Elisha Baxter
Elisha Baxter (September 1, 1827 – May 31, 1899) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 10th governor of Arkansas from 1873 to 1874.
Elisha Baxter | |
|---|---|
| 10th Governor of Arkansas | |
| In office January 6, 1873 – November 12, 1874 | |
| Lieutenant | Volney V. Smith |
| Preceded by | Ozra Amander Hadley (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Augustus Hill Garland |
| Personal details | |
| Born | September 1, 1827 Rutherford County, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | May 31, 1899 (aged 71) Batesville, Arkansas, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
Early life and career edit
Baxter was born in Rutherford County, North Carolina. He sought and obtained an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point. Baxter's father, William, strongly opposed his appointment, and Baxter resigned it.[1] He returned home and became a businessman. He ran a successful mercantile business in Rutherford County with his brother-in-law Spenser Eaves.
In 1852, Baxter moved to Batesville, Arkansas, and opened a mercantile business with his brother, Taylor. It soon failed. Baxter joined the Whig party and was elected mayor of Batesville in 1853. One year later he was elected as state representative from Independence County to the tenth general assembly.[2] He studied law and, in 1856, was admitted to the Arkansas bar. He was reelected to the House in 1858 and served two terms from Independence County, leaving in 1860.
American Civil War edit
At the start of the American Civil War, Baxter refused to fight for the Confederacy and attempted to flee to Missouri. He was captured and tried for treason. He escaped north and joined the 4th Arkansas Mounted Infantry (Union), serving as colonel of the regiment. In 1864, after Arkansas was occupied by Union troops, Baxter was appointed as Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court, but he did not serve in that position.[3] He and William Meade Fishback were chosen by the new legislature in May 1864 as the two U.S. senators from Arkansas, but in February 1865, their admission was denied by congressional Republicans displeased with Lincoln for trying to restore Southern representation in Congress so easily.[4] In mid-1865, Baxter formed a law partnership in Little Rock with future U.S. Congressman and fellow Unionist James M. Hinds.
Reconstruction era edit
In 1868 the Reconstruction-era state legislature elected him and Andrew Hunter to the US Senate, but his appointment was blocked once again by Congress because of the southern states' refusal to extend the franchise to freedmen. From 1868 to 1872, Baxter served as a judge on the 3rd Circuit Court.
In 1872, Baxter was elected as a Republican Governor of Arkansas over Joseph Brooks in a controversial election that resulted in the Brooks-Baxter War.[5] Baxter was physically removed from the governor's office by Brooks and state militia loyal to him. Baxter was not restored to the governorship until a month later.
During his term, state delegates passed a new constitution that shortened the term of the governor and restored the franchise to ex-Confederates. Baxter declined to accept the 1874 nomination for governor. Due to the disenfranchisement of most blacks in the 1890s, the Republican Party was reduced in Arkansas. Democrats established a one-party state that survived into the 1960s. Baxter was the last Republican governor to be elected in Arkansas until Winthrop Rockefeller in 1966, after the Republican Party began a revival there.
Later life and legacy edit
After leaving office, Baxter returned to his farm near Batesville. He ran for a position in the Arkansas House of Representatives in 1878 but was unsuccessful. He died in Batesville, Arkansas and is buried at Oaklawn Cemetery there. Baxter County was named after him.[6]
Personal life edit
In 1849 Baxter married Harriet Patton, also from Rutherford County, and together they had six children: Milliard P., Edward A., Catherine M., George E., Hattie O., and Fannie E. Baxter was a brother of federal judge John Baxter, and an uncle of Wyoming territorial governor George W. Baxter.[7]
References edit
- ^ . Old State House Museum. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
- ^ Michael B. Dougan, "Tenth Governor: Elisha Baxter," in The Governors of Arkansas (University of Arkansas Press, 1981), 55.
- ^ Looney, J. W. (2016). Distinguishing the Righteous from the Roguish: The Arkansas Supreme Court, 1836–1874. p. 39.
- ^ "William Meade Fishback (1831–1903)". The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
- ^ "National Governors Association". Arkansas Governor Elisha Baxter. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
- ^ "Profile for Baxter County, Arkansas, AR". ePodunk. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
- ^ Charles A. Newell, Jr., "John Baxter," NCPedia, 1979. Retrieved: 1 May 2013.
External links edit
- Elisha Baxter at Find a Grave
- Elisha Baxter at the National Governors Association
- Elisha Baxter at The Political Graveyard
- Works by or about Elisha Baxter at Internet Archive