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Association of American Medical Colleges

May 18, 2023

The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) is a nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C. that was established in 1876. It represents medical schools, teaching hospitals, and academic and scientific societies, while providing services to its member institutions that include data from medical, education, and health studies, as well as consulting. The AAMC administers the Medical College Admission Test[1] and operates the American Medical College Application Service[2] and the Electronic Residency Application Service.[3] Along with the American Medical Association (AMA), the AAMC co-sponsors the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME), the accrediting body for all U.S. MD-granting medical education programs.[4]

Association of American Medical Colleges
IndustryMedicine
Founded1876; 147 years ago (1876)
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.
Key people
  • David J. Skorton (President and CEO, 2019 - present)
  • LouAnn Woodward, MD (Chair of the Board of Directors, 2022-2023)
Websitewww.aamc.org

History

The AAMC was founded in 1876 at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia to establish standards for member medical schools. The first meeting was held on June 2, 1876 and included members from 22 medical colleges. Jefferson Medical College's Dean, John B. Biddle, was the first president of the Association.[5] The first set of standards established in 1876 included “a curriculum of two terms not occurring in the same year.” [6]

By 1905, the Association expanded its standards to require member schools to offer a four-year medical curriculum of no less than 4,000 hours.[6]

In 1942, the AAMC partnered with the American Medical Association's (AMA) Council on Medical Education and Hospitals to form the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME). The LCME is an accrediting agency for educational programs at medical schools in the United States and Canada.[7]

In 2006, Darrell G. Kirch became president and CEO of AAMC, he served until 2019. On July 15, 2019, David J. Skorton replaced Kirch as President and CEO.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the AAMC created a database of treatment and management guidance for clinicians. The resources are divided into various topics, including infection control, emergency department, inpatient, ambulatory, serious illness communication, mental health, and special populations.[8] The AAMC also recommended that medical schools temporarily suspend medical students’ direct patient contact due to safety concerns.[9]

In April 2020, the AAMC called on the federal government to help manage the supply chain for SARS-CoV-2 testing components. A lack of supplies caused limited capacity for testing across the United States.[10]

Throughout 2020, the AAMC was criticized for continuing to hold the MCAT exam in person during the COVID pandemic.[11] In October 2020, the Association responded to lawmaker’s concerns over in-person testing by saying it had resumed only when safety protocols had been developed and implemented.[12]

In 2020, the AAMC removed Abraham Flexner's name from their annual award, claiming his 1910 report contained "racist and sexist" statements.[13] This claim, however, has been challenged.[14]

Structure

The Association is a nonprofit organization that represents medical schools, teaching hospitals, and academic and scientific societies.[15] All accredited MD-granting medical schools in the United States and Canada are members of the AAMC.[16] Membership also includes teaching hospitals or health systems, including 51 Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers,[17] and academic societies are also members.[16]

The AAMC provides services including data from medical, education, and health studies, as well as consulting.[18] The organization hosts events each year that offer continuing medical education and professional development to the health workforce.[19]

The Association is governed by a 17-member board of directors.[20] Ten of the board members are the chairs of the Association’s three member councils: the Council of Deans, the Council of Teaching Hospitals and Health Systems, and the Council of Faculty and Academic Societies.[21] The remaining 7 include a medical student, a resident physician, and a member of the public not affiliated with the AAMC, a medical school, or a teaching hospital.[21]

The Council of Faculty and Academic Societies has 94 member professional organizations.[22] Members consist of faculty from U.S. medical schools and teaching hospitals.[23]

The Council of Teaching Hospitals and Health Systems is composed of around 400 teaching hospitals, including Veteran Affairs medical centers.[24][25]

The Council of Deans is composed of deans from all accredited medical schools in the U.S. and 17 Canadian schools.[26]

In January 2022, the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Association of Academic Health Centers (AAHC) approved a merger agreement. Under the agreement, the AAHC joined the AAMC on April 1, 2022 according to a Jan. 20 joint news release.[27] The AAHC was founded in 1969 and lists over 120 U.S. and international member organizations on its website. The latter are part of the Association of Academic Health Centers International (AAHCI), a subsidiary of the U.S. organization founded in 2008.[28]

Programs

The AAMC administers the Medical College Admission Test[1] and operates the American Medical College Application Service[2] and the Electronic Residency Application Service[3] which facilitate students applying to medical schools and residency programs.

Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)

The MCAT was formed in 1928 and was known as the “Scholastic Aptitude Test for Medical Students”.[29] In 1948, it was renamed the “Medical College Admission Test”.[29] In 2015, after a review process, a new version of the test was introduced by the AAMC.[30] The new exam added a Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section.[30][31]

The review for the new exam was led by a 21-member committee composed by the Association and called the MR5 Committee.[32] The MR5 Committee consisted of medical school deans; admissions, educational affairs, student affairs, and diversity officers; basic science and clinical faculty; pre-health advisors and undergraduate faculty; and a medical student and a physician resident.[32] The MR5 Committee also reached out to subcommittees of experts in fields such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology.[32]

The Association maintains a “What’s on the MCAT Exam?” webpage that includes a comprehensive list of all tested topics.[33] They also offer a Fee Assistance Program for test takers who require financial aid in order to take the MCAT.[31]

American Medical College Application Service (AMCAS)

Led by the AAMC, the American Medical College Application Service (AMCAS) administers and processes medical school applications.[22][34] Most U.S. medical schools participate in the AMCAS.[34]

AMCAS was first used by applicants to medical schools in 1969.

Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS)

The AAMC developed the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) to allow final-year medical school students and graduates to apply electronically for residency positions.[22][35] The service was established in 1996.[35]

Resources and Data

The Association conducts studies, research, and publications on medical education, health care, and biomedical research and provides publications and forums to support medical education and educational health programs.[36] The Association is also responsible for a number of publications,[37] including:

  • The State Physician Workforce Data Report: published annually.[38] The report looks at physician supply, medical students, and graduate medical education residents in each state.[39] It also provides data on the breakdown of physicians by specialty and training location.[38][39]
  • The Medical School Admissions Requirements (MSAR):[37] this publication includes a description of each medical school, and the median overall and science GPAs and MCATs of the first year class[40]
  • The Medical School Enrollment Survey: published annually[41]
  • The Report on Medical School Faculty Salaries: provides summary tables with average compensation and percentile statistics by rank and department for basic and clinical science faculty.[42] Additional tables summarize the data by type of school and region.[42]
  • The Complexities of Physician Supply and Demand: projections from 2017 to 2032[43]

The AAMC published a three-part report on conflicts of interest in research and medical education settings. The final report was titled “In the Interest of Patients: Recommendations for Physician Financial Relationships and Clinical Decision Making,” and was released in 2010.[44]

The AAMC publishes the peer-reviewed journal Academic Medicine. Past papers of the association are held at the National Library of Medicine.[45]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Kowarski, Ilana (July 3, 2019). "What the MCAT Test Is Like and How to Prepare". U.S. News & World Report.
  2. ^ a b Kowarski, Ilana (November 15, 2018). "How to Use AMCAS to Apply to Medical School". U.S. News & World Report.
  3. ^ a b "Reviewing Residency Applications and Interviewing". The Match, National Resident Matching Program. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
  4. ^ "ERAS Support Services". ECFMG. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  5. ^ Wagner, Frederick B.; Savacool, J. Woodrow (1992). "Part I: Jefferson Medical College 1866 to 1876 (pages 125-156)". Thomas Jefferson University: A Chronological History and Alumni Directory, 1824 - 1990: 154.
  6. ^ a b Barzansky, Barbara (2010-09-01). "Abraham Flexner and the Era of Medical Education Reform". Academic Medicine. 85 (9): S19–S25. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181f12bd1. ISSN 1040-2446. PMID 20736546.
  7. ^ Kassebaum, D. G. (1992-02-01). "Origin of the LCME, the AAMC-AMA partnership for accreditation". Academic Medicine. 67 (2): 85–7. doi:10.1097/00001888-199202000-00005. ISSN 1040-2446. PMID 1547000. S2CID 21840951.
  8. ^ "AAMC creates database". Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  9. ^ "Online learning during COVID-19". Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  10. ^ "Abbott Launches Third Covid-19 Test as First Gets a Pay Bump". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
  11. ^ Rabin, Roni Caryn (2020-08-07). "Want to Be a Doctor? Take Your Chances in a Closed Room With Strangers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
  12. ^ "AAMC Responds to Lawmakers' Concerns About In-Person MCAT". www.medpagetoday.com. 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
  13. ^ "AAMC renames prestigious Abraham Flexner award in light of racist and sexist writings". Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  14. ^ "Abraham Flexner: Academic Medicine's Favorite Scapegoat". Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  15. ^ "STUDIOS Architecture Association of American Medical Colleges". studios.com. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  16. ^ a b "About the AAMC". www.aamc.org. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
  17. ^ "Joseph E. Kerschner, MD, Named Chair-elect". Medical College of Wisconsin. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  18. ^ "Association of American Medical Colleges". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  19. ^ "The Association of American Medical Colleges". CrowdCompass. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
  20. ^ "Keck student named to AAMC governing board". HSC News. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
  21. ^ a b "David Skorton joins AAMC Board of Directors". Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  22. ^ a b c "American Association of Medical Colleges". C-Span. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  23. ^ "Role of IAMSE in the Council of Academic Societies: Report from the Spring 2005 CAS Meeting". IAMSE. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  24. ^ "Teaching Status". AHD. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
  25. ^ "Dr. Janis Orlowski to present lecture". Michigan Medicine Headlines. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
  26. ^ "Dean Hedges is re-elected to national leadership role on the AAMC Council of (medical school) Deans". John A. Burns School of Medicine. 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  27. ^ Gooch, Kelly. "AAMC, AAHC to merge". www.beckershospitalreview.com. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  28. ^ Muoio, Dave (January 20, 2022). "Nonprofits AAMC, AAHC say their April 1 merger will 'amplify' academic medicine". Fierce Healthcare. Retrieved 2023-03-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ^ a b "Evolution of the MCAT". Academic Medicine. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  30. ^ a b "The New MCAT Exam". Academic Medicine. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  31. ^ a b "About the MCAT Exam". The Princeton Review. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
  32. ^ a b c Mitchell, Karen (2016). "The New Medical College Admission Test: Implications for Teaching Psychology". Am. Psychol. 71 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1037/a0039975. PMC 5561549. PMID 26866988.
  33. ^ "Why the MCAT Is Harder Than a Typical College Exam". U.S. News. 9 April 2018.
  34. ^ a b "Guide to Your Med School Application". Princeton Review. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  35. ^ a b "ERAS Support Services at ECFMG". ECFMG. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  36. ^ "Audit of Federal Awards Performed". 2018-06-30.
  37. ^ a b "Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC)". Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  38. ^ a b "Arizona Primary Care Physician Workforce Report". crh.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  39. ^ a b "Texas Among Best in Keeping Medical Students, Residents Practicing In-State, Report Shows".
  40. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions - Applying to Med School". www.swarthmore.edu. 2014-07-08. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
  41. ^ "More medical students than ever". FierceHealthcare. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
  42. ^ a b "Association of American Medical Colleges". Association of Women Surgeons. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
  43. ^ "Physician shortage". FierceHealthcare. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
  44. ^ "AAMC Report: Recommendations for Physician Financial Relationships and Clinical Decision Making". Policy & Medicine. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  45. ^ "Association of American Medical Colleges Archives 1938-1966". U.S. National Library of Medicine.

External links

  • Official website

May 18, 2023
association, american, medical, colleges, this, article, have, been, created, edited, return, undisclosed, payments, violation, wikipedia, terms, require, cleanup, comply, with, wikipedia, content, policies, particularly, neutral, point, view, september, 2020,. This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments a violation of Wikipedia s terms of use It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia s content policies particularly neutral point of view September 2020 The Association of American Medical Colleges AAMC is a nonprofit organization based in Washington D C that was established in 1876 It represents medical schools teaching hospitals and academic and scientific societies while providing services to its member institutions that include data from medical education and health studies as well as consulting The AAMC administers the Medical College Admission Test 1 and operates the American Medical College Application Service 2 and the Electronic Residency Application Service 3 Along with the American Medical Association AMA the AAMC co sponsors the Liaison Committee on Medical Education LCME the accrediting body for all U S MD granting medical education programs 4 Association of American Medical CollegesIndustryMedicineFounded1876 147 years ago 1876 HeadquartersWashington D C Key peopleDavid J Skorton President and CEO 2019 present LouAnn Woodward MD Chair of the Board of Directors 2022 2023 Websitewww wbr aamc wbr org Contents 1 History 2 Structure 3 Programs 3 1 Medical College Admission Test MCAT 3 2 American Medical College Application Service AMCAS 3 3 Electronic Residency Application Service ERAS 4 Resources and Data 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory EditThe AAMC was founded in 1876 at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia to establish standards for member medical schools The first meeting was held on June 2 1876 and included members from 22 medical colleges Jefferson Medical College s Dean John B Biddle was the first president of the Association 5 The first set of standards established in 1876 included a curriculum of two terms not occurring in the same year 6 By 1905 the Association expanded its standards to require member schools to offer a four year medical curriculum of no less than 4 000 hours 6 In 1942 the AAMC partnered with the American Medical Association s AMA Council on Medical Education and Hospitals to form the Liaison Committee on Medical Education LCME The LCME is an accrediting agency for educational programs at medical schools in the United States and Canada 7 In 2006 Darrell G Kirch became president and CEO of AAMC he served until 2019 On July 15 2019 David J Skorton replaced Kirch as President and CEO In response to the COVID 19 pandemic in 2020 the AAMC created a database of treatment and management guidance for clinicians The resources are divided into various topics including infection control emergency department inpatient ambulatory serious illness communication mental health and special populations 8 The AAMC also recommended that medical schools temporarily suspend medical students direct patient contact due to safety concerns 9 In April 2020 the AAMC called on the federal government to help manage the supply chain for SARS CoV 2 testing components A lack of supplies caused limited capacity for testing across the United States 10 Throughout 2020 the AAMC was criticized for continuing to hold the MCAT exam in person during the COVID pandemic 11 In October 2020 the Association responded to lawmaker s concerns over in person testing by saying it had resumed only when safety protocols had been developed and implemented 12 In 2020 the AAMC removed Abraham Flexner s name from their annual award claiming his 1910 report contained racist and sexist statements 13 This claim however has been challenged 14 Structure EditThe Association is a nonprofit organization that represents medical schools teaching hospitals and academic and scientific societies 15 All accredited MD granting medical schools in the United States and Canada are members of the AAMC 16 Membership also includes teaching hospitals or health systems including 51 Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers 17 and academic societies are also members 16 The AAMC provides services including data from medical education and health studies as well as consulting 18 The organization hosts events each year that offer continuing medical education and professional development to the health workforce 19 The Association is governed by a 17 member board of directors 20 Ten of the board members are the chairs of the Association s three member councils the Council of Deans the Council of Teaching Hospitals and Health Systems and the Council of Faculty and Academic Societies 21 The remaining 7 include a medical student a resident physician and a member of the public not affiliated with the AAMC a medical school or a teaching hospital 21 The Council of Faculty and Academic Societies has 94 member professional organizations 22 Members consist of faculty from U S medical schools and teaching hospitals 23 The Council of Teaching Hospitals and Health Systems is composed of around 400 teaching hospitals including Veteran Affairs medical centers 24 25 The Council of Deans is composed of deans from all accredited medical schools in the U S and 17 Canadian schools 26 In January 2022 the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Association of Academic Health Centers AAHC approved a merger agreement Under the agreement the AAHC joined the AAMC on April 1 2022 according to a Jan 20 joint news release 27 The AAHC was founded in 1969 and lists over 120 U S and international member organizations on its website The latter are part of the Association of Academic Health Centers International AAHCI a subsidiary of the U S organization founded in 2008 28 Programs EditThe AAMC administers the Medical College Admission Test 1 and operates the American Medical College Application Service 2 and the Electronic Residency Application Service 3 which facilitate students applying to medical schools and residency programs Medical College Admission Test MCAT Edit The MCAT was formed in 1928 and was known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test for Medical Students 29 In 1948 it was renamed the Medical College Admission Test 29 In 2015 after a review process a new version of the test was introduced by the AAMC 30 The new exam added a Psychological Social and Biological Foundations of Behavior section 30 31 The review for the new exam was led by a 21 member committee composed by the Association and called the MR5 Committee 32 The MR5 Committee consisted of medical school deans admissions educational affairs student affairs and diversity officers basic science and clinical faculty pre health advisors and undergraduate faculty and a medical student and a physician resident 32 The MR5 Committee also reached out to subcommittees of experts in fields such as psychology sociology and anthropology 32 The Association maintains a What s on the MCAT Exam webpage that includes a comprehensive list of all tested topics 33 They also offer a Fee Assistance Program for test takers who require financial aid in order to take the MCAT 31 American Medical College Application Service AMCAS Edit Led by the AAMC the American Medical College Application Service AMCAS administers and processes medical school applications 22 34 Most U S medical schools participate in the AMCAS 34 AMCAS was first used by applicants to medical schools in 1969 Electronic Residency Application Service ERAS Edit The AAMC developed the Electronic Residency Application Service ERAS to allow final year medical school students and graduates to apply electronically for residency positions 22 35 The service was established in 1996 35 Resources and Data EditThe Association conducts studies research and publications on medical education health care and biomedical research and provides publications and forums to support medical education and educational health programs 36 The Association is also responsible for a number of publications 37 including The State Physician Workforce Data Report published annually 38 The report looks at physician supply medical students and graduate medical education residents in each state 39 It also provides data on the breakdown of physicians by specialty and training location 38 39 The Medical School Admissions Requirements MSAR 37 this publication includes a description of each medical school and the median overall and science GPAs and MCATs of the first year class 40 The Medical School Enrollment Survey published annually 41 The Report on Medical School Faculty Salaries provides summary tables with average compensation and percentile statistics by rank and department for basic and clinical science faculty 42 Additional tables summarize the data by type of school and region 42 The Complexities of Physician Supply and Demand projections from 2017 to 2032 43 The AAMC published a three part report on conflicts of interest in research and medical education settings The final report was titled In the Interest of Patients Recommendations for Physician Financial Relationships and Clinical Decision Making and was released in 2010 44 The AAMC publishes the peer reviewed journal Academic Medicine Past papers of the association are held at the National Library of Medicine 45 See also EditAccreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education American Medical Association Liaison Committee on Medical EducationReferences Edit a b Kowarski Ilana July 3 2019 What the MCAT Test Is Like and How to Prepare U S News amp World Report a b Kowarski Ilana November 15 2018 How to Use AMCAS to Apply to Medical School U S News amp World Report a b Reviewing Residency Applications and Interviewing The Match National Resident Matching Program Retrieved July 16 2019 ERAS Support Services ECFMG Retrieved 2020 05 06 Wagner Frederick B Savacool J Woodrow 1992 Part I Jefferson Medical College 1866 to 1876 pages 125 156 Thomas Jefferson University A Chronological History and Alumni Directory 1824 1990 154 a b Barzansky Barbara 2010 09 01 Abraham Flexner and the Era of Medical Education Reform Academic Medicine 85 9 S19 S25 doi 10 1097 ACM 0b013e3181f12bd1 ISSN 1040 2446 PMID 20736546 Kassebaum D G 1992 02 01 Origin of the LCME the AAMC AMA partnership for accreditation Academic Medicine 67 2 85 7 doi 10 1097 00001888 199202000 00005 ISSN 1040 2446 PMID 1547000 S2CID 21840951 AAMC creates database Retrieved 2020 04 22 Online learning during COVID 19 Retrieved 2020 04 22 Abbott Launches Third Covid 19 Test as First Gets a Pay Bump Bloomberg Retrieved 2020 04 27 Rabin Roni Caryn 2020 08 07 Want to Be a Doctor Take Your Chances in a Closed Room With Strangers The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2021 04 23 AAMC Responds to Lawmakers Concerns About In Person MCAT www medpagetoday com 2020 10 19 Retrieved 2021 04 23 AAMC renames prestigious Abraham Flexner award in light of racist and sexist writings Retrieved 2022 08 13 Abraham Flexner Academic Medicine s Favorite Scapegoat Retrieved 2022 08 13 STUDIOS Architecture Association of American Medical Colleges studios com Retrieved 2020 03 25 a b About the AAMC www aamc org Retrieved July 15 2019 Joseph E Kerschner MD Named Chair elect Medical College of Wisconsin Retrieved 2020 04 14 Association of American Medical Colleges Bloomberg Retrieved 2020 03 25 The Association of American Medical Colleges CrowdCompass Retrieved 2020 07 06 Keck student named to AAMC governing board HSC News Retrieved 2020 03 31 a b David Skorton joins AAMC Board of Directors Cornell Chronicle Retrieved 2020 04 06 a b c American Association of Medical Colleges C Span Retrieved 2020 04 08 Role of IAMSE in the Council of Academic Societies Report from the Spring 2005 CAS Meeting IAMSE Retrieved 2020 05 14 Teaching Status AHD Retrieved 2020 06 22 Dr Janis Orlowski to present lecture Michigan Medicine Headlines Retrieved 2020 06 22 Dean Hedges is re elected to national leadership role on the AAMC Council of medical school Deans John A Burns School of Medicine 2017 04 03 Retrieved 2020 06 25 Gooch Kelly AAMC AAHC to merge www beckershospitalreview com Retrieved 2023 03 22 Muoio Dave January 20 2022 Nonprofits AAMC AAHC say their April 1 merger will amplify academic medicine Fierce Healthcare Retrieved 2023 03 22 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b Evolution of the MCAT Academic Medicine Retrieved 2020 05 15 a b The New MCAT Exam Academic Medicine Retrieved 2020 05 15 a b About the MCAT Exam The Princeton Review Retrieved 2020 07 01 a b c Mitchell Karen 2016 The New Medical College Admission Test Implications for Teaching Psychology Am Psychol 71 2 125 135 doi 10 1037 a0039975 PMC 5561549 PMID 26866988 Why the MCAT Is Harder Than a Typical College Exam U S News 9 April 2018 a b Guide to Your Med School Application Princeton Review Retrieved 2020 05 27 a b ERAS Support Services at ECFMG ECFMG Retrieved 2020 04 08 Audit of Federal Awards Performed 2018 06 30 a b Association of American Medical Colleges AAMC Retrieved 2020 04 15 a b Arizona Primary Care Physician Workforce Report crh arizona edu Retrieved 2020 04 15 a b Texas Among Best in Keeping Medical Students Residents Practicing In State Report Shows Frequently Asked Questions Applying to Med School www swarthmore edu 2014 07 08 Retrieved 2020 06 11 More medical students than ever FierceHealthcare Retrieved 2020 05 05 a b Association of American Medical Colleges Association of Women Surgeons Retrieved 2020 05 05 Physician shortage FierceHealthcare Retrieved 2020 05 05 AAMC Report Recommendations for Physician Financial Relationships and Clinical Decision Making Policy amp Medicine Retrieved 2020 06 15 Association of American Medical Colleges Archives 1938 1966 U S National Library of Medicine External links EditOfficial website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Association of American Medical Colleges amp oldid 1146075819, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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