fbpx
Wikipedia

Eelpout

April 27, 2024

This article is about the family of marine fish. For the freshwater fish species known as eelpout in some regions of North America, see burbot.

The eelpouts are the ray-finned fish family Zoarcidae. As the common name suggests, they are somewhat eel-like in appearance. All of the 300 species are marine and mostly bottom-dwelling, some at great depths. Eelpouts are predominantly found in the Northern Hemisphere. The arctic, north pacific and north Atlantic oceans have the highest concentration of species, however species are found around the globe.

Eelpout
Gymnelus hemifasciatus
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Scorpaeniformes
Suborder: Zoarcoidei
Family: Zoarcidae
Swainson, 1839[1][2]
Subfamilies

see text

They are conventionally placed in the "perciform" assemblage; in fact, the Zoarcoidei seem to be specialized members of the Gasterosteiformes-Scorpaeniformes group of Acanthopterygii.[3]

The largest member of the family is Zoarces americanus, which may reach 1.1 m in length. Other notable genera include Lycodapus and Gymnelus.

Taxonomy edit

The eelpout family was first proposed as the family Zoarchidae in 1839 by the English naturalist William John Swainson but the spelling was changed to Zoarcidae after the spelling of the genus Zoarces was corrected by Theodore Gill in 1861.[1] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family within the suborder Zoarcoidei, within the order Scorpaeniformes.[4] Other authorities classify this family in the infraorder Zoarcales within the suborder Cottoidei of the Perciformes because removing the Scorpaeniformes from the Perciformes renders that taxon non monophyletic.[5]

Fishes of the World mentions four subfamilies but does not assign genera to the subfamilies[4] but these were set out in Anderson and Federov's Annotated Checklist[6] and this has been followed by FishBase[7] and Catalog of Fishes.[8]

Evolution and adaptations edit

Eelpout species have evolved to efficiently give birth to future generations. They utilize demersal eggs, which are eggs that are deposited on the seafloor, and can be either free or connected to the substrate. These egg clusters can range from 9.2 mm, to 9.8 mm, which are the largest compared to any other marine egg cluster.[9] It has been found that eelpouts grow larger and heavier in areas where the water is relatively shallow. In these areas, this species consumes molluscs, invertebrates, and small fish. The difference of biodiversity at varying depths has led to the evolution of distinct populations, connecting to the study that temperature might have a significant effect on them.[10] Studies have shown that there are three large families of eelpout species; Zoarcidae, Stichaeidae, and Pholidae. These species have been thought to have evolved in northern, colder seas, each diverging off of each other at different points in time, millions of years ago.[11] The notched-fin eelpout, which is commonly found in the Sea of Okhotsk, have shown researchers what the average length of an adult eelpout is, usually sitting between 21 and 26 cm long (females typically larger than males).[12] Their size has been found to increase as the depth of water in which they have been studied lowers. They feed commonly on Gammarids (small, shrimp like organisms), Polychaetes (marine worms), and Bivalves (clams and muscles) on the seafloor.[12]

Subfamilies and genera edit

The eelpouts are classified into four subfamilies and 61 genera with around 300 species:[8][1]

 
Bothrocara brunneum
 
Lycodes turneri
 
Pachycara sp.
 
Zoarces viviparus

Characteristics edit

The body of eelpouts is relatively elongated and laterally compressed.[13] Their heads are relatively small and ovoid. Juveniles have a more rounded snout and relatively larger eye than adults.[13] Their scales are absent or very small.[14] The dorsal and anal fins are continuous down their bodies up to their caudal fin. They produce the pigment biliverdin, which turns their bones green. This feature has no apparent evolutionary function and is harmless.[15] Overall, there is no sexual dimorphism.[16]

Biology edit

Little is known about eelpout populations because they often slip through nets in sampling studies, and because some species live in inaccessibly deep habitats. Species for which trophic ecology has been documented are typically, if not always, benthic scavengers or predators.[15][17] At least one species has also adapted to able to breathe air when out of water.[15]

Timeline edit

QuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.Plio.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleoceneAnarrhichthysAnarhichasQuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.Plio.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleocene

Physiology edit

Metabolic adaptations to low temperatures edit

Species of eelpouts have adapted in order to grow and thrive in the extreme low temperatures of their habitats. The metabolic responses of Antarctic and temperate eelpout species during exercise and subsequent recovery at 0 °C[18] is a point of emphasis when understanding this species. Contrary to the hypothesis of reduced glycolytic capacity in Antarctic fish as an adaptation to low temperatures, findings revealed similar increases in white muscle lactate, intracellular pH drop, and phosphocreatine depletion during strenuous exercise in both species. Notably, Antarctic eelpout exhibited faster recovery kinetics, including lactate clearance. This suggests a superior metabolic cold compensation mechanism compared to temperate eelpout. The study also proposed a correlation between reduced ATP energy content and muscular fatigue, highlighting the intricate metabolic adjustments crucial for sustaining activity in extreme cold conditions.[19] These environmental factors surrounding this species show how it has adapted and survived over time.

Thermal stress responses edit

As global temperatures continue to rise, understanding how aquatic species adapt to thermal stress becomes increasingly crucial. The physiological responses of temperate eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) from the North Sea and Antarctic eelpout (Pachycara brachycephalum) to gradually increasing water temperatures were examined. The study explored parameters such as standard metabolic rate (SMR), intracellular pH regulation, and the upper critical temperature limit (TcII), to explain the species' thermal tolerance.[20] Results revealed distinct differences in metabolic responses between the two species, indicating varied thermal sensitivities and adaptation strategies. The habitat of an eelpout can vary greatly throughout the year, as seasonal temperatures can change drastically between 3 and 12 degrees C. With increasing temperatures of the water in these regions, the eelpouts struggle to cope.[20] Certain signs of this struggle are apparent when being studied in a lab, as they raise their pectoral fins, swim around more vigorously, and attempt to jump out of their holding aquariums, leading to the conclusion that higher temperatures lead to higher levels of agitation. For short periods of time, however, this species is able to cope.[20] These findings have implications for understanding the physiological constraints faced by eelpout fish under thermal stress and offer insights into potential shifts in species distribution patterns driven by global warming.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
  2. ^ Swainson, William (1839). On the Natural History and Classification of Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles. Vol. 2. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Greene, & Longmans. pp. 82–83, 184, 283. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.62140.
  3. ^ Kawahara, R.; Miya, M.; Mabuchi, K.; Lavoué, S.; Inoue, J.G.; Satoh, T.P.; Kawaguchi, A. & Nishida, M. (2008). "Interrelationships of the 11 gasterosteiform families (sticklebacks, pipefishes, and their relatives): a new perspective based on whole mitogenome sequences from 75 higher teleosts". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46 (1): 224–36. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.009. PMID 17709262.
  4. ^ a b J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 478–482. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  5. ^ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
  6. ^ Anderson , M. E. and V. V . Fedorov (2004). "Family Zoarcidae Swainson 1839 — eelpouts" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes. 34.
  7. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2022). "Zoarcidae" in FishBase. June 2022 version.
  8. ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Zoarcidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  9. ^ "INDEX", Cognitive Ergonomics, Elsevier, pp. 257–261, 1990, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-248290-8.50022-4, ISBN 978-0-12-248290-8, retrieved 2024-04-10
  10. ^ Publishers, Estonian Academy (2016). Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology. Estonian Academy Publishers.
  11. ^ Radchenko, O. A. (2016). "Timeline of the evolution of eelpouts from the suborder Zoarcoidei (Perciformes) based on DNA variability". Journal of Ichthyology. 56 (4): 556–568. doi:10.1134/S0032945216040123. ISSN 0032-9452.
  12. ^ a b Il’insky, E. N.; Kuznetsova, N. A. (July 2010). "Spatial and length distribution, sex composition, and feeding of the notched-fin eelpout Zoarces elongatus (Perciformes: Zoarcidae) in the Sea of Okhotsk". Russian Journal of Marine Biology. 36 (4): 252–257. doi:10.1134/S1063074010040036. ISSN 1063-0740.
  13. ^ a b Anderson, M. Eric (1988-02-05). "Eucryphycus, a new genus of California eelpout (Teleostei: Zoarcidae) based on Maynea californica Starks and Mann, 1911". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 4th. 45 (5): 89-96 p. 91.
  14. ^ "Family Zoarcidae: Eelpouts". Key to Fishes of the Puget Sound. Burke Museum. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  15. ^ a b c Froese, R.; D. Pauly (eds.). "Zoarces viviparus (Linnaeus, 1758), Eelpout". FishBase.
  16. ^ Anderson, M. Eric (1989-12-20). "Review of the eelpout genus Pachycara Zugmayer, 1911 (Teleostei: Zoarcidae), with descriptions of six new species". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 4th. 46 (10): 221–242.
  17. ^ Belman, Bruce W.; Anderson, M. Eric (May 18, 1979). "Aquarium Observations on Feeding by Melanostigma pammelas (Pisces: Zoarcidae)". Copeia. 1979 (2): 366–369. doi:10.2307/1443432. JSTOR 1443432.
  18. ^ Hardewig, I.; Van Dijk, P. L. M.; Pörtner, H. O. (1998-06-01). "High-energy turnover at low temperatures: recovery from exhaustive exercise in Antarctic and temperate eelpouts". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 274 (6): R1789–R1796. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.6.r1789. ISSN 0363-6119.
  19. ^ Brodte, E.; Knust, R.; Pörtner, H. O. (2006-06-23). "Temperature-dependent energy allocation to growth in Antarctic and boreal eelpout (Zoarcidae)". Polar Biology. 30 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1007/s00300-006-0165-y. ISSN 0722-4060.
  20. ^ a b c Zakhartsev, M. V.; De Wachter, B.; Sartoris, F. J.; Pörtner, H. O.; Blust, R. (2003-05-28). "Thermal physiology of the common eelpout (Zoarces viviparus)". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 173 (5): 365–378. doi:10.1007/s00360-003-0342-z. ISSN 0174-1578.

April 27, 2024
eelpout, this, article, about, family, marine, fish, freshwater, fish, species, known, eelpout, some, regions, north, america, burbot, eelpouts, finned, fish, family, zoarcidae, common, name, suggests, they, somewhat, like, appearance, species, marine, mostly,. This article is about the family of marine fish For the freshwater fish species known as eelpout in some regions of North America see burbot The eelpouts are the ray finned fish family Zoarcidae As the common name suggests they are somewhat eel like in appearance All of the 300 species are marine and mostly bottom dwelling some at great depths Eelpouts are predominantly found in the Northern Hemisphere The arctic north pacific and north Atlantic oceans have the highest concentration of species however species are found around the globe Eelpout Gymnelus hemifasciatus Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Order Scorpaeniformes Suborder Zoarcoidei Family ZoarcidaeSwainson 1839 1 2 Subfamilies see text They are conventionally placed in the perciform assemblage in fact the Zoarcoidei seem to be specialized members of the Gasterosteiformes Scorpaeniformes group of Acanthopterygii 3 The largest member of the family is Zoarces americanus which may reach 1 1 m in length Other notable genera include Lycodapus and Gymnelus Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Evolution and adaptations 3 Subfamilies and genera 4 Characteristics 4 1 Biology 5 Timeline 6 Physiology 6 1 Metabolic adaptations to low temperatures 6 2 Thermal stress responses 7 ReferencesTaxonomy editThe eelpout family was first proposed as the family Zoarchidae in 1839 by the English naturalist William John Swainson but the spelling was changed to Zoarcidae after the spelling of the genus Zoarces was corrected by Theodore Gill in 1861 1 The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family within the suborder Zoarcoidei within the order Scorpaeniformes 4 Other authorities classify this family in the infraorder Zoarcales within the suborder Cottoidei of the Perciformes because removing the Scorpaeniformes from the Perciformes renders that taxon non monophyletic 5 Fishes of the World mentions four subfamilies but does not assign genera to the subfamilies 4 but these were set out in Anderson and Federov s Annotated Checklist 6 and this has been followed by FishBase 7 and Catalog of Fishes 8 Evolution and adaptations editEelpout species have evolved to efficiently give birth to future generations They utilize demersal eggs which are eggs that are deposited on the seafloor and can be either free or connected to the substrate These egg clusters can range from 9 2 mm to 9 8 mm which are the largest compared to any other marine egg cluster 9 It has been found that eelpouts grow larger and heavier in areas where the water is relatively shallow In these areas this species consumes molluscs invertebrates and small fish The difference of biodiversity at varying depths has led to the evolution of distinct populations connecting to the study that temperature might have a significant effect on them 10 Studies have shown that there are three large families of eelpout species Zoarcidae Stichaeidae and Pholidae These species have been thought to have evolved in northern colder seas each diverging off of each other at different points in time millions of years ago 11 The notched fin eelpout which is commonly found in the Sea of Okhotsk have shown researchers what the average length of an adult eelpout is usually sitting between 21 and 26 cm long females typically larger than males 12 Their size has been found to increase as the depth of water in which they have been studied lowers They feed commonly on Gammarids small shrimp like organisms Polychaetes marine worms and Bivalves clams and muscles on the seafloor 12 Subfamilies and genera editThe eelpouts are classified into four subfamilies and 61 genera with around 300 species 8 1 nbsp Bothrocara brunneum nbsp Lycodes turneri nbsp Pachycara sp nbsp Zoarces viviparus subfamily Gymnelinae Gill 1863 Andriashevia Fedorov amp Neelov 1978 Barbapellis Iglesias Dettai amp Ozouf Costaz 2012 Bilabria Schmidt 1936 Davidijordania Popov 1931 Ericandersonia Shinohara amp Sakurai 2006 Gymnelopsis Soldatov 1922 Gymnelus Reinhardt 1834 Hadropareia Schmidt 1904 Krusensterniella Schmidt 1904 Magadanichthys Shinohara Nazarkin amp Chereshnev 2006 Melanostigma Gunther 1881 Nalbantichthys Schultz 1967 Opaeophacus Bond amp Stein 1984 Puzanovia Fedorov 1975 Seleniolycus Anderson 1988 subfamily Lycodinae Gill 1861 Aiakas Gosztonyi 1977 Argentinolycus Matallanas amp Corbella 2012 Austrolycus Regan 1913 Bellingshausenia Matallanas 2009 Bentartia Matallanas 2010 Bothrocara Bean 1890 Bothrocarina Suvorov 1935 Crossostomus Lahille 1908 Dadyanos Whitley 1951 Derepodichthys Gilbert 1896 Dieidolycus Anderson 1988 Eucryphycus Anderson 1988 Exechodontes DeWitt 1977 Gosztonyia Matallanas 2009 Hadropogonichthys Fedorov 1982 Iluocoetes Jenyns 1842 Japonolycodes Shinohara Sakurai amp Machida 2002 Letholycus Anderson 1988 Lycenchelys Gill 1884 Lycodapus Gilbert 1890 Lycodes Reinhardt 1831 Lycodichthys Pappenheim 1911 Lycodonus Goode amp Bean 1883 Lycogrammoides Soldatov amp Lindberg 1928 Lyconema Gilbert 1896 Maynea Cunningham 1871 Notolycodes Gosztonyi 1977 Oidiphorus McAllister amp Rees 1964 Ophthalmolycus Regan 1913 Pachycara Zugmayer 1911 Patagolycus Matallanas amp Corbella 2012 Petroschmidtia Taranetz amp Andriashev 1934 Phucocoetes Jenyns 1842 Piedrabuenia Gosztonyi 1977 Plesienchelys Anderson 1988 Pogonolycus Norman 1937 Pyrolycus Machida amp Hashimoto 2002 Santelmoa Matallanas 2010 Taranetzella Andriashev 1952 Thermarces Rosenblatt amp Cohen 1986 Zestichthys Jordan amp Hubbs 1925 subfamily Lycozarcinae Andriashev 1939 Lycozoarces Popov 1935 subfamily Zoarcinae Swainson 1839 Zoarces Cuvier 1829Characteristics editThe body of eelpouts is relatively elongated and laterally compressed 13 Their heads are relatively small and ovoid Juveniles have a more rounded snout and relatively larger eye than adults 13 Their scales are absent or very small 14 The dorsal and anal fins are continuous down their bodies up to their caudal fin They produce the pigment biliverdin which turns their bones green This feature has no apparent evolutionary function and is harmless 15 Overall there is no sexual dimorphism 16 Biology edit Little is known about eelpout populations because they often slip through nets in sampling studies and because some species live in inaccessibly deep habitats Species for which trophic ecology has been documented are typically if not always benthic scavengers or predators 15 17 At least one species has also adapted to able to breathe air when out of water 15 Timeline editPhysiology editMetabolic adaptations to low temperatures edit Species of eelpouts have adapted in order to grow and thrive in the extreme low temperatures of their habitats The metabolic responses of Antarctic and temperate eelpout species during exercise and subsequent recovery at 0 C 18 is a point of emphasis when understanding this species Contrary to the hypothesis of reduced glycolytic capacity in Antarctic fish as an adaptation to low temperatures findings revealed similar increases in white muscle lactate intracellular pH drop and phosphocreatine depletion during strenuous exercise in both species Notably Antarctic eelpout exhibited faster recovery kinetics including lactate clearance This suggests a superior metabolic cold compensation mechanism compared to temperate eelpout The study also proposed a correlation between reduced ATP energy content and muscular fatigue highlighting the intricate metabolic adjustments crucial for sustaining activity in extreme cold conditions 19 These environmental factors surrounding this species show how it has adapted and survived over time Thermal stress responses edit As global temperatures continue to rise understanding how aquatic species adapt to thermal stress becomes increasingly crucial The physiological responses of temperate eelpout Zoarces viviparus from the North Sea and Antarctic eelpout Pachycara brachycephalum to gradually increasing water temperatures were examined The study explored parameters such as standard metabolic rate SMR intracellular pH regulation and the upper critical temperature limit TcII to explain the species thermal tolerance 20 Results revealed distinct differences in metabolic responses between the two species indicating varied thermal sensitivities and adaptation strategies The habitat of an eelpout can vary greatly throughout the year as seasonal temperatures can change drastically between 3 and 12 degrees C With increasing temperatures of the water in these regions the eelpouts struggle to cope 20 Certain signs of this struggle are apparent when being studied in a lab as they raise their pectoral fins swim around more vigorously and attempt to jump out of their holding aquariums leading to the conclusion that higher temperatures lead to higher levels of agitation For short periods of time however this species is able to cope 20 These findings have implications for understanding the physiological constraints faced by eelpout fish under thermal stress and offer insights into potential shifts in species distribution patterns driven by global warming References edit a b c Richard van der Laan William N Eschmeyer amp Ronald Fricke 2014 Family group names of Recent fishes Zootaxa 3882 2 001 230 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3882 1 1 PMID 25543675 Swainson William 1839 On the Natural History and Classification of Fishes Amphibians and Reptiles Vol 2 London Longman Orme Brown Greene amp Longmans pp 82 83 184 283 doi 10 5962 bhl title 62140 Kawahara R Miya M Mabuchi K Lavoue S Inoue J G Satoh T P Kawaguchi A amp Nishida M 2008 Interrelationships of the 11 gasterosteiform families sticklebacks pipefishes and their relatives a new perspective based on whole mitogenome sequences from 75 higher teleosts Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46 1 224 36 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2007 07 009 PMID 17709262 a b J S Nelson T C Grande M V H Wilson 2016 Fishes of the World 5th ed Wiley pp 478 482 ISBN 978 1 118 34233 6 Archived from the original on 2019 04 08 Retrieved 2022 10 05 Ricardo Betancur R Edward O Wiley Gloria Arratia et al 2017 Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes BMC Evolutionary Biology 17 162 162 doi 10 1186 s12862 017 0958 3 PMC 5501477 PMID 28683774 Anderson M E and V V Fedorov 2004 Family Zoarcidae Swainson 1839 eelpouts PDF California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes 34 Froese Rainer and Daniel Pauly eds 2022 Zoarcidae in FishBase June 2022 version a b Eschmeyer William N Fricke Ron amp van der Laan Richard eds Genera in the family Zoarcidae Catalog of Fishes California Academy of Sciences Retrieved 4 October 2022 INDEX Cognitive Ergonomics Elsevier pp 257 261 1990 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 248290 8 50022 4 ISBN 978 0 12 248290 8 retrieved 2024 04 10 Publishers Estonian Academy 2016 Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences Biology and Ecology Estonian Academy Publishers Radchenko O A 2016 Timeline of the evolution of eelpouts from the suborder Zoarcoidei Perciformes based on DNA variability Journal of Ichthyology 56 4 556 568 doi 10 1134 S0032945216040123 ISSN 0032 9452 a b Il insky E N Kuznetsova N A July 2010 Spatial and length distribution sex composition and feeding of the notched fin eelpout Zoarces elongatus Perciformes Zoarcidae in the Sea of Okhotsk Russian Journal of Marine Biology 36 4 252 257 doi 10 1134 S1063074010040036 ISSN 1063 0740 a b Anderson M Eric 1988 02 05 Eucryphycus a new genus of California eelpout Teleostei Zoarcidae based on Maynea californica Starks and Mann 1911 Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 4th 45 5 89 96 p 91 Family Zoarcidae Eelpouts Key to Fishes of the Puget Sound Burke Museum Retrieved 10 September 2022 a b c Froese R D Pauly eds Zoarces viviparus Linnaeus 1758 Eelpout FishBase Anderson M Eric 1989 12 20 Review of the eelpout genus Pachycara Zugmayer 1911 Teleostei Zoarcidae with descriptions of six new species Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 4th 46 10 221 242 Belman Bruce W Anderson M Eric May 18 1979 Aquarium Observations on Feeding by Melanostigma pammelas Pisces Zoarcidae Copeia 1979 2 366 369 doi 10 2307 1443432 JSTOR 1443432 Hardewig I Van Dijk P L M Portner H O 1998 06 01 High energy turnover at low temperatures recovery from exhaustive exercise in Antarctic and temperate eelpouts American Journal of Physiology Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology 274 6 R1789 R1796 doi 10 1152 ajpregu 1998 274 6 r1789 ISSN 0363 6119 Brodte E Knust R Portner H O 2006 06 23 Temperature dependent energy allocation to growth in Antarctic and boreal eelpout Zoarcidae Polar Biology 30 1 95 107 doi 10 1007 s00300 006 0165 y ISSN 0722 4060 a b c Zakhartsev M V De Wachter B Sartoris F J Portner H O Blust R 2003 05 28 Thermal physiology of the common eelpout Zoarces viviparus Journal of Comparative Physiology B 173 5 365 378 doi 10 1007 s00360 003 0342 z ISSN 0174 1578 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eelpout amp oldid 1220893128, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.