotic zone water samples and accounts for 20-50% or more of the total coccolithophore community.[3][12][17][18]

During massive blooms (which can cover over 100,000 square kilometers), E. huxleyi cell concentrations can outnumber those of all other species in the region combined, accounting for 75% or more of the total number of photosynthetic plankton in the area.[11] E. huxleyi blooms regionally act as an important source of calcium carbonate and dimethyl sulfide, the massive production of which can have a significant impact not only on the properties of the surface mixed layer, but also on global climate.[19] The blooms can be identified through satellite imagery because of the large amount of light back-scattered from the water column, which provides a method to assess their biogeochemical importance on both basin and global scales. These blooms are prevalent in the Norwegian fjords, causing satellites to pick up "white waters", which describes the reflectance of the blooms picked up by satellites. This is due to the mass of coccoliths reflecting the incoming sunlight back out of the water, allowing the extent of E. huxleyi blooms to be distinguished in fine detail.

Extensive E. huxleyi blooms can have a visible impact on sea albedo. While multiple scattering can increase light path per unit depth, increasing absorption and solar heating of the water column, E. huxleyi has inspired proposals for geomimesis,[20] because micron-sized air bubbles are specular reflectors, and so in contrast to E. huxleyi, tend to lower the temperature of the upper water column. As with self-shading within water-whitening coccolithophore plankton blooms, this may reduce photosynthetic productivity by altering the geometry of the euphotic zone. Both experiments and modeling are needed to quantify the potential biological impact of such effects, and the corollary potential of reflective blooms of other organisms to increase or reduce evaporation and methane evolution by altering fresh water temperatures.

Biogeochemical impacts

Climate change

As with all phytoplankton, primary production of E. huxleyi through photosynthesis is a sink of carbon dioxide. However, the production of coccoliths through calcification is a source of CO2. This means that coccolithophores, including E. huxleyi, have the potential to act as a net source of CO2 out of the ocean. Whether they are a net source or sink and how they will react to ocean acidification is not yet well understood.

Ocean heat retention

Scattering stimulated by E. huxleyi blooms not only causes more heat and light to be pushed back up into the atmosphere than usual, but also cause more of the remaining heat to be trapped closer to the ocean surface. This is problematic because it is the surface water that exchanges heat with the atmosphere, and E. huxleyi blooms may tend to make the overall temperature of the water column dramatically cooler over longer time periods. However, the importance of this effect, whether positive or negative, is currently being researched and has not yet been established.

Gallery

  •  

    Landsat image of a 1999 E. huxleyi bloom in the English Channel.

  •  

    E. huxleyi bloom in the Barents Sea.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Okada, Hisatake (1973). "The distribution of oceanic coccolithophorids in the Pacific". Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts. 20 (4): 355–374. Bibcode:1973DSRA...20..355O. doi:10.1016/0011-7471(73)90059-4.
  2. ^ Charalampopoulou, Anastasia (2011) Coccolithophores in high latitude and Polar regions: Relationships between community composition, calcification and environmental factors University of Southampton, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Doctoral Thesis, 139pp.
  3. ^ a b c d McIntyre, Andrew (1967). "Modern coccolithophoridae of the atlantic ocean—I. Placoliths and cyrtoliths". Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts. 14 (5): 561–597. Bibcode:1967DSRA...14..561M. doi:10.1016/0011-7471(67)90065-4.
  4. ^ a b Boeckel, Babette; Baumann, Karl-Heinz (2008-05-01). "Vertical and lateral variations in coccolithophore community structure across the subtropical frontal zone in the South Atlantic Ocean". Marine Micropaleontology. 67 (3–4): 255–273. Bibcode:2008MarMP..67..255B. doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.01.014.
  5. ^ a b Thierstein, H. R.; Geitzenauer, K. R.; Molfino, B.; Shackleton, N. J. (1977-07-01). "Global synchroneity of late Quaternary coccolith datum levels Validation by oxygen isotopes". Geology. 5 (7): 400–404. Bibcode:1977Geo.....5..400T. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<400:gsolqc>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
  6. ^ a b Paasche, E. (2001). "A review of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae), with particular reference to growth, coccolith formation, and calcification-photosynthesis interactions". Phycologia. 40 (6): 503–529. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-40-6-503.1. S2CID 84921998.
  7. ^ Bijma, J.; et al. (2001). "Primary signal: Ecological and environmental factors—Report from Working Group 2" (PDF). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 2 (1): n/a. Bibcode:2001GGG.....2.1003B. doi:10.1029/2000gc000051.
  8. ^ Findlay, C. S; Giraudeau, J (2000-12-01). "Extant calcareous nannoplankton in the Australian Sector of the Southern Ocean (austral summers 1994 and 1995)". Marine Micropaleontology. 40 (4): 417–439. Bibcode:2000MarMP..40..417F. doi:10.1016/S0377-8398(00)00046-3.
  9. ^ Cook, S.S.; et al. (2011). "Photosynthetic pigment and genetic differences between two Southern Ocean morphotypes of Emiliania Huxleyi (Haptophyta)". Journal of Phycology. 47 (3): 615–626. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.00992.x. PMID 27021991. S2CID 25399383.
  10. ^ Hagino, K.; et al. (2011). "New evidence for morphological and genetic variation in the cosmopolitan coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) from the cox1b-atp4 genes". Journal of Phycology. 47 (5): 1164–1176. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01053.x. PMID 27020197. S2CID 24499896.
  11. ^ a b Holligan, P. M.; et al. (1993). "A biogeochemical study of the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, in the North Atlantic". Global Biogeochem. Cycles. 7 (4): 879–900. Bibcode:1993GBioC...7..879H. doi:10.1029/93GB01731.
  12. ^ a b c Winter, A., Jordan, R.W. & Roth, P.H., 1994. Biogeography of living coccolithophores in ocean waters. In Coccolithophores. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, pp. 161–177.
  13. ^ Hagino, Kyoko; Okada, Hisatake (2006-01-30). "Intra- and infra-specific morphological variation in selected coccolithophore species in the equatorial and subequatorial Pacific Ocean" (PDF). Marine Micropaleontology. 58 (3): 184–206. Bibcode:2006MarMP..58..184H. doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2005.11.001. hdl:2115/5820.
  14. ^ Henderiks, J; Winter, A; Elbrächter, M; Feistel, R; Plas, Av der; Nausch, G; Barlow, R (2012-02-23). "Environmental controls on Emiliania huxleyi morphotypes in the Benguela coastal upwelling system (SE Atlantic)". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 448: 51–66. Bibcode:2012MEPS..448...51H. doi:10.3354/meps09535. ISSN 0171-8630.
  15. ^ Mohan, Rahul; Mergulhao, Lina P.; Guptha, M. V. S.; Rajakumar, A.; Thamban, M.; AnilKumar, N.; Sudhakar, M.; Ravindra, Rasik (2008-04-01). "Ecology of coccolithophores in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean". Marine Micropaleontology. 67 (1–2): 30–45. Bibcode:2008MarMP..67...30M. doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.08.005.
  16. ^ Hasle, G.R., 1969. An analysis of the phytoplankton of the Pacific Southern Ocean: Abundance, composition, and distribution during the Brategg Expedition, 1947-1948, Universitetsforlaget.
  17. ^ Beaufort, L.; Couapel, M.; Buchet, N.; Claustre, H.; Goyet, C. (2008-08-04). "Calcite production by coccolithophores in the south east Pacific Ocean". Biogeosciences. 5 (4): 1101–1117. Bibcode:2008BGeo....5.1101B. doi:10.5194/bg-5-1101-2008. ISSN 1726-4189.
  18. ^ Poulton, A.J.; et al. (2010). "Coccolithophore dynamics in non-bloom conditions during late summer in the central Iceland Basin (July–August 2007)" (PDF). Limnology and Oceanography. 55 (4): 1601–1613. Bibcode:2010LimOc..55.1601P. doi:10.4319/lo.2010.55.4.1601. S2CID 53312384.
  19. ^ Westbroek, Peter (1993). "A model system approach to biological climate forcing. The example of Emiliania huxleyi". Global and Planetary Change. 8 (1–2): 27–46. Bibcode:1993GPC.....8...27W. doi:10.1016/0921-8181(93)90061-R.
  20. ^ Seitz, R (2011). "Bright water: Hydrosols, water conservation, and climate change". Climatic Change. 105 (3–4): 365–381. arXiv:1010.5823. Bibcode:2011ClCh..105..365S. doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9965-8. S2CID 16243560.

References

  • Amouroux, D.; P. S. Liss; E. Tessier; M. Hamren-Larsson; O. F. X. Donard (2001). "Role of oceans as biogenic sources of selenium". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 189 (3–4): 277–283. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.189..277A. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00370-3.
  • Andreae, M. O.; P. J. Crutzen (1997-05-16). "Atmospheric aerosols: biogeochemical sources and role in atmospheric chemistry". Science. 276 (5315): 1052–1058. doi:10.1126/science.276.5315.1052. S2CID 40669114.
  • Araie, H.; T. Obata; Y. Shiraiwa (2003). "Metabolism of selenium in a coccolithophorid, Emiliania huxleyi". J Plant Res. 116: 119.
  • Boisson, F.; C. S. Karez; M. Henry; M. Romeo; M. Gnassia-Barelli (1996). "Ultrastructural observations on the marine coccolithophorid Cricosphaera elongata cultured in the presence of selenium or cadmium". Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique(Monaco): 239–247.
  • Dacey, J. W. H.; S. Wakeham (1986-09-19). "Oceanic dimethylsulfide: Production during zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton". Science. 233 (4770): 1314–1316. Bibcode:1986Sci...233.1314D. doi:10.1126/science.233.4770.1314. PMID 17843360. S2CID 10872038.
  • Dambara, A.; Y. Shiraiwa (1999). "Requirement of selenium for the growth and selection of adequate culture media in a marine coccolithophorid, Emiliania huxleyi". Bulletin of the Society of Sea Water Science, Japan. 53 (6): 476–484.
  • Danbara, A.; Y. Shiraiwa (2007). "The requirement of selenium for the growth of marine coccolithophorids, Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica and Helladosphaera sp. (Prymnesiophyceae)". Plant and Cell Physiology. 40 (7): 762–766. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029603.
  • DeBose, J. L.; S. C. Lema; G. A. Nevitt (2008-03-07). "Dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a foraging cue for reef fishes". Science. 319 (5868): 1356. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1356D. doi:10.1126/science.1151109. PMID 18323445. S2CID 20782786.
  • Doblin, M. A.; S. I. Blackburn; G. M. Hallegraeff (1999). "Growth and biomass stimulation of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Graham) by dissolved organic substances". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 236 (1): 33–47. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00193-2.
  • Fabry, V. J. (2003). Calcium carbonate production by coccolithophorid algae in long-term carbon dioxide sequestration. California State University, San Marcos (US).
  • Howard, E. C.; et al. (2006-10-27). "Bacterial taxa that limit sulfur flux from the ocean". Science. 314 (5799): 649–652. Bibcode:2006Sci...314..649H. doi:10.1126/science.1130657. PMID 17068264. S2CID 41199461.
  • Norici, A.; R. Hell; M. Giordano (2005). "Sulfur and primary production in aquatic environments: An ecological perspective". Photosynthesis Research. 86 (3): 409–417. doi:10.1007/s11120-005-3250-0. PMID 16307310. S2CID 13019942.
  • Obata, T.; Y. Shiraiwa (2005). "A novel eukaryotic selenoprotein in the haptophyte alga Emiliania huxleyi". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (18): 18462–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M501517200. PMID 15743763.
  • Obata, T.; H. Araie; Y. Shiraiwa (2003). "Kinetic studies on bioconcentration mechanism of selenium by a coccolithophorid, Emiliania huxleyi". Plant Cell Physiology. 44: S43.
  • Obata, T.; H. Araie; Y. Shiraiwa (2004). "Bioconcentration mechanism of selenium by a coccolithophorid, Emiliania huxleyi". Plant Cell Physiology. 45 (10): 1434–1441. doi:10.1093/pcp/pch164. PMID 15564527.
  • Read, B.; J. Kegel; MJ. Klute (2013). "Pan genome of the phytoplankton Emiliania underpins its global distribution". Nature. 499 (7457): 209–213. Bibcode:2013Natur.499..209.. doi:10.1038/nature12221. PMID 23760476.
  • Shiraiwa, Y. (2003). "Physiological regulation of carbon fixation in the photosynthesis and calcification of coccolithophorids". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 136 (4): 775–783. doi:10.1016/S1096-4959(03)00221-5. PMID 14662302.
  • Sorrosa, J. M.; M. Satoh; Y. Shiraiwa (2005). "Low temperature stimulates cell enlargement and intracellular calcification of coccolithophorids". Marine Biotechnology. 7 (2): 128–133. doi:10.1007/s10126-004-0478-1. PMID 15782289. S2CID 7531881.
  • Todd, J. D.; et al. (2007-02-02). "Structural and regulatory genes required to make the gas dimethyl sulfide in bacteria". Science. 315 (5812): 666–669. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..666T. doi:10.1126/science.1135370. PMID 17272727. S2CID 22472634.
  • Vallina, S. M.; R. Simo (2007-01-26). "Strong relationship between DMS and the solar radiation dose over the global surface ocean". Science. 315 (5811): 506–508. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..506V. doi:10.1126/science.1133680. PMID 17255509. S2CID 37488668.
  • Vila-Costa, M.; et al. (2006-10-27). "Dimethylsulfoniopropionate uptake by marine phytoplankton". Science. 314 (5799): 652–654. Bibcode:2006Sci...314..652V. doi:10.1126/science.1131043. PMID 17068265. S2CID 27541024.
  • Volkman, J. K.; S. M. Barrerr; S. I. Blackburn; E. L. Sikes (1995). "Alkenones in Gephyrocapsa oceanica: Implications for studies of paleoclimate". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 59 (3): 513–520. Bibcode:1995GeCoA..59..513V. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00325-T.

External links

  • Nannotax a guide to the biodiversity and taxonomy of coccolithophores: Emiliania huxleyi

January 31, 2023
emiliania, huxleyi, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, april, 2012, learn, when, remove, this, template, message,. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations April 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message Emiliania huxleyi is a species of coccolithophore found in almost all ocean ecosystems from the equator to sub polar regions and from nutrient rich upwelling zones to nutrient poor oligotrophic waters 1 2 3 4 It is one of thousands of different photosynthetic plankton that freely drift in the photic zone of the ocean forming the basis of virtually all marine food webs It is studied for the extensive blooms it forms in nutrient depleted waters after the reformation of the summer thermocline Like other coccolithophores E huxleyi is a single celled phytoplankton covered with uniquely ornamented calcite disks called coccoliths Individual coccoliths are abundant in marine sediments although complete coccospheres are more unusual In the case of E huxleyi not only the shell but also the soft part of the organism may be recorded in sediments It produces a group of chemical compounds that are very resistant to decomposition These chemical compounds known as alkenones can be found in marine sediments long after other soft parts of the organisms have decomposed Alkenones are most commonly used by earth scientists as a means to estimate past sea surface temperatures Emiliania huxleyiA scanning electron micrograph of a single Emiliania huxleyi cell Scientific classificationDomain Eukaryota unranked HaptophytaClass PrymnesiophyceaeOrder IsochrysidalesFamily NoelaerhabdaceaeGenus EmilianiaSpecies E huxleyiBinomial nameEmiliania huxleyi Lohm Hay and MohlerBloom of E huxleyi in Hardangerfjord Norway May 2020 Contents 1 Basic facts 2 Abundance and distribution 3 Biogeochemical impacts 3 1 Climate change 3 2 Ocean heat retention 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksBasic facts EditEmiliania huxleyi was named after Thomas Huxley and Cesare Emiliani who were the first to examine sea bottom sediment and discover the coccoliths within it It is believed to have evolved approximately 270 000 years ago from the older genus Gephyrocapsa Kampter 5 6 and became dominant in planktonic assemblages and thus in the fossil record approximately 70 000 years ago 5 7 It is the most numerically abundant and widespread coccolithophore species The species is divided into seven morphological forms called morphotypes based on differences in coccolith structure 8 9 10 See Nannotax for more detail on these forms Its coccoliths are transparent and commonly colourless but are formed of calcite which refracts light very efficiently in the water column This and the high concentrations caused by continual shedding of their coccoliths makes E huxleyi blooms easily visible from space Satellite images show that blooms can cover areas of more than 10 000 km2 textstyle 2 with complementary shipboard measurements indicating that E huxleyi is by far the dominant phytoplankton species under these conditions 11 This species has been an inspiration for James Lovelock s Gaia hypothesis which claims that living organisms collectively self regulate biogeochemistry and climate at nonrandom metastable states Abundance and distribution EditEmiliania huxleyi is considered a ubiquitous species It exhibits one of the largest temperature ranges 1 30 C of any coccolithophores species 3 It has been observed under a range of nutrient levels from oligotrophic subtropical gyres to eutrophic waters upwelling zones Norwegian fjords 12 13 14 Its presence in plankton communities from the surface to 200m depth indicates a high tolerance for both fluctuating and low light conditions 4 12 15 This extremely wide tolerance of environmental conditions is believed to be explained by the existence of a range of environmentally adapted ecotypes within the species 6 As a result of these tolerances its distribution ranges from the sub Arctic to the sub Antarctic and from coastal to oceanic habitats 3 16 Within this range it is present in nearly all euphotic zone water samples and accounts for 20 50 or more of the total coccolithophore community 3 12 17 18 During massive blooms which can cover over 100 000 square kilometers E huxleyi cell concentrations can outnumber those of all other species in the region combined accounting for 75 or more of the total number of photosynthetic plankton in the area 11 E huxleyi blooms regionally act as an important source of calcium carbonate and dimethyl sulfide the massive production of which can have a significant impact not only on the properties of the surface mixed layer but also on global climate 19 The blooms can be identified through satellite imagery because of the large amount of light back scattered from the water column which provides a method to assess their biogeochemical importance on both basin and global scales These blooms are prevalent in the Norwegian fjords causing satellites to pick up white waters which describes the reflectance of the blooms picked up by satellites This is due to the mass of coccoliths reflecting the incoming sunlight back out of the water allowing the extent of E huxleyi blooms to be distinguished in fine detail Extensive E huxleyi blooms can have a visible impact on sea albedo While multiple scattering can increase light path per unit depth increasing absorption and solar heating of the water column E huxleyi has inspired proposals for geomimesis 20 because micron sized air bubbles are specular reflectors and so in contrast to E huxleyi tend to lower the temperature of the upper water column As with self shading within water whitening coccolithophore plankton blooms this may reduce photosynthetic productivity by altering the geometry of the euphotic zone Both experiments and modeling are needed to quantify the potential biological impact of such effects and the corollary potential of reflective blooms of other organisms to increase or reduce evaporation and methane evolution by altering fresh water temperatures Biogeochemical impacts EditClimate change Edit As with all phytoplankton primary production of E huxleyi through photosynthesis is a sink of carbon dioxide However the production of coccoliths through calcification is a source of CO2 This means that coccolithophores including E huxleyi have the potential to act as a net source of CO2 out of the ocean Whether they are a net source or sink and how they will react to ocean acidification is not yet well understood Ocean heat retention Edit Scattering stimulated by E huxleyi blooms not only causes more heat and light to be pushed back up into the atmosphere than usual but also cause more of the remaining heat to be trapped closer to the ocean surface This is problematic because it is the surface water that exchanges heat with the atmosphere and E huxleyi blooms may tend to make the overall temperature of the water column dramatically cooler over longer time periods However the importance of this effect whether positive or negative is currently being researched and has not yet been established Gallery Edit Landsat image of a 1999 E huxleyi bloom in the English Channel E huxleyi bloom in the Barents Sea See also EditCLAW hypothesis Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Emiliania huxleyi virus 86 a marine virus that infects E huxleyiNotes Edit Okada Hisatake 1973 The distribution of oceanic coccolithophorids in the Pacific Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts 20 4 355 374 Bibcode 1973DSRA 20 355O doi 10 1016 0011 7471 73 90059 4 Charalampopoulou Anastasia 2011 Coccolithophores in high latitude and Polar regions Relationships between community composition calcification and environmental factors University of Southampton School of Ocean and Earth Science Doctoral Thesis 139pp a b c d McIntyre Andrew 1967 Modern coccolithophoridae of the atlantic ocean I Placoliths and cyrtoliths Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts 14 5 561 597 Bibcode 1967DSRA 14 561M doi 10 1016 0011 7471 67 90065 4 a b Boeckel Babette Baumann Karl Heinz 2008 05 01 Vertical and lateral variations in coccolithophore community structure across the subtropical frontal zone in the South Atlantic Ocean Marine Micropaleontology 67 3 4 255 273 Bibcode 2008MarMP 67 255B doi 10 1016 j marmicro 2008 01 014 a b Thierstein H R Geitzenauer K R Molfino B Shackleton N J 1977 07 01 Global synchroneity of late Quaternary coccolith datum levels Validation by oxygen isotopes Geology 5 7 400 404 Bibcode 1977Geo 5 400T doi 10 1130 0091 7613 1977 5 lt 400 gsolqc gt 2 0 co 2 ISSN 0091 7613 a b Paasche E 2001 A review of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi Prymnesiophyceae with particular reference to growth coccolith formation and calcification photosynthesis interactions Phycologia 40 6 503 529 doi 10 2216 i0031 8884 40 6 503 1 S2CID 84921998 Bijma J et al 2001 Primary signal Ecological and environmental factors Report from Working Group 2 PDF Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1 n a Bibcode 2001GGG 2 1003B doi 10 1029 2000gc000051 Findlay C S Giraudeau J 2000 12 01 Extant calcareous nannoplankton in the Australian Sector of the Southern Ocean austral summers 1994 and 1995 Marine Micropaleontology 40 4 417 439 Bibcode 2000MarMP 40 417F doi 10 1016 S0377 8398 00 00046 3 Cook S S et al 2011 Photosynthetic pigment and genetic differences between two Southern Ocean morphotypes of Emiliania Huxleyi Haptophyta Journal of Phycology 47 3 615 626 doi 10 1111 j 1529 8817 2011 00992 x PMID 27021991 S2CID 25399383 Hagino K et al 2011 New evidence for morphological and genetic variation in the cosmopolitan coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi Prymnesiophyceae from the cox1b atp4 genes Journal of Phycology 47 5 1164 1176 doi 10 1111 j 1529 8817 2011 01053 x PMID 27020197 S2CID 24499896 a b Holligan P M et al 1993 A biogeochemical study of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in the North Atlantic Global Biogeochem Cycles 7 4 879 900 Bibcode 1993GBioC 7 879H doi 10 1029 93GB01731 a b c Winter A Jordan R W amp Roth P H 1994 Biogeography of living coccolithophores in ocean waters In Coccolithophores Cambridge United Kingdom Cambridge University Press pp 161 177 Hagino Kyoko Okada Hisatake 2006 01 30 Intra and infra specific morphological variation in selected coccolithophore species in the equatorial and subequatorial Pacific Ocean PDF Marine Micropaleontology 58 3 184 206 Bibcode 2006MarMP 58 184H doi 10 1016 j marmicro 2005 11 001 hdl 2115 5820 Henderiks J Winter A Elbrachter M Feistel R Plas Av der Nausch G Barlow R 2012 02 23 Environmental controls on Emiliania huxleyi morphotypes in the Benguela coastal upwelling system SE Atlantic Marine Ecology Progress Series 448 51 66 Bibcode 2012MEPS 448 51H doi 10 3354 meps09535 ISSN 0171 8630 Mohan Rahul Mergulhao Lina P Guptha M V S Rajakumar A Thamban M AnilKumar N Sudhakar M Ravindra Rasik 2008 04 01 Ecology of coccolithophores in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean Marine Micropaleontology 67 1 2 30 45 Bibcode 2008MarMP 67 30M doi 10 1016 j marmicro 2007 08 005 Hasle G R 1969 An analysis of the phytoplankton of the Pacific Southern Ocean Abundance composition and distribution during the Brategg Expedition 1947 1948 Universitetsforlaget Beaufort L Couapel M Buchet N Claustre H Goyet C 2008 08 04 Calcite production by coccolithophores in the south east Pacific Ocean Biogeosciences 5 4 1101 1117 Bibcode 2008BGeo 5 1101B doi 10 5194 bg 5 1101 2008 ISSN 1726 4189 Poulton A J et al 2010 Coccolithophore dynamics in non bloom conditions during late summer in the central Iceland Basin July August 2007 PDF Limnology and Oceanography 55 4 1601 1613 Bibcode 2010LimOc 55 1601P doi 10 4319 lo 2010 55 4 1601 S2CID 53312384 Westbroek Peter 1993 A model system approach to biological climate forcing The example of Emiliania huxleyi Global and Planetary Change 8 1 2 27 46 Bibcode 1993GPC 8 27W doi 10 1016 0921 8181 93 90061 R Seitz R 2011 Bright water Hydrosols water conservation and climate change Climatic Change 105 3 4 365 381 arXiv 1010 5823 Bibcode 2011ClCh 105 365S doi 10 1007 s10584 010 9965 8 S2CID 16243560 References EditAmouroux D P S Liss E Tessier M Hamren Larsson O F X Donard 2001 Role of oceans as biogenic sources of selenium Earth and Planetary Science Letters 189 3 4 277 283 Bibcode 2001E amp PSL 189 277A doi 10 1016 S0012 821X 01 00370 3 Andreae M O P J Crutzen 1997 05 16 Atmospheric aerosols biogeochemical sources and role in atmospheric chemistry Science 276 5315 1052 1058 doi 10 1126 science 276 5315 1052 S2CID 40669114 Araie H T Obata Y Shiraiwa 2003 Metabolism of selenium in a coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi J Plant Res 116 119 Boisson F C S Karez M Henry M Romeo M Gnassia Barelli 1996 Ultrastructural observations on the marine coccolithophorid Cricosphaera elongata cultured in the presence of selenium or cadmium Bulletin de l Institut Oceanographique Monaco 239 247 Dacey J W H S Wakeham 1986 09 19 Oceanic dimethylsulfide Production during zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton Science 233 4770 1314 1316 Bibcode 1986Sci 233 1314D doi 10 1126 science 233 4770 1314 PMID 17843360 S2CID 10872038 Dambara A Y Shiraiwa 1999 Requirement of selenium for the growth and selection of adequate culture media in a marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi Bulletin of the Society of Sea Water Science Japan 53 6 476 484 Danbara A Y Shiraiwa 2007 The requirement of selenium for the growth of marine coccolithophorids Emiliania huxleyi Gephyrocapsa oceanica and Helladosphaera sp Prymnesiophyceae Plant and Cell Physiology 40 7 762 766 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals pcp a029603 DeBose J L S C Lema G A Nevitt 2008 03 07 Dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a foraging cue for reef fishes Science 319 5868 1356 Bibcode 2008Sci 319 1356D doi 10 1126 science 1151109 PMID 18323445 S2CID 20782786 Doblin M A S I Blackburn G M Hallegraeff 1999 Growth and biomass stimulation of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham by dissolved organic substances Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 236 1 33 47 doi 10 1016 S0022 0981 98 00193 2 Fabry V J 2003 Calcium carbonate production by coccolithophorid algae in long term carbon dioxide sequestration California State University San Marcos US Howard E C et al 2006 10 27 Bacterial taxa that limit sulfur flux from the ocean Science 314 5799 649 652 Bibcode 2006Sci 314 649H doi 10 1126 science 1130657 PMID 17068264 S2CID 41199461 Norici A R Hell M Giordano 2005 Sulfur and primary production in aquatic environments An ecological perspective Photosynthesis Research 86 3 409 417 doi 10 1007 s11120 005 3250 0 PMID 16307310 S2CID 13019942 Obata T Y Shiraiwa 2005 A novel eukaryotic selenoprotein in the haptophyte alga Emiliania huxleyi Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 18 18462 8 doi 10 1074 jbc M501517200 PMID 15743763 Obata T H Araie Y Shiraiwa 2003 Kinetic studies on bioconcentration mechanism of selenium by a coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi Plant Cell Physiology 44 S43 Obata T H Araie Y Shiraiwa 2004 Bioconcentration mechanism of selenium by a coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi Plant Cell Physiology 45 10 1434 1441 doi 10 1093 pcp pch164 PMID 15564527 Read B J Kegel MJ Klute 2013 Pan genome of the phytoplankton Emiliania underpins its global distribution Nature 499 7457 209 213 Bibcode 2013Natur 499 209 doi 10 1038 nature12221 PMID 23760476 Shiraiwa Y 2003 Physiological regulation of carbon fixation in the photosynthesis and calcification of coccolithophorids Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 136 4 775 783 doi 10 1016 S1096 4959 03 00221 5 PMID 14662302 Sorrosa J M M Satoh Y Shiraiwa 2005 Low temperature stimulates cell enlargement and intracellular calcification of coccolithophorids Marine Biotechnology 7 2 128 133 doi 10 1007 s10126 004 0478 1 PMID 15782289 S2CID 7531881 Todd J D et al 2007 02 02 Structural and regulatory genes required to make the gas dimethyl sulfide in bacteria Science 315 5812 666 669 Bibcode 2007Sci 315 666T doi 10 1126 science 1135370 PMID 17272727 S2CID 22472634 Vallina S M R Simo 2007 01 26 Strong relationship between DMS and the solar radiation dose over the global surface ocean Science 315 5811 506 508 Bibcode 2007Sci 315 506V doi 10 1126 science 1133680 PMID 17255509 S2CID 37488668 Vila Costa M et al 2006 10 27 Dimethylsulfoniopropionate uptake by marine phytoplankton Science 314 5799 652 654 Bibcode 2006Sci 314 652V doi 10 1126 science 1131043 PMID 17068265 S2CID 27541024 Volkman J K S M Barrerr S I Blackburn E L Sikes 1995 Alkenones in Gephyrocapsa oceanica Implications for studies of paleoclimate Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59 3 513 520 Bibcode 1995GeCoA 59 513V doi 10 1016 0016 7037 95 00325 T External links EditCocco Express Coccolithophorids Expressed Sequence Tags EST amp Microarray Database Nannotax a guide to the biodiversity and taxonomy of coccolithophores Emiliania huxleyi Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Emiliania huxleyi amp oldid 1132101962, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.