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Education in Tennessee

February 25, 2024

Education in Tennessee covers public and private schools and related organizations from the 18th century to the present.

State government operations are administered by the Tennessee Department of Education.[1] The state Board of Education has 11 members: one from each Congressional district, a student member, and the executive director of the Tennessee Higher Education Commission (THEC), who serves as ex-officio nonvoting member.[2]

History edit

Black schools edit

Protestant activists created the Western Freedmen's Aid Commission in Cincinnati in January 1863. Its goal was to set up schools for freed slaves in Union-controlled districts in the western states. It was most active in Tennessee, where, in 1865, its 123 white teachers provided manual and domestic training as well as academic instruction. There were 1949 students in Memphis and over 300 in Clarksville. Starting in 1865 the government's Freemen's Bureau provided the school buildings and the Commission provided the teachers, typically young women from the New England diaspora.[3]</ref>[4]

Public and private schools edit

Public primary and secondary education systems are operated by county, city, or special school districts to provide education at the local level, and operate under the direction of the Tennessee Department of Education.[1] The state also has many private schools.[5]

The state enrolls approximately 1 million K–12 students in 137 districts.[6] In 2021, the four-year high school graduation rate was 88.7%, a decrease of 1.2% from the previous year.[7] According to the most recent data, Tennessee spends $9,544 per student, the 8th lowest in the nation.[8]

Higher education edit

Main article: List of colleges and universities in Tennessee
 
Vanderbilt University in Nashville is consistently ranked as one of the top research institutions in the nation

Public higher education is overseen by the Tennessee Higher Education Commission (THEC), which provides guidance to the state's two public university systems. The University of Tennessee system operates four primary campuses in Knoxville, Chattanooga, Martin, and Pulaski; a Health Sciences Center in Memphis; and an aerospace research facility in Tullahoma.[9] The Tennessee Board of Regents (TBR), also known as The College System of Tennessee, operates 13 community colleges and 27 campuses of the Tennessee Colleges of Applied Technology (TCAT).[10] Until 2017, the TBR also operated six public universities in the state; it now only gives them administrative support.[11]

In January 1952, the University of Tennessee was the first major southern university to admit blacks.[12]

In 2014, the Tennessee General Assembly created the Tennessee Promise, which allows in-state high school graduates to enroll in two-year post-secondary education programs such as associate degrees and certificates at community colleges and trade schools in Tennessee tuition-free, funded by the state lottery, if they meet certain requirements.[13] The Tennessee Promise was created as part of then-governor Bill Haslam's "Drive to 55" program, which set a goal of increasing the number of college-educated residents to at least 55% of the state's population.[13] The program has also received national attention, with multiple states having since created similar programs modeled on the Tennessee Promise.[14]

Tennessee has 107 private institutions.[15] Vanderbilt University in Nashville is consistently ranked as one of the nation's leading research institutions.[16] Nashville is often called the "Athens of the South" due to its many colleges and universities.[17] Tennessee is also home to six historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs).[18]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Lyons, Scheb, & Stair 2001, pp. 286–287.
  2. ^ (PDF). ncsl.org. Washington, D.C.: National Conference of State Legislatures. January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  3. ^ William Preston Vaughn, Schools for All: The Blacks and Public Education in the South, 1865–1877 (1974), p. 4.
  4. ^ Alrutheus Ambush Taylor, The Negro in Tennessee, 1865-1880 (1941) pp. 168-170.
  5. ^ . tn.gov. Nashville: Tennessee Department of Education. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  6. ^ . tn.gov. Nashville: Tennessee Department of Education. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  7. ^ "TDOE Releases 2020-21 Graduation Rate Data" (Press release). Nashville: Tennessee Department of Education. November 23, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  8. ^ Rau, Nate (March 25, 2021). "Education funding in TN reaches breaking point as BEP lawsuit advances". Tennessee Lookout. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  9. ^ "About the UT System". tennessee.edu. Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee System.
  10. ^ "Our Institutions". tbr.edu. Nashville: Tennessee Board of Regents. May 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  11. ^ Roberts, Jane (June 9, 2016). "Haslam marks University of Memphis independence from Board of Regents". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  12. ^ Raffel, p. xxv.
  13. ^ a b Carruthers, Celeste (May 6, 2019). "5 things to know about the Tennessee Promise Scholarship". Brookings Institution. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  14. ^ Tamburin, Adam (February 9, 2017). "Tennessee Promise inspires national trend". The Tennessean. Nashville, TN. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  15. ^ "College Navigator - Search Results". nces.gov. National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
  16. ^ "Vanderbilt University". Forbes. 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  17. ^ Kreyling, Christine M; Paine, Wesley; Warterfield, Charles W; Wiltshire, Susan Ford (1996). Classical Nashville: Athens of the South. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. ISBN 0-585-13200-3.
  18. ^ "HBCU Schools in Tennessee - 2018 Ranking". hbcu-colleges.com. Retrieved May 27, 2021.

Further reading edit

  • Baker, A. Paige, and Dengke Xu. "The Measure of Education: A Review of the Tennessee Value Added Assessment System." (1995) online in ERIC.
  • Doak, H. M. "The Development of Education in Tennessee." The American Historical Magazine and Tennessee Historical Society Quarterly 8.1 (1903): 64-90; coverage to 1880. online
  • Goldhaber, Dan, and Karen Callahan. "Impact of the Basic Education Program on educational spending and equity in Tennessee." Journal of Education Finance 26.4 (2001): 415-435. [Goldhaber, Dan, and Karen Callahan. "Impact of the Basic Education Program on educational spending and equity in Tennessee." Journal of Education Finance 26.4 (2001): 415-435. online]
  • Israel, Charles Alan. Before scopes: evangelicalism, education, and evolution in Tennessee, 1870-1925 (University of Georgia Press, 2004) online.
  • Lyons, William; Scheb II, John M.; Stair, Billy (2001). Government and Politics in Tennessee. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 9781572331419 – via Google Books.
  • Merriam, Lucius Salisbury. Higher education in Tennessee (US Government Printing Office, 1893) online.
  • Rolle, Anthony, and Keke Liu. "An empirical analysis of horizontal and vertical equity in the public schools of Tennessee, 1994-2003." Journal of Education Finance (2007): 328-351. online
  • SAMPLES, RALPH EDWARD.  "THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION IN TENNESSEE DURING THE BOURBON ERA, 1870-1900" (PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1965. 6608205).
  • Williams, Frank B. “John Eaton, Jr., Editor, Politician, and School Administrator, 1865-1870.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 10#4 (1951), pp. 291–319. online

Race edit

  • Fleming, Cynthia Griggs. "The development of Black Education in Tennessee, 1865-1920" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 1977) online.
  • Fraser, Walter J. "John Eaton, Jr., Radical Republican: Champion of the Negro and Federal Aid to Education." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 25.3 (1966): 239+ online
  • Hodgson, Frank McGuire. "Northern Missionary Aid Societies, the Freedmen's Bureau, and Their Effects on Education in Montgomery County, Tennessee" West Tennessee Historical Society Papers 43 (1989): 28-43.
  • Hoffschwelle, Mary. "The Federal Connection: Impact Aid and Black Public Education in Milan, 1874–1975." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 75.1 (2016): 28-63. online
  • Kickler, Troy Lee, "Black Children and Northern Missionaries, Freedmen's Bureau Agents, and Southern Whites in Reconstruction Tennessee, 1865 -1869. " PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee, 2005) online
  • McGehee, C. Stuart. "E. 0. Tade, Freedmen's Education, and the Failure of Reconstruction in Tennessee." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 43 (1984): 378-380. online
  • Phillips, Paul David. "Education of Blacks in Tennessee During Reconstruction, 1865-1870." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 46.2 (1987): 98-109. online
  • Raffel, Jeffrey. Historical dictionary of school segregation and desegregation: The American experience (Greenwood, 1998) online
  • Ramsey, Sonya Yvette. "More than the three R's: The educational economic, and cultural experiences of African American female public school teachers in Nashville, Tennessee, 1869 to 1983" (PhD dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000) online.
  • Savage, Carter Julian. "Cultural capital and African American agency: The economic struggle for effective education for African Americans in Franklin, Tennessee, 1890-1967." Journal of African American History 87.2 (2002): 206-235. online
  • Savage, Carter Julian. " 'Because We Did More With Less': The Agency of African American Teachers in Franklin, Tennessee: 1890-1967." Peabody Journal of Education 76.2 (2001): 170-203. online
  • Taylor, Alrutheus Ambush. The Negro in Tennessee, 1865-1880 (1941)
  • Smithwick, Brannon Marie. "Educating Generations: The Legacy and Future of the Allen-White School Campus, a Rosenwald School in Whiteville, Tennessee" (PhD dissertation, University of Southern California, 2023) online.
  • STITELY, THOMAS BEANE.   "BRIDGING THE GAP: A HISTORY OF THE ROSENWALD FUND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL NEGRO SCHOOLS IN TENNESSEE 1912-1932." (PhD dissertation, Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University) ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1975. 7522292).
  • Whipple, Lorena B., "African American Oral Histories of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Public Schools During the Early Days of Desegregation, 1955 – 1967. " (PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee, 2013) online

Primary sources edit

  • Eaton, John. First Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of Tennessee, Ending Thursday, October 7th, 1869 (1869) online.
  • Graf, Leroy P. "Education in East Tennessee, 1867-1869, Selections from the John Eaton, Jr. Papers." East Tennessee Historical Society's Publications 23 (1951).
  • Swint, Henry Lee, ed. "Reports from Educational Agents of the Freedmen's Bureau in Tennessee, 1865- 1870." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 1#1 (1942): 52-80, 152-170.

External links edit

  • Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, articles on education

February 25, 2024
education, tennessee, covers, public, private, schools, related, organizations, from, 18th, century, present, state, government, operations, administered, tennessee, department, education, state, board, education, members, from, each, congressional, district, . Education in Tennessee covers public and private schools and related organizations from the 18th century to the present State government operations are administered by the Tennessee Department of Education 1 The state Board of Education has 11 members one from each Congressional district a student member and the executive director of the Tennessee Higher Education Commission THEC who serves as ex officio nonvoting member 2 Contents 1 History 1 1 Black schools 2 Public and private schools 3 Higher education 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 6 1 Race 6 2 Primary sources 7 External linksHistory editBlack schools edit Protestant activists created the Western Freedmen s Aid Commission in Cincinnati in January 1863 Its goal was to set up schools for freed slaves in Union controlled districts in the western states It was most active in Tennessee where in 1865 its 123 white teachers provided manual and domestic training as well as academic instruction There were 1949 students in Memphis and over 300 in Clarksville Starting in 1865 the government s Freemen s Bureau provided the school buildings and the Commission provided the teachers typically young women from the New England diaspora 3 lt ref gt 4 Public and private schools editPublic primary and secondary education systems are operated by county city or special school districts to provide education at the local level and operate under the direction of the Tennessee Department of Education 1 The state also has many private schools 5 The state enrolls approximately 1 million K 12 students in 137 districts 6 In 2021 the four year high school graduation rate was 88 7 a decrease of 1 2 from the previous year 7 According to the most recent data Tennessee spends 9 544 per student the 8th lowest in the nation 8 Higher education editMain article List of colleges and universities in Tennessee nbsp Vanderbilt University in Nashville is consistently ranked as one of the top research institutions in the nationPublic higher education is overseen by the Tennessee Higher Education Commission THEC which provides guidance to the state s two public university systems The University of Tennessee system operates four primary campuses in Knoxville Chattanooga Martin and Pulaski a Health Sciences Center in Memphis and an aerospace research facility in Tullahoma 9 The Tennessee Board of Regents TBR also known as The College System of Tennessee operates 13 community colleges and 27 campuses of the Tennessee Colleges of Applied Technology TCAT 10 Until 2017 the TBR also operated six public universities in the state it now only gives them administrative support 11 In January 1952 the University of Tennessee was the first major southern university to admit blacks 12 In 2014 the Tennessee General Assembly created the Tennessee Promise which allows in state high school graduates to enroll in two year post secondary education programs such as associate degrees and certificates at community colleges and trade schools in Tennessee tuition free funded by the state lottery if they meet certain requirements 13 The Tennessee Promise was created as part of then governor Bill Haslam s Drive to 55 program which set a goal of increasing the number of college educated residents to at least 55 of the state s population 13 The program has also received national attention with multiple states having since created similar programs modeled on the Tennessee Promise 14 Tennessee has 107 private institutions 15 Vanderbilt University in Nashville is consistently ranked as one of the nation s leading research institutions 16 Nashville is often called the Athens of the South due to its many colleges and universities 17 Tennessee is also home to six historically Black colleges and universities HBCUs 18 See also editList of school districts in Tennessee List of high schools in Tennessee History of education in the Southern United StatesNotes edit a b Lyons Scheb amp Stair 2001 pp 286 287 Governor Appointed State School Board Members Process Requirements Statutes Rules and Regulations PDF ncsl org Washington D C National Conference of State Legislatures January 2011 Archived from the original PDF on May 27 2021 Retrieved May 27 2021 William Preston Vaughn Schools for All The Blacks and Public Education in the South 1865 1877 1974 p 4 Alrutheus Ambush Taylor The Negro in Tennessee 1865 1880 1941 pp 168 170 Nonpublic Schools tn gov Nashville Tennessee Department of Education Archived from the original on May 27 2021 Retrieved May 27 2021 Education Choices in Tennessee tn gov Nashville Tennessee Department of Education Archived from the original on May 27 2021 Retrieved May 27 2021 TDOE Releases 2020 21 Graduation Rate Data Press release Nashville Tennessee Department of Education November 23 2021 Retrieved June 23 2022 Rau Nate March 25 2021 Education funding in TN reaches breaking point as BEP lawsuit advances Tennessee Lookout Retrieved May 27 2021 About the UT System tennessee edu Knoxville TN The University of Tennessee System Our Institutions tbr edu Nashville Tennessee Board of Regents May 2018 Retrieved May 27 2021 Roberts Jane June 9 2016 Haslam marks University of Memphis independence from Board of Regents The Commercial Appeal Memphis Retrieved May 26 2021 Raffel p xxv a b Carruthers Celeste May 6 2019 5 things to know about the Tennessee Promise Scholarship Brookings Institution Retrieved October 7 2020 Tamburin Adam February 9 2017 Tennessee Promise inspires national trend The Tennessean Nashville TN Retrieved May 27 2021 College Navigator Search Results nces gov National Center for Education Statistics Retrieved May 27 2021 Vanderbilt University Forbes 2019 Retrieved April 26 2020 Kreyling Christine M Paine Wesley Warterfield Charles W Wiltshire Susan Ford 1996 Classical Nashville Athens of the South Nashville Vanderbilt University Press ISBN 0 585 13200 3 HBCU Schools in Tennessee 2018 Ranking hbcu colleges com Retrieved May 27 2021 Further reading editBaker A Paige and Dengke Xu The Measure of Education A Review of the Tennessee Value Added Assessment System 1995 online in ERIC Doak H M The Development of Education in Tennessee The American Historical Magazine and Tennessee Historical Society Quarterly 8 1 1903 64 90 coverage to 1880 online Goldhaber Dan and Karen Callahan Impact of the Basic Education Program on educational spending and equity in Tennessee Journal of Education Finance 26 4 2001 415 435 Goldhaber Dan and Karen Callahan Impact of the Basic Education Program on educational spending and equity in Tennessee Journal of Education Finance 26 4 2001 415 435 online Israel Charles Alan Before scopes evangelicalism education and evolution in Tennessee 1870 1925 University of Georgia Press 2004 online Lyons William Scheb II John M Stair Billy 2001 Government and Politics in Tennessee Knoxville TN University of Tennessee Press ISBN 9781572331419 via Google Books Merriam Lucius Salisbury Higher education in Tennessee US Government Printing Office 1893 online Rolle Anthony and Keke Liu An empirical analysis of horizontal and vertical equity in the public schools of Tennessee 1994 2003 Journal of Education Finance 2007 328 351 onlineSAMPLES RALPH EDWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION IN TENNESSEE DURING THE BOURBON ERA 1870 1900 PhD dissertation University of Tennessee ProQuest Dissertations Publishing 1965 6608205 Williams Frank B John Eaton Jr Editor Politician and School Administrator 1865 1870 Tennessee Historical Quarterly 10 4 1951 pp 291 319 onlineRace edit Fleming Cynthia Griggs The development of Black Education in Tennessee 1865 1920 PhD dissertation Duke University 1977 online Fraser Walter J John Eaton Jr Radical Republican Champion of the Negro and Federal Aid to Education Tennessee Historical Quarterly 25 3 1966 239 onlineHodgson Frank McGuire Northern Missionary Aid Societies the Freedmen s Bureau and Their Effects on Education in Montgomery County Tennessee West Tennessee Historical Society Papers 43 1989 28 43 Hoffschwelle Mary The Federal Connection Impact Aid and Black Public Education in Milan 1874 1975 Tennessee Historical Quarterly 75 1 2016 28 63 onlineKickler Troy Lee Black Children and Northern Missionaries Freedmen s Bureau Agents and Southern Whites in Reconstruction Tennessee 1865 1869 PhD dissertation University of Tennessee 2005 onlineMcGehee C Stuart E 0 Tade Freedmen s Education and the Failure of Reconstruction in Tennessee Tennessee Historical Quarterly 43 1984 378 380 onlinePhillips Paul David Education of Blacks in Tennessee During Reconstruction 1865 1870 Tennessee Historical Quarterly 46 2 1987 98 109 onlineRaffel Jeffrey Historical dictionary of school segregation and desegregation The American experience Greenwood 1998 onlineRamsey Sonya Yvette More than the three R s The educational economic and cultural experiences of African American female public school teachers in Nashville Tennessee 1869 to 1983 PhD dissertation The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2000 online Savage Carter Julian Cultural capital and African American agency The economic struggle for effective education for African Americans in Franklin Tennessee 1890 1967 Journal of African American History 87 2 2002 206 235 onlineSavage Carter Julian Because We Did More With Less The Agency of African American Teachers in Franklin Tennessee 1890 1967 Peabody Journal of Education 76 2 2001 170 203 online Taylor Alrutheus Ambush The Negro in Tennessee 1865 1880 1941 Smithwick Brannon Marie Educating Generations The Legacy and Future of the Allen White School Campus a Rosenwald School in Whiteville Tennessee PhD dissertation University of Southern California 2023 online STITELY THOMAS BEANE BRIDGING THE GAP A HISTORY OF THE ROSENWALD FUND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL NEGRO SCHOOLS IN TENNESSEE 1912 1932 PhD dissertation Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing 1975 7522292 Whipple Lorena B African American Oral Histories of Oak Ridge Tennessee Public Schools During the Early Days of Desegregation 1955 1967 PhD dissertation University of Tennessee 2013 onlinePrimary sources edit Eaton John First Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of Tennessee Ending Thursday October 7th 1869 1869 online Graf Leroy P Education in East Tennessee 1867 1869 Selections from the John Eaton Jr Papers East Tennessee Historical Society s Publications 23 1951 Swint Henry Lee ed Reports from Educational Agents of the Freedmen s Bureau in Tennessee 1865 1870 Tennessee Historical Quarterly 1 1 1942 52 80 152 170 External links editTennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture articles on education Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Education in Tennessee amp oldid 1182131410, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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