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Edward Despard

Edward Marcus Despard (1751 – 21 February 1803), an Irish officer in the service of the British Crown, gained notoriety as a colonial administrator for refusing to recognise racial distinctions in law and, following his recall to London, as a republican conspirator. Despard's associations with the London Corresponding Society, the United Irishmen and United Britons led to his trial and execution in 1803 as the alleged ringleader of a plot to assassinate the King.

Edward Marcus Despard
Attributed to George Romney
Born1751
Died21 February 1803
Cause of deathExecution by hanging
Nationality Kingdom of Ireland, Irish
Occupation(s)Soldier, colonial administrator, revolutionary
Employer(s) British Army, British Home Office
Movement Society of United Irishmen, London Corresponding Society
Criminal chargeHigh treason
Criminal penaltyDeath by hanging followed by beheading

Ireland, and military service in the Caribbean

 
A friend from Caribbean service, Horatio Nelson

Edward Despard was born in 1751 in Coolrain, Camross, Queen's County, in the Kingdom of Ireland, the youngest of eight surviving children (six sons, two daughters) of William Despard, a protestant landowner of Huguenot descent, and Jane Despard (née Walsh).[1] With neighboring gentry, his father and grandfather enlarged their estate by enclosing "waste", and parish, land to which their tenants had had traditional access. This contributed, in Despard's childhood years, to local Whiteboy disturbances (well remembered by his niece).[2]

Despard was boarded at the Quaker School in Ballitore, County Kildare,[1] which, looking beyond basic literacy, instructed children in mathematics, the classics and, uniquely in Ireland, modern languages.[3] These subjects would not have been neglected when from age eight, Despard began to acquire "the character, the manner, and the habits of a gentleman, and a soldier" as a page in the household of the Lord Hertford, Ambassador to France (1763–65), and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1765–66).[4] It is possible that the young Despard was acquainted with David Hume in Paris, where the Scottish enlightenment philosopher and historian attended Hertford as the embassy secretary.[5]

In 1766, age fifteen, Despard followed his older brothers—one of whom, John Despard (1745–1829), was to rise to the rank of full general–into the British Army. He enrolled as an ensign in the 50th Foot.[6]

Posted with his regiment to Jamaica, Despard served as a defence-works engineer and in 1772 was promoted to lieutenant.[7] His work required him to lead "motley crews", including free blacks, Miskitos and others of mixed-ancestry. In "forming and coordinating the gangs of workers whose labor was his triumph", it has been suggested that Despard was "creolized" in his sympathies".[8]

During the American War of Independence Despard served with distinction in sea-borne descents upon the Spanish Kingdom of Guatemala. He fought alongside Horatio Nelson (and attained the rank of captain) in the San Juan expedition of 1780. Two years later he commanded the British force that in the Battle of the Black River recovered British settlements on the Miskito Coast from the Spanish, for which he received a royal commendation and the rank of colonel.[9] While leading reconnoitring missions, Despard again worked intimately with the African-Indian Miskitos[10] Olaudah Equiano, a former slave who had lived among them in the 1770s, recorded that "These Indians live under an almost perfect equality, and there are no rich or poor among them. They do not strive to accumulate, and the great unwearied exertion, found among our civilised societies, is unknown among them".[11]

"Without distinction of colour": Superintendent of the Bay of Honduras

 
Territory conceded by Spain to British settlers for cutting timber

After the Peace of Paris which concluded the war in 1783 Despard was made Superintendent of the British logwood concessions in the Bay of Honduras (present-day Belize). As directed from London. Despard sought to accommodate British subjects, the "Shoremen", displaced in the evacuation agreed with the Spanish (Convention of London 1786) of the Miskito Coast. To the dismay of the established "Baymen" (slave-holding loggers), Despard did so without "any distinction of age, sex, character, respectability, property or colour".[12] He distributed land by lottery in which, the Baymen noted in their petition to London, "the meanest mulatto or free negro has an equal chance".[13][14] Despard also set aside lands for common use (a reversal of the enclosures to which his family had been party in Ireland)[2] and sought to keep food prices down “for the poorer sort of people”.[15]

To the suggestion from the Home Secretary, Lord Sydney, that it was impolitic to put "affluent settlers and persons of a different description, particularly people of colour" on an "equal footing", Despard replied "the laws of England ... know no such distinction". (He had, on the same principle, overruled a local law excluding Jewish merchants from the Bay). Persuaded by the Baymen's entreaty that under "Despard's constitution" the "negroes in servitude, observing the now exalted status of their brethren of yesterday [the free, and now propertied, blacks among the Shoremen] would be induced to revolt, and the settlement must be ruined ", in 1790 Sydney's successor, Lord Grenville, recalled Despard to London.[16][17]

Despard supplied Grenville with a 500-page report in which he characterized the Baymen as an "arbitrary aristocracy". He buttressed his argument with the results of the magistracy election in which he had stood shortly before he left, winning a resounding majority on an unprecedented turnout. But "the cause of electoral representation struck no chord with Grenville": he had bought his own seat in Parliament and had served as Chief Secretary for Ireland without being persuaded of the urgency of extending votes to Catholics.[18]

In the Bay Despard's work was undone. By the 1820s the settlement would have seven legally distinct castes based on skin colour.[18]

Catherine Despard, "mixed" marriage

Before leaving the Bay, in 1790 Despard had married Catherine, the daughter a free black woman from Kingston, Jamaica.[19] He arrived in London together with her and their young son, James, as his acknowledged family. There was scarcely precedent in England for what was considered a "mixed-race" marriage. Yet in what may be "a marker of the more fluid and tolerant character of racial attitudes in the Age of Reform", their marriage does not appear to have been publicly challenged.[20]

When following Despard's arrest in 1798, the government sought to discredit Catherine's articulate intercessions on her husband's behalf, they thought it sufficient to observe that she was of the "fair sex". On the floor of the Commons John Courtenay MP (an Irishman), read a letter from Catherine in which she described her husband as being held "in a dark cell, not seven feet square, without fire, or candle, chair, table, knife, fork, a glazed window, or even a book". In reply, the attorney general Sir John Scott suggested that Catherine was being used as a mouthpiece by political subversives: "it was a well-written letter, and the fair sex would pardon him, if he said it was a little beyond their style in general".[21]

At the time of the Despards' arrival in London, the virtue of openly mixed race marriages was being championed by Olaudah Equiano. Equiano, touring with his autobiography and abolitionist polemic The Interesting Narrative of the Life of ... The African. Himself married to an English woman, Equiano asked: "Why not establish intermarriage at home, and in our colonies, and encourage open, free and generous love, upon Nature’s own wide and extensive plan, subservient only to moral rectitude, without distinction of the colour of a skin?"[22]

The next generation of Despards denied Edward and Catherine's marriage. Family memoirs referred to Catherine as his "black housekeeper", and "the poor woman who called herself his wife". James was ascribed to a previous lover, both of whom were written out of the family tree.[14]

Irish radical in London

 
Etching by Barlow, based on sketch taken at his trial, January 1803

Pitt's "Reign of Terror"

Without a further commission and having been pursued by his enemies in the Bay with lawsuits, in London Despard found himself confined for two years in a debtors' prison. There he read Thomas Paine's Rights of Man. A response to Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, it was a vindication of the "wild and Levelling principle of Universal Equality" he been accused of administering in the Bay.[23]

By the time Despard was released from the King's Bench Prison in 1794, Paine had been forced to take refuge in the new French Republic, with which the British Crown was now at war, and in both Britain and Ireland some of his more ardent admirers were beginning to consider universal franchise and annual parliaments a cause for physical force.

In October 1793, a British Convention in Edinburgh, with delegates from English corresponding societies attending, was broken up by the authorities on charges of sedition. Joseph Gerrald and Maurice Margarot of the London Corresponding Society and their host Thomas Muir of the Society of the Friends of the People were sentenced to fourteen years transportation. When in May 1794 an attempt to indict the radical English MP John Horne Tooke for treason misfired with a jury, the ministry of William Pitt (Grenville's coursin) renewed what was to have been an eight-month suspension of Habeas Corpus.

In summer of 1795 crowds shouting "No war, no Pitt, cheap bread" attacked the prime minister's residence in Downing Street and surrounded the King in procession to Parliament. There was also a riot at Charing Cross at the scene of which Despard was detained and questioned, something which a magistrate suggested Despard might have avoided had he not, in giving his name, used the "improper title" of "citizen".[24] In October, the government introduced the "Gagging Acts" (Seditious Meetings Act and the Treason Act), which outlawed "seditious" gatherings and rendered even the "contemplation" of force a treasonable offence.[25][26]

United Britons

Despard joined the London Corresponding Society (LCS), and was quickly taken on to its central committee. He also took the United Irish pledge (or "Test") "to obtain an equal, full and adequate representation of all the people of Ireland" in a sovereign parliament in Dublin. At a time when the Irish movement was turning increasingly towards the prospects for a French-assisted insurrection, Despard would have found it represented in LCS and other radical circles in London, by the brothers Arthur and Roger O'Connor, and by Jane Greg.[27][28]

In the summer of 1797 James Coigly, a Catholic priest who had risen to prominence among the United Irishmen during the Armagh Disturbances,[29] arrived from Manchester where he had been administering as a test for "United Englishmen" an oath to "Remove the diadem and take off the crown ... [to] exalt him that is low and abuse him that is high".[30] In London Coigly met with the leading Irish members of the LCS. In addition to Despard, these included Society President Alexander Galloway, and the brothers Benjamin and John Binns. Meetings were held at Furnival's Inn, Holborn, where, convening as the "United Britons", delegates from London, Scotland and the regions committed themselves "to overthrow the present Government, and to join the French as soon as they made a landing in England"[29] (in December 1796 only weather had prevented a major French landing in Ireland).

At this point it appears that Despard held "a pivotal position between British republicans and France". In June 1797, a government informer reported that a United Irish delegation, travelling to France via London, had applied to Despard for the necessary documents.[31][32] It is possible that this was Coigly's party.

In December 1797 Coigly returned from France with news of French plans for an invasion, but on the February 28, 1798, when seeking again to cross the Channel in a party of five he and Arthur O'Connor were arrested. O'Connor, able to call Charles James Fox, Richard Brinsley Sheridan and Henry Grattan in his defence, was acquitted. Coigly had been caught with a letter to the French Directory from the United Britons was convicted of treason and hanged in June. While its suggestion of a mass movement primed for insurrection had been scarcely credible, it was sufficient proof of the intent to invite and encourage a French invasion.[29]

Despard, who at his trial Coigly had admitted meeting, remained in contact with United Irishman Valentine Lawless, was reported as frequenting seditious conclaves a various ale houses in London.[33]

Detention

The government swooped on the London Corresponding Society. On March 10, Despard was detained at lodgings in Soho, where The Times reported he had been found in bed with "a black woman" (his wife, Catherine). Along with around thirty others, he was held without charge in Coldbath Fields, a recently rebuilt high security prison in Clerkenwell.[14] Despard, despite Catherine's lobbying efforts, was held for three years.

During this time the authorities saw the hand not only of English radicals but also, with a large Irish contingent among the sailors, of United Irishmen in the Spithead and Nore mutinies of April and May 1797. They seized upon the leading role of Valentine Joyce at Spithead, described by Edmund Burke as "seditious Belfast clubist".[34] Further repressive measures followed. The Corresponding Societies were comprehensively suppressed and the Combination Laws of 1799 and 1800 rendered union activity among workers criminal.

Return to Ireland and renewed engagement

With hostilities with France suspended by the Treaty of Amiens, Despard, who had not been charged, was released in May 1802. There was no indication that he was intending to renew his seditious activity—in prison he had petitioned for voluntary transportation. But he returned to Ireland where he met with William Dowdall, recently released from Fort George in Scotland. With Thomas Russell and other state prisoners, Dowdall had been in contact with the young militants Robert Emmet and William Putnam McCabe who were determined to reorganise United Irishmen on a strict military-conspiratorial basis. Members would be chosen personally by its officers meeting as the executive directory. The immediate aim of the reconstituted society was, in conjunction with simultaneous risings in Ireland and England, to again solicit a French invasion. The roving McCabe (Belfast, Dublin, Glasgow, Manchester, London, Hamburg, Paris) was to take up the role that had been Coigly's .[31]

Despard may also have been swayed by what he observed in his home county of Queens. Government informers were reporting that while the Rebellion that had flared in 1798 had been "put down" it was "by no means suppressed. The blaze is only smothered".[35]

Meanwhile, in England, the influx of refugees from Ireland, the angry response of workers to the Combination Acts, and continued protest over food shortages encouraged renewed organisation among former conspirators. A military system and pike manufacture began to spread across the mill districts of Lancashire and Yorkshire, and regular meetings resumed between county and London delegates resumed.[31]

Treason trial

On 16 November 1802, not long after meeting again Dowdall[36] (who on his return to Ireland, had spoken openly of an insurrectionary conspiracy in London, at a dinner party)[37] Despard was arrested. He was seized attending a meeting of 40 working men at the Oakley Arms public house in Lambeth. Taken in chains to be interrogated by the Privy Council the next day, he was charged with High Treason. Government informers named him as the ringleader of a United Britons conspiracy to assassinate King George III and seize the Tower of London and Bank of England. Despard was prosecuted by Attorney General Spencer Perceval, before Lord Ellenborough, the Lord Chief Justice in a Special Commission on Monday, 7 February 1803.[38]

Perceval had evidence that others in the club room of the Oakley Arms had discussed an insurrectionary plot with connections (he did not see fit to detail in court) to a northern underground: United Britons committed to rise on news of a coup in London. The Oakley Arms, however, did not appear from the testimony to have been the headquarters of the conspiracy, and Despard had only been there on one occasion before his arrest.[31] To implicate Despard, he relied heavily on the many mentions of his name in United Irish correspondence. But at "several stages removed from the colonel's actions" these were often from persons Despard had never met.[39]

It is possible that Despard had been little more than an intended figurehead for a rising, chosen as someone who gained some public notoriety and sympathy for his harsh imprisonment in Cold Bath Fields.[31]

Lord Nelson, then famous for his victory in the Battle of the Nile, made a dramatic appearance as a character witness in Despard's defence: "We went on the Spanish Main together; we slept many nights together in our clothes upon the ground; we have measured the height of the enemies wall together. In all that period of time no man could have shewn more zealous attachment to his Sovereign and his Country". But Nelson had to admit to having "lost sight of Despard for the last twenty years."[40][41] The same was conceded by General Sir Alured Clarke and Sir Evan Nepean who similarly testified to Despard's military service.[42]

In the end the jury was satisfied with a prosecution case that connected Despard to only one overt act, the administration of illegal oaths. But perhaps moved by the Vice-Admiral's testimony, they recommended clemency. In denying their motion, Ellenborough emphasised the revolutionary nature of Despard's purpose. This he claimed had been not only to rend the new union between Great Britain and Ireland, but also to affect "the forcible reduction to one common level of all the advantages of property, of all civil and political rights whatsoever".[43] Together with John Wood, 36, John Francis, 23, both privates in the army, Thomas Broughton, 26, a carpenter, James Sedgwick Wratton, 35, a shoemaker, Arthur Graham, 53, a slater, and John Macnamara, a labourer, Despard was sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered.[9]

Execution

 
Edward Despard addresses the crowd at his execution, 1803.

With Nelson's assistance, Catherine Despard appealed clemency to both the Prime Minister and the King, but secured only a waiving of the then already archaic rites of disembowelment.[44] Magistrates, however, insisted on the "drawing" – there had never been a conviction for high treason without dragging the sentenced to the gallows in a carriage without wheels. Seated for the purpose of the drawing backwards upon hay bales and bumped across the cobbled courtyard of Horsemonger Lane Gaol, Despard burst out laughing. The sentence was not passed again.[45]

Edward Despard and six co-defendants, John Francis, John Wood, James Sedgewick Wrattan, Thomas Broughton, Arthur Graham and John Macnamara, were hanged and decapitated on the roof of the gatehouse at Horsemonger Lane Gaol on 21 February 1803. The authorities had feared a public demonstration. Constables were ordered to watch "all the public houses and other places of resort for the disaffected", and the jail keeper was issued a rocket to launch as a signal to the military in the event of trouble.[46] During the trial crowds had come nightly to surround the jail and there had been difficulty finding workmen willing to construct the scaffold.[47]

Despard had declined to take divine service. He offered that while "outward forms of worship were useful for political purposes", he thought "the opinions of Churchmen, Dissenters, Quakers, Methodists, Catholics, Savages, or even Atheists, were equally indifferent". He was permitted a final meeting with his wife during which, according to reports, "the Colonel betrayed nothing like an unbecoming weakness".[48]

With the hangman's noose loosely around his neck, Despard stepped to the edge of the platform, and addressed a crowd, estimated at twenty thousand (until the funeral of Lord Nelson following the Battle of Trafalgar the largest gathering London had witnessed), with words Catherine may have helped him prepare:[49]

Fellow Citizens, I come here, as you see, after having served my Country faithfully, honourably and usefully, for thirty years and upwards, to suffer death upon a scaffold for a crime which I protest I am not guilty. I solemnly declare that I am no more guilty of it than any of you who may be now hearing me. But though His Majesty’s Ministers know as well as I do that I am not guilty, yet they avail themselves of a legal pretext to destroy a man, because he has been a friend to truth, to liberty, and to justice

[a considerable huzzah from the crowd]

because he has been a friend to the poor and to the oppressed. But, Citizens, I hope and trust, notwithstanding my fate, and the fate of those who no doubt will soon follow me, that the principles of freedom, of humanity, and of justice, will finally triumph over falsehood, tyranny and delusion, and every principle inimical to the interests of the human race.

[a warning from the Sheriff]

I have little more to add, except to wish you all health, happiness and freedom, which I have endeavoured, as far as was in my power, to procure for you, and for mankind in general.

After Despard was hung and his body decapitated, the executioner held the head by the hair to the view of the populace and exclaimed "This is the head of a traitor, Edward Marcus Despard".[50]

Epilogue

Catherine Despard's final service to her husband was to insist on his hereditary right to be buried in St Faith's in the City of London, an old graveyard that had been subsumed within the walls of St Paul's Cathedral, a campaign she won despite protests to the government from the Lord Mayor of London. On the day of the funeral (held March 1 to allow their son James serving in the French army to return from Paris), people lined the street from their last residence in Lambeth, across Blackfriars Bridge, towards St Paul's, at which point they dispersed in silence.[51]

After his death, there was a report of Catherine Despard being taken under the "protection" of Lady Nelson.[52] The MP Sir Francis Burdett, who with Horne Tooke had assisted in the defence, helped arrange a pension. She spent some time in Ireland, a guest of Valentine Lawless, 2nd Baron Cloncurry who had been detained with Despard in 1798. Catherine Despard died in Somers Town, London, in 1815.[53]

Their son James returned to Britain after the Napoleonic Wars. The final trace of him in the family records is an episode recounted by General John Despard, Edward's older brother, who was leaving a London theatre when he heard a carriage driver calling the family name. He made his way towards the carriage he assumed was his, "and there appeared a flashy Creole and a flashy young lady on his arm, and they both stepped into it."[54]

In popular culture

Madame Tussauds famous waxworks in London showcased an effigy of Edward Despard, using him as one of the first British criminals to be featured in her ‘Adjoining Room’, now known as the Chamber of Horrors.[55]

Despard appears as a character in the fifth (2015) series of the popular British television drama Poldark, played by Vincent Regan .[56] The screenplay is based on the historical novels of Winston Graham.

References

  1. ^ a b Quinn, James (2009). "Despard, Edward Marcus | Dictionary of Irish Biography". www.dib.ie. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  2. ^ a b Linebaugh, Peter (2003), "'A dish with one spoon': American experience and the transformation of three officers of the crown", in Thomas Bartlett et al. (eds.), 1798: A Bicentenary Perspective, Dublin, Four Courts Press, ISBN 1851824308, (pp. 642–657), pp. 652–653.
  3. ^ Brannigan, Cyril (1 January 1985). "Ballitore Quaker School and its unique curriculum, 1726–1836". Irish Educational Studies. 5 (2): 302–314. doi:10.1080/0332331850050218. ISSN 0332-3315.
  4. ^ Conner, Clifford (2000). Colonel Despard: The Life and Times of an Anglo-Irish Rebel. Cambridge MA: Da Capo Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-1580970266.
  5. ^ Klibansky, Raymond, and Ernest C. Mossner, eds. 1954. New Letters of David Hume. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 77–79.
  6. ^ Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1922), Unfortunate Colonel Despard and Other Studies. London, Burt Franklin. p. 2
  7. ^   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Despard, Edward Marcus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 101.
  8. ^ Linebaugh, Peter; Rediker, Marcus (2000). The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. 258–261. ISBN 9780807050071.
  9. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  10. ^ Conner (2000), pp. 47–48
  11. ^ Conzemius, Philip (1932). Ethnographical Survey of the Miskito and Sumu Indians of Honduras and Nicaragua. Washington DD: Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 106. p. 48.
  12. ^ Burns, Alan (1965). History of the British West Indies (Second ed.). New York: Allen & Unwin. p. 541. ISBN 9780849019890.
  13. ^ Campbell, Mavis (2003). "St George's Cay: Genesis of the British Settlement of Belize – Anglo-Spanish Rivalry". The Journal of Caribbean History. 37 (2): 171–203.
  14. ^ a b c Jay, Mike (2004). The Unfortunate Colonel Despard. London: Bantam Press. p. 147. ISBN 0593051955.
  15. ^ Barkawi, Tarak. "A vision for humanity". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  16. ^ Linebaugh and Rediker (2000), p. 273
  17. ^ Jay (2004) pp. 145-147, 158-159
  18. ^ a b Jay, Mike (18 July 2019). "Riot, Revolt, Revolution". London Review of Books. Vol. 41, no. 14. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  19. ^ Erin Trahey, Free Women and the Making of Colonial Jamaican Economy and Society, 1760-1834 (PhD thesis, History Department, University of Cambridge, 2018).
  20. ^ Gillis, Bernadette (August 2014). A Caribbean Coupling Beyond Black and White: The Interracial Marriage of Catherine and Edward Marcus Despard and its Implications for British Views on Race, Class, and Gender during the Age of Reform (PDF). Durham, North Carolina: Graduate School of Duke University. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  21. ^ Linebaugh, Peter (2019). Red Round Globe Hot Burning. Oakland CA: University of California Press. pp. 365–367. ISBN 9780520299467.
  22. ^ Blackburn, Robin (21 November 2005). "The True Story of Equiano". The Nation. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  23. ^ "Petition by Settlers against Despard's Constitution" (1788) cited in Jay (2004), p. 153
  24. ^ Gillis, Bernadette (August 2014). A Caribbean Coupling Beyond Black and White: The Interracial Marriage of Catherine and Edward Marcus Despard and its Implications for British Views on Race, Class, and Gender during the Age of Reform (PDF). Durham, North Carolina: Graduate School of Duke University. pp. 37–38. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  25. ^ Emsley, Clive (1985). "Repression, 'terror', and the rule of law in England during the decade of the French Revolution". English Historical Review. 100 (31): 801–825. doi:10.1093/ehr/C.CCCXCVII.801.
  26. ^ Jay (2004) pp. 231-232
  27. ^ Smith, A. W. (1995). "Irish Rebels and English Radicals 1798-1820. Past & Present". JSTOR 650175. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. ^ Kennedy, Catriona (2004). "'Womanish Epistles?' Martha McTier, Female Epistolarity and Late Eighteenth-Century Irish Radicalism". Women's History Review. 13 (1): 660. doi:10.1080/09612020400200404. S2CID 144607838.
  29. ^ a b c Keogh, Dáire (1998). "An Unfortunate Man". 18th–19th-Century History. 6 (2). Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  30. ^ Davis, Michael (2008). "United Englishmen". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/95956. Retrieved 10 November 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  31. ^ a b c d e Elliott, Marianne (May 1977). "The 'Despard Plot' Reconsidered". Past & Present. 75 (1): 46–61. doi:10.1093/past/75.1.46.
  32. ^ "Information from F. Higgins, 27 June 1797: I.S.P.O., 620/18/14", Elliott (1977), p. 47
  33. ^ O'Broin, Seoirse (1986). United Irishmen, the London Connection (PDF). Irish in Britain History Group. p. 5.
  34. ^ Manwaring, George; Dobree, Bonamy (1935). The Floating Republic: An Account of the Mutinies at Spithead and the Nore in 1797. London: Geoffrey Bles. p. 101.
  35. ^ Linebaugh (2019), p.317
  36. ^ Madden, Richard Robert (1846). The United Irishmen, Their Lives and Times: v. 1. J. Madden & Company. p. 212.
  37. ^ Quinn, James (2009). "Dowdall, William | Dictionary of Irish Biography". www.dib.ie. Retrieved 10 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ^ Despard, Edward Marcus; Gurney, Joseph; Gurney, William Brodie (1803). The trial of Edward Marcus Despard for high treason : at the Session House, Newington, Surry, on Monday the seventh of February, 1803. unknown library. London : Sold by M. Gurney.
  39. ^ Jay 2004), pp. 276, 288
  40. ^ Gurney, William Brodie; Gurney, Joseph (1803). The Trial of Edward Marcus Despard, Esquire: For High Treason, at the Session House, Newington, Surrey, On Monday the Seventh of February, 1803. London: M Gurney. p. 176.
  41. ^ Agnew, David (1886). Protestant exiles from France, chiefly in the reign of Louis XIV; or, The Huguenot refugees and their descendants in Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 1 (Third ed.). For Private Circulation. p. 204. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  42. ^ Jay (2008), p. 297
  43. ^ quoted Linebaugh (2019) p. 39
  44. ^ Jay (2008), p.301
  45. ^ Salisbury, Josh (15 August 2019). "Poldark: The remarkable true story behind character Ned Despard". Southwark News. Retrieved 27 August 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  46. ^ Jay (2008> pp. 2-3
  47. ^ "The Despard Plot, Trial, and Execution". Geri Walton. 10 November 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  48. ^ Jay (2008), pp. 300-304
  49. ^ Linebaugh, Peter (2019). Freedom, Humanity, and Justice: A Tale at the Crossroads of Commons and Closure, of Love and Terror, of Race and Class, and of Kate and Ned Despard. Oakland CA: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520299467. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  50. ^ The Morning Chronicle (London, England), Tuesday, February 22, 1803.
  51. ^ Jay (2008), pp. 307-308
  52. ^ Gillis, Bernadette (August 2014). A Caribbean Coupling Beyond Black and White: The Interracial Marriage of Catherine and Edward Marcus Despard and its Implications for British Views on Race, Class, and Gender during the Age of Reform (PDF). Durham, North Carolina: Graduate School of Duke University. pp. 51–52. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  53. ^ Linbaugh (2019), pp. 21-23
  54. ^ Jay (2008) p. 310
  55. ^ Knowles, Rachel (2017), What Regency Women Did for Us. Barnsley: Pen and Sword, ISBN 1473882249, p. 60.
  56. ^ Fearn, Rebecca (21 July 2019). "Was Colonel Ned Despard A Real Person? 'Poldark's New Character Has An Interesting Story". Bustle. Retrieved 23 July 2019.

Bibliography

  • Conner, Clifford D., Colonel Despard: The Life and Times of an Anglo-Irish Rebel. Combined Publishing, 2000. ISBN 978-1580970266.
  • Jay, Mike, The Unfortunate Colonel Despard. Bantam Press, 2004. ISBN 9781472144065.
  • Linebaugh, Peter. Red Round Globe Hot Burning. University of California Press, 2019. ISBN 9780520299467.
  • Oman, Charles William Chadwick. Unfortunate Colonel Despard and Other Studies. Burt Franklin, 1922.
  • O'Broin, Seoirse (1986). United Irishmen, the London Connection (PDF). Irish in Britain History Group. p. 5.
Government offices
Preceded by
James Lawrie
Superintendent of British Honduras
1787–1790
Succeeded by

edward, despard, edward, marcus, despard, 1751, february, 1803, irish, officer, service, british, crown, gained, notoriety, colonial, administrator, refusing, recognise, racial, distinctions, following, recall, london, republican, conspirator, despard, associa. Edward Marcus Despard 1751 21 February 1803 an Irish officer in the service of the British Crown gained notoriety as a colonial administrator for refusing to recognise racial distinctions in law and following his recall to London as a republican conspirator Despard s associations with the London Corresponding Society the United Irishmen and United Britons led to his trial and execution in 1803 as the alleged ringleader of a plot to assassinate the King Edward Marcus DespardAttributed to George RomneyBorn1751Coolrain Camross Queen s County Kingdom of IrelandDied21 February 1803Horsemonger Lane Gaol LondonCause of deathExecution by hangingNationality Kingdom of Ireland IrishOccupation s Soldier colonial administrator revolutionaryEmployer s British Army British Home OfficeMovementSociety of United Irishmen London Corresponding SocietyCriminal chargeHigh treasonCriminal penaltyDeath by hanging followed by beheading Contents 1 Ireland and military service in the Caribbean 2 Without distinction of colour Superintendent of the Bay of Honduras 3 Catherine Despard mixed marriage 4 Irish radical in London 4 1 Pitt s Reign of Terror 4 2 United Britons 4 3 Detention 4 4 Return to Ireland and renewed engagement 5 Treason trial 6 Execution 7 Epilogue 8 In popular culture 9 References 10 BibliographyIreland and military service in the Caribbean Edit A friend from Caribbean service Horatio Nelson Edward Despard was born in 1751 in Coolrain Camross Queen s County in the Kingdom of Ireland the youngest of eight surviving children six sons two daughters of William Despard a protestant landowner of Huguenot descent and Jane Despard nee Walsh 1 With neighboring gentry his father and grandfather enlarged their estate by enclosing waste and parish land to which their tenants had had traditional access This contributed in Despard s childhood years to local Whiteboy disturbances well remembered by his niece 2 Despard was boarded at the Quaker School in Ballitore County Kildare 1 which looking beyond basic literacy instructed children in mathematics the classics and uniquely in Ireland modern languages 3 These subjects would not have been neglected when from age eight Despard began to acquire the character the manner and the habits of a gentleman and a soldier as a page in the household of the Lord Hertford Ambassador to France 1763 65 and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1765 66 4 It is possible that the young Despard was acquainted with David Hume in Paris where the Scottish enlightenment philosopher and historian attended Hertford as the embassy secretary 5 In 1766 age fifteen Despard followed his older brothers one of whom John Despard 1745 1829 was to rise to the rank of full general into the British Army He enrolled as an ensign in the 50th Foot 6 Posted with his regiment to Jamaica Despard served as a defence works engineer and in 1772 was promoted to lieutenant 7 His work required him to lead motley crews including free blacks Miskitos and others of mixed ancestry In forming and coordinating the gangs of workers whose labor was his triumph it has been suggested that Despard was creolized in his sympathies 8 During the American War of Independence Despard served with distinction in sea borne descents upon the Spanish Kingdom of Guatemala He fought alongside Horatio Nelson and attained the rank of captain in the San Juan expedition of 1780 Two years later he commanded the British force that in the Battle of the Black River recovered British settlements on the Miskito Coast from the Spanish for which he received a royal commendation and the rank of colonel 9 While leading reconnoitring missions Despard again worked intimately with the African Indian Miskitos 10 Olaudah Equiano a former slave who had lived among them in the 1770s recorded that These Indians live under an almost perfect equality and there are no rich or poor among them They do not strive to accumulate and the great unwearied exertion found among our civilised societies is unknown among them 11 Without distinction of colour Superintendent of the Bay of Honduras Edit Territory conceded by Spain to British settlers for cutting timber After the Peace of Paris which concluded the war in 1783 Despard was made Superintendent of the British logwood concessions in the Bay of Honduras present day Belize As directed from London Despard sought to accommodate British subjects the Shoremen displaced in the evacuation agreed with the Spanish Convention of London 1786 of the Miskito Coast To the dismay of the established Baymen slave holding loggers Despard did so without any distinction of age sex character respectability property or colour 12 He distributed land by lottery in which the Baymen noted in their petition to London the meanest mulatto or free negro has an equal chance 13 14 Despard also set aside lands for common use a reversal of the enclosures to which his family had been party in Ireland 2 and sought to keep food prices down for the poorer sort of people 15 To the suggestion from the Home Secretary Lord Sydney that it was impolitic to put affluent settlers and persons of a different description particularly people of colour on an equal footing Despard replied the laws of England know no such distinction He had on the same principle overruled a local law excluding Jewish merchants from the Bay Persuaded by the Baymen s entreaty that under Despard s constitution the negroes in servitude observing the now exalted status of their brethren of yesterday the free and now propertied blacks among the Shoremen would be induced to revolt and the settlement must be ruined in 1790 Sydney s successor Lord Grenville recalled Despard to London 16 17 Despard supplied Grenville with a 500 page report in which he characterized the Baymen as an arbitrary aristocracy He buttressed his argument with the results of the magistracy election in which he had stood shortly before he left winning a resounding majority on an unprecedented turnout But the cause of electoral representation struck no chord with Grenville he had bought his own seat in Parliament and had served as Chief Secretary for Ireland without being persuaded of the urgency of extending votes to Catholics 18 In the Bay Despard s work was undone By the 1820s the settlement would have seven legally distinct castes based on skin colour 18 Catherine Despard mixed marriage EditBefore leaving the Bay in 1790 Despard had married Catherine the daughter a free black woman from Kingston Jamaica 19 He arrived in London together with her and their young son James as his acknowledged family There was scarcely precedent in England for what was considered a mixed race marriage Yet in what may be a marker of the more fluid and tolerant character of racial attitudes in the Age of Reform their marriage does not appear to have been publicly challenged 20 When following Despard s arrest in 1798 the government sought to discredit Catherine s articulate intercessions on her husband s behalf they thought it sufficient to observe that she was of the fair sex On the floor of the Commons John Courtenay MP an Irishman read a letter from Catherine in which she described her husband as being held in a dark cell not seven feet square without fire or candle chair table knife fork a glazed window or even a book In reply the attorney general Sir John Scott suggested that Catherine was being used as a mouthpiece by political subversives it was a well written letter and the fair sex would pardon him if he said it was a little beyond their style in general 21 At the time of the Despards arrival in London the virtue of openly mixed race marriages was being championed by Olaudah Equiano Equiano touring with his autobiography and abolitionist polemic The Interesting Narrative of the Life of The African Himself married to an English woman Equiano asked Why not establish intermarriage at home and in our colonies and encourage open free and generous love upon Nature s own wide and extensive plan subservient only to moral rectitude without distinction of the colour of a skin 22 The next generation of Despards denied Edward and Catherine s marriage Family memoirs referred to Catherine as his black housekeeper and the poor woman who called herself his wife James was ascribed to a previous lover both of whom were written out of the family tree 14 Irish radical in London Edit Etching by Barlow based on sketch taken at his trial January 1803 Pitt s Reign of Terror Edit Without a further commission and having been pursued by his enemies in the Bay with lawsuits in London Despard found himself confined for two years in a debtors prison There he read Thomas Paine s Rights of Man A response to Edmund Burke s Reflections on the Revolution in France it was a vindication of the wild and Levelling principle of Universal Equality he been accused of administering in the Bay 23 By the time Despard was released from the King s Bench Prison in 1794 Paine had been forced to take refuge in the new French Republic with which the British Crown was now at war and in both Britain and Ireland some of his more ardent admirers were beginning to consider universal franchise and annual parliaments a cause for physical force In October 1793 a British Convention in Edinburgh with delegates from English corresponding societies attending was broken up by the authorities on charges of sedition Joseph Gerrald and Maurice Margarot of the London Corresponding Society and their host Thomas Muir of the Society of the Friends of the People were sentenced to fourteen years transportation When in May 1794 an attempt to indict the radical English MP John Horne Tooke for treason misfired with a jury the ministry of William Pitt Grenville s coursin renewed what was to have been an eight month suspension of Habeas Corpus In summer of 1795 crowds shouting No war no Pitt cheap bread attacked the prime minister s residence in Downing Street and surrounded the King in procession to Parliament There was also a riot at Charing Cross at the scene of which Despard was detained and questioned something which a magistrate suggested Despard might have avoided had he not in giving his name used the improper title of citizen 24 In October the government introduced the Gagging Acts Seditious Meetings Act and the Treason Act which outlawed seditious gatherings and rendered even the contemplation of force a treasonable offence 25 26 United Britons Edit Despard joined the London Corresponding Society LCS and was quickly taken on to its central committee He also took the United Irish pledge or Test to obtain an equal full and adequate representation of all the people of Ireland in a sovereign parliament in Dublin At a time when the Irish movement was turning increasingly towards the prospects for a French assisted insurrection Despard would have found it represented in LCS and other radical circles in London by the brothers Arthur and Roger O Connor and by Jane Greg 27 28 In the summer of 1797 James Coigly a Catholic priest who had risen to prominence among the United Irishmen during the Armagh Disturbances 29 arrived from Manchester where he had been administering as a test for United Englishmen an oath to Remove the diadem and take off the crown to exalt him that is low and abuse him that is high 30 In London Coigly met with the leading Irish members of the LCS In addition to Despard these included Society President Alexander Galloway and the brothers Benjamin and John Binns Meetings were held at Furnival s Inn Holborn where convening as the United Britons delegates from London Scotland and the regions committed themselves to overthrow the present Government and to join the French as soon as they made a landing in England 29 in December 1796 only weather had prevented a major French landing in Ireland At this point it appears that Despard held a pivotal position between British republicans and France In June 1797 a government informer reported that a United Irish delegation travelling to France via London had applied to Despard for the necessary documents 31 32 It is possible that this was Coigly s party In December 1797 Coigly returned from France with news of French plans for an invasion but on the February 28 1798 when seeking again to cross the Channel in a party of five he and Arthur O Connor were arrested O Connor able to call Charles James Fox Richard Brinsley Sheridan and Henry Grattan in his defence was acquitted Coigly had been caught with a letter to the French Directory from the United Britons was convicted of treason and hanged in June While its suggestion of a mass movement primed for insurrection had been scarcely credible it was sufficient proof of the intent to invite and encourage a French invasion 29 Despard who at his trial Coigly had admitted meeting remained in contact with United Irishman Valentine Lawless was reported as frequenting seditious conclaves a various ale houses in London 33 Detention Edit The government swooped on the London Corresponding Society On March 10 Despard was detained at lodgings in Soho where The Times reported he had been found in bed with a black woman his wife Catherine Along with around thirty others he was held without charge in Coldbath Fields a recently rebuilt high security prison in Clerkenwell 14 Despard despite Catherine s lobbying efforts was held for three years During this time the authorities saw the hand not only of English radicals but also with a large Irish contingent among the sailors of United Irishmen in the Spithead and Nore mutinies of April and May 1797 They seized upon the leading role of Valentine Joyce at Spithead described by Edmund Burke as seditious Belfast clubist 34 Further repressive measures followed The Corresponding Societies were comprehensively suppressed and the Combination Laws of 1799 and 1800 rendered union activity among workers criminal Return to Ireland and renewed engagement Edit With hostilities with France suspended by the Treaty of Amiens Despard who had not been charged was released in May 1802 There was no indication that he was intending to renew his seditious activity in prison he had petitioned for voluntary transportation But he returned to Ireland where he met with William Dowdall recently released from Fort George in Scotland With Thomas Russell and other state prisoners Dowdall had been in contact with the young militants Robert Emmet and William Putnam McCabe who were determined to reorganise United Irishmen on a strict military conspiratorial basis Members would be chosen personally by its officers meeting as the executive directory The immediate aim of the reconstituted society was in conjunction with simultaneous risings in Ireland and England to again solicit a French invasion The roving McCabe Belfast Dublin Glasgow Manchester London Hamburg Paris was to take up the role that had been Coigly s 31 Despard may also have been swayed by what he observed in his home county of Queens Government informers were reporting that while the Rebellion that had flared in 1798 had been put down it was by no means suppressed The blaze is only smothered 35 Meanwhile in England the influx of refugees from Ireland the angry response of workers to the Combination Acts and continued protest over food shortages encouraged renewed organisation among former conspirators A military system and pike manufacture began to spread across the mill districts of Lancashire and Yorkshire and regular meetings resumed between county and London delegates resumed 31 Treason trial EditMain article Despard Plot On 16 November 1802 not long after meeting again Dowdall 36 who on his return to Ireland had spoken openly of an insurrectionary conspiracy in London at a dinner party 37 Despard was arrested He was seized attending a meeting of 40 working men at the Oakley Arms public house in Lambeth Taken in chains to be interrogated by the Privy Council the next day he was charged with High Treason Government informers named him as the ringleader of a United Britons conspiracy to assassinate King George III and seize the Tower of London and Bank of England Despard was prosecuted by Attorney General Spencer Perceval before Lord Ellenborough the Lord Chief Justice in a Special Commission on Monday 7 February 1803 38 Perceval had evidence that others in the club room of the Oakley Arms had discussed an insurrectionary plot with connections he did not see fit to detail in court to a northern underground United Britons committed to rise on news of a coup in London The Oakley Arms however did not appear from the testimony to have been the headquarters of the conspiracy and Despard had only been there on one occasion before his arrest 31 To implicate Despard he relied heavily on the many mentions of his name in United Irish correspondence But at several stages removed from the colonel s actions these were often from persons Despard had never met 39 It is possible that Despard had been little more than an intended figurehead for a rising chosen as someone who gained some public notoriety and sympathy for his harsh imprisonment in Cold Bath Fields 31 Lord Nelson then famous for his victory in the Battle of the Nile made a dramatic appearance as a character witness in Despard s defence We went on the Spanish Main together we slept many nights together in our clothes upon the ground we have measured the height of the enemies wall together In all that period of time no man could have shewn more zealous attachment to his Sovereign and his Country But Nelson had to admit to having lost sight of Despard for the last twenty years 40 41 The same was conceded by General Sir Alured Clarke and Sir Evan Nepean who similarly testified to Despard s military service 42 In the end the jury was satisfied with a prosecution case that connected Despard to only one overt act the administration of illegal oaths But perhaps moved by the Vice Admiral s testimony they recommended clemency In denying their motion Ellenborough emphasised the revolutionary nature of Despard s purpose This he claimed had been not only to rend the new union between Great Britain and Ireland but also to affect the forcible reduction to one common level of all the advantages of property of all civil and political rights whatsoever 43 Together with John Wood 36 John Francis 23 both privates in the army Thomas Broughton 26 a carpenter James Sedgwick Wratton 35 a shoemaker Arthur Graham 53 a slater and John Macnamara a labourer Despard was sentenced to be hanged drawn and quartered 9 Execution Edit Edward Despard addresses the crowd at his execution 1803 With Nelson s assistance Catherine Despard appealed clemency to both the Prime Minister and the King but secured only a waiving of the then already archaic rites of disembowelment 44 Magistrates however insisted on the drawing there had never been a conviction for high treason without dragging the sentenced to the gallows in a carriage without wheels Seated for the purpose of the drawing backwards upon hay bales and bumped across the cobbled courtyard of Horsemonger Lane Gaol Despard burst out laughing The sentence was not passed again 45 Edward Despard and six co defendants John Francis John Wood James Sedgewick Wrattan Thomas Broughton Arthur Graham and John Macnamara were hanged and decapitated on the roof of the gatehouse at Horsemonger Lane Gaol on 21 February 1803 The authorities had feared a public demonstration Constables were ordered to watch all the public houses and other places of resort for the disaffected and the jail keeper was issued a rocket to launch as a signal to the military in the event of trouble 46 During the trial crowds had come nightly to surround the jail and there had been difficulty finding workmen willing to construct the scaffold 47 Despard had declined to take divine service He offered that while outward forms of worship were useful for political purposes he thought the opinions of Churchmen Dissenters Quakers Methodists Catholics Savages or even Atheists were equally indifferent He was permitted a final meeting with his wife during which according to reports the Colonel betrayed nothing like an unbecoming weakness 48 With the hangman s noose loosely around his neck Despard stepped to the edge of the platform and addressed a crowd estimated at twenty thousand until the funeral of Lord Nelson following the Battle of Trafalgar the largest gathering London had witnessed with words Catherine may have helped him prepare 49 Fellow Citizens I come here as you see after having served my Country faithfully honourably and usefully for thirty years and upwards to suffer death upon a scaffold for a crime which I protest I am not guilty I solemnly declare that I am no more guilty of it than any of you who may be now hearing me But though His Majesty s Ministers know as well as I do that I am not guilty yet they avail themselves of a legal pretext to destroy a man because he has been a friend to truth to liberty and to justice a considerable huzzah from the crowd because he has been a friend to the poor and to the oppressed But Citizens I hope and trust notwithstanding my fate and the fate of those who no doubt will soon follow me that the principles of freedom of humanity and of justice will finally triumph over falsehood tyranny and delusion and every principle inimical to the interests of the human race a warning from the Sheriff I have little more to add except to wish you all health happiness and freedom which I have endeavoured as far as was in my power to procure for you and for mankind in general After Despard was hung and his body decapitated the executioner held the head by the hair to the view of the populace and exclaimed This is the head of a traitor Edward Marcus Despard 50 Epilogue EditCatherine Despard s final service to her husband was to insist on his hereditary right to be buried in St Faith s in the City of London an old graveyard that had been subsumed within the walls of St Paul s Cathedral a campaign she won despite protests to the government from the Lord Mayor of London On the day of the funeral held March 1 to allow their son James serving in the French army to return from Paris people lined the street from their last residence in Lambeth across Blackfriars Bridge towards St Paul s at which point they dispersed in silence 51 After his death there was a report of Catherine Despard being taken under the protection of Lady Nelson 52 The MP Sir Francis Burdett who with Horne Tooke had assisted in the defence helped arrange a pension She spent some time in Ireland a guest of Valentine Lawless 2nd Baron Cloncurry who had been detained with Despard in 1798 Catherine Despard died in Somers Town London in 1815 53 Their son James returned to Britain after the Napoleonic Wars The final trace of him in the family records is an episode recounted by General John Despard Edward s older brother who was leaving a London theatre when he heard a carriage driver calling the family name He made his way towards the carriage he assumed was his and there appeared a flashy Creole and a flashy young lady on his arm and they both stepped into it 54 In popular culture EditMadame Tussauds famous waxworks in London showcased an effigy of Edward Despard using him as one of the first British criminals to be featured in her Adjoining Room now known as the Chamber of Horrors 55 Despard appears as a character in the fifth 2015 series of the popular British television drama Poldark played by Vincent Regan 56 The screenplay is based on the historical novels of Winston Graham References Edit a b Quinn James 2009 Despard Edward Marcus Dictionary of Irish Biography www dib ie Retrieved 24 June 2022 a b Linebaugh Peter 2003 A dish with one spoon American experience and the transformation of three officers of the crown in Thomas Bartlett et al eds 1798 A Bicentenary Perspective Dublin Four Courts Press ISBN 1851824308 pp 642 657 pp 652 653 Brannigan Cyril 1 January 1985 Ballitore Quaker School and its unique curriculum 1726 1836 Irish Educational Studies 5 2 302 314 doi 10 1080 0332331850050218 ISSN 0332 3315 Conner Clifford 2000 Colonel Despard The Life and Times of an Anglo Irish Rebel Cambridge MA Da Capo Press pp 25 26 ISBN 978 1580970266 Klibansky Raymond and Ernest C Mossner eds 1954 New Letters of David Hume Oxford Oxford University Press pp 77 79 Oman Charles William Chadwick 1922 Unfortunate Colonel Despard and Other Studies London Burt Franklin p 2 One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Despard Edward Marcus Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 8 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 101 Linebaugh Peter Rediker Marcus 2000 The Many Headed Hydra Sailors Slaves Commoners and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic Boston Beacon Press pp 258 261 ISBN 9780807050071 a b Chisholm 1911 Conner 2000 pp 47 48 Conzemius Philip 1932 Ethnographical Survey of the Miskito and Sumu Indians of Honduras and Nicaragua Washington DD Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 106 p 48 Burns Alan 1965 History of the British West Indies Second ed New York Allen amp Unwin p 541 ISBN 9780849019890 Campbell Mavis 2003 St George s Cay Genesis of the British Settlement of Belize Anglo Spanish Rivalry The Journal of Caribbean History 37 2 171 203 a b c Jay Mike 2004 The Unfortunate Colonel Despard London Bantam Press p 147 ISBN 0593051955 Barkawi Tarak A vision for humanity www aljazeera com Retrieved 25 August 2021 Linebaugh and Rediker 2000 p 273 Jay 2004 pp 145 147 158 159 a b Jay Mike 18 July 2019 Riot Revolt Revolution London Review of Books Vol 41 no 14 ISSN 0260 9592 Retrieved 8 October 2021 Erin Trahey Free Women and the Making of Colonial Jamaican Economy and Society 1760 1834 PhD thesis History Department University of Cambridge 2018 Gillis Bernadette August 2014 A Caribbean Coupling Beyond Black and White The Interracial Marriage of Catherine and Edward Marcus Despard and its Implications for British Views on Race Class and Gender during the Age of Reform PDF Durham North Carolina Graduate School of Duke University Retrieved 12 November 2020 Linebaugh Peter 2019 Red Round Globe Hot Burning Oakland CA University of California Press pp 365 367 ISBN 9780520299467 Blackburn Robin 21 November 2005 The True Story of Equiano The Nation Retrieved 10 November 2020 Petition by Settlers against Despard s Constitution 1788 cited in Jay 2004 p 153 Gillis Bernadette August 2014 A Caribbean Coupling Beyond Black and White The Interracial Marriage of Catherine and Edward Marcus Despard and its Implications for British Views on Race Class and Gender during the Age of Reform PDF Durham North Carolina Graduate School of Duke University pp 37 38 Retrieved 12 November 2020 Emsley Clive 1985 Repression terror and the rule of law in England during the decade of the French Revolution English Historical Review 100 31 801 825 doi 10 1093 ehr C CCCXCVII 801 Jay 2004 pp 231 232 Smith A W 1995 Irish Rebels and English Radicals 1798 1820 Past amp Present JSTOR 650175 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Kennedy Catriona 2004 Womanish Epistles Martha McTier Female Epistolarity and Late Eighteenth Century Irish Radicalism Women s History Review 13 1 660 doi 10 1080 09612020400200404 S2CID 144607838 a b c Keogh Daire 1998 An Unfortunate Man 18th 19th Century History 6 2 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Davis Michael 2008 United Englishmen Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 95956 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Subscription or UK public library membership required a b c d e Elliott Marianne May 1977 The Despard Plot Reconsidered Past amp Present 75 1 46 61 doi 10 1093 past 75 1 46 Information from F Higgins 27 June 1797 I S P O 620 18 14 Elliott 1977 p 47 O Broin Seoirse 1986 United Irishmen the London Connection PDF Irish in Britain History Group p 5 Manwaring George Dobree Bonamy 1935 The Floating Republic An Account of the Mutinies at Spithead and the Nore in 1797 London Geoffrey Bles p 101 Linebaugh 2019 p 317 Madden Richard Robert 1846 The United Irishmen Their Lives and Times v 1 J Madden amp Company p 212 Quinn James 2009 Dowdall William Dictionary of Irish Biography www dib ie Retrieved 10 December 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Despard Edward Marcus Gurney Joseph Gurney William Brodie 1803 The trial of Edward Marcus Despard for high treason at the Session House Newington Surry on Monday the seventh of February 1803 unknown library London Sold by M Gurney Jay 2004 pp 276 288 Gurney William Brodie Gurney Joseph 1803 The Trial of Edward Marcus Despard Esquire For High Treason at the Session House Newington Surrey On Monday the Seventh of February 1803 London M Gurney p 176 Agnew David 1886 Protestant exiles from France chiefly in the reign of Louis XIV or The Huguenot refugees and their descendants in Great Britain and Ireland Volume 1 Third ed For Private Circulation p 204 Retrieved 11 November 2020 Jay 2008 p 297 quoted Linebaugh 2019 p 39 Jay 2008 p 301 Salisbury Josh 15 August 2019 Poldark The remarkable true story behind character Ned Despard Southwark News Retrieved 27 August 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Jay 2008 gt pp 2 3 The Despard Plot Trial and Execution Geri Walton 10 November 2017 Retrieved 27 August 2021 Jay 2008 pp 300 304 Linebaugh Peter 2019 Freedom Humanity and Justice A Tale at the Crossroads of Commons and Closure of Love and Terror of Race and Class and of Kate and Ned Despard Oakland CA University of California Press ISBN 9780520299467 Retrieved 11 November 2020 The Morning Chronicle London England Tuesday February 22 1803 Jay 2008 pp 307 308 Gillis Bernadette August 2014 A Caribbean Coupling Beyond Black and White The Interracial Marriage of Catherine and Edward Marcus Despard and its Implications for British Views on Race Class and Gender during the Age of Reform PDF Durham North Carolina Graduate School of Duke University pp 51 52 Retrieved 12 November 2020 Linbaugh 2019 pp 21 23 Jay 2008 p 310 Knowles Rachel 2017 What Regency Women Did for Us Barnsley Pen and Sword ISBN 1473882249 p 60 Fearn Rebecca 21 July 2019 Was Colonel Ned Despard A Real Person Poldark s New Character Has An Interesting Story Bustle Retrieved 23 July 2019 Bibliography EditConner Clifford D Colonel Despard The Life and Times of an Anglo Irish Rebel Combined Publishing 2000 ISBN 978 1580970266 Jay Mike The Unfortunate Colonel Despard Bantam Press 2004 ISBN 9781472144065 Linebaugh Peter Red Round Globe Hot Burning University of California Press 2019 ISBN 9780520299467 Oman Charles William Chadwick Unfortunate Colonel Despard and Other Studies Burt Franklin 1922 O Broin Seoirse 1986 United Irishmen the London Connection PDF Irish in Britain History Group p 5 Government officesPreceded byJames Lawrie Superintendent of British Honduras1787 1790 Succeeded byPeter Hunter Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Edward Despard amp oldid 1129046959, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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