fbpx
Wikipedia

Edoid languages

October 28, 2023

The Edoid languages are a few dozen languages spoken in Southern Nigeria, predominantly in the former Bendel State.[1] The name Edoid derives from its most widely spoken member, Edo, the language of Benin City, which has 25 million native and secondary speakers.

Edoid
Geographic
distribution		South-central Nigeria, west of the Niger River, south of the confluence of the Benue
Linguistic classificationNiger–Congo?
Proto-languageProto-Edoid
Subdivisions
  • Delta
  • North-Central
  • Northwestern
  • Southwestern
Glottologedoi1239

Classification edit

Elugbe (1989) edit

The following classification is based on that of Elugbe (1989).[2]

Ihievbe and Aduge are unclassified within their branches.

Lewis (2013) edit

An alternative classification of the Edoid languages by Lewis (2013:160):[3]

Names and locations edit

Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).[4]

Language Branch Cluster Dialects Alternate spellings Own name for language Endonym(s) Other names (location-based) Other names for language Exonym(s) Speakers Location(s)
Degema Delta Atala, spoken in Degema town, and Usokun spoken in Usokun–Degema Dẹgẹma Atala, Usokun (Udekama not recommended) 10,000 (SIL) Rivers State, Degema LGA
Engenni Delta Ediro, Inedua, and Ogua; Zarama in Yenagoa LGA Ngene, Ẹgẹnẹ Ẹgẹnẹ 10,000 (1963); 20,000 (1980 UBS) Rivers State, Yenagoa and Ahoada LGAs
Epie Delta Two clans, Epie and Atiṣa in at least three towns: Agudiama, Akẹnfai, Yẹneguẹ Epie–Atissa, Epie–Atiṣa 12,000 (SIL) Rivers State, Yenagoa LGA
Emai–Iuleha–Ora cluster North-Central Emai–Iuleha–Ora Ivhimion. Spurious languages Ihievbe and Uokha are listed in Ethnologue (2009) Kunibum Ivbiosakon estimated 100,000 plus (1987 Schaefer)[5] Edo State, Owan, LGA
Emai North-Central Emai–Iuleha–Ora estimated 20–25,000 (1987 Schaefer)
Iuleha North-Central Emai–Iuleha–Ora Aoma estimated 50,000 (1987 Schaefer)
Ora North-Central Emai–Iuleha–Ora estimated 30,000 (1987 Schaefer)
Esan North-Central Many dialects Ishan Awain 183,000 (1952); 500,000 estimated in 1963: Okojie & Ejele (1987)[6] Bendel State (now Edo State and Delta State), Agbazilo, Okpebho, Owan and Etsako LGAs
Ikpeshi North-Central 1,826 (Bradbury 1957)[7] Edo State, Etsako LGA
Etsako North-Central Auchi, Uzairue, South Ivbie, Uwepa–Uwano, (Weppa–Wano), Avbianwu (Fugar), Avbiele, Ivbiadaobi Yẹkhee: not all speakers of the language recognise this as the name of the language. Etsakọ Iyẹkhee, Afenmai, Kukuruku (not recommended) 73,500 (1952), 150,000 (UBS 1987) Edo State, Etsako, Agbako and Okpebho LGAs
Ghotuọ North-Central Otwa, Otuọ 9,000 (1952) Edo State, Owan and Akoko–Edo LGAs
Ivbie North–Okpela–Arhẹ cluster North-Central Ivbie North–Okpela–Arhẹ 14,500 (1952); possibly 20,000 (1973 SIL) Edo State, Etsako and Akoko–Ẹdo LGAs
Ivbie North North-Central Ivbie North–Okpela–Arhẹ
Okpela North-Central Ivbie North–Okpela–Arhẹ Okpella, Ukpilla
Arhẹ North-Central Ivbie North–Okpela–Arhẹ Atẹ, Ate, Atte
Yẹkhee North-Central Auchi, Uzairue, South Ivbie, Uwepa–Uwano, (Weppa–Wano), Avbianwu (Fugar), Avbiele, Ivbiadaobi Yẹkhee: not all speakers of the language recognise this as the name of the language. Etsakọ: the language is not the only language listed as being spoken in Etsako LGA. Iyẹkhee, Afenmai, Kukuruku (not recommended) 73,500 (1952), 150,000 (UBS 1987) Edo State, Etsako, Agbako and Okpebho LGAs
Ẹdo North-Central Oviedo, Ovioba Benin Ẹdo (Binĩ) 203,000 (1952), 1,000,000 (1987 UBS) Edo State, Ovia, Oredo and Orhionmwon LGAs
Ọsọsọ North-Central 6,532 (1957 Bradbury) Edo State, Akoko–Edo LGA
Sasaru–Enwan–Igwẹ North-Central Enwan, Igwẹ, Sasaru 3,775 (1952) Edo State, Akoko–Edo LGA
Unẹmẹ North-Central Uleme, Ileme, Ineme 6,000 (1952). Edo State, Etsako, Agbazilo and Akoko–Edo LGAs. The Uneme are a blacksmith group and live scattered among other language groups.
Uhami North-Western Isua 5,498 (1963) Ondo State, Akoko–South and Owo LGAs
Ukue North-Western Ukpe, Ẹkpenmi 5,702 (1963) Ondo State, Akoko South LGA
Ehuẹun North-Western Ẹkpenmi, Ekpimi, Epimi 5,766 (1963) Ondo State, Akoko South LGA
Iyayu North-Western Idoani 9,979 (1963) Ondo State, one quarter of Idoani town
Ẹmhalhẹ North-Western Somorika (Semolika) 249 in Semolina town (Temple 1922)[8] Edo State, Akoko–Edo LGA
Ọkpamheri North-Western Ọkpamheri means ‘we are one’: Okulosho (Okurosho), Western Okpamheri, Emhalhe (Emarle, Somorika, Semolika). Various. Opameri Aduge (appears to be a town name) 18,136 (1957 Bradbury); 30,000 (1973 SIL) Edo State, Akoko–Edo LGA, Kwara State, Oyi LGA
Ọkpẹ–Idesa–Akuku North-Western Ọkpẹ, Idesa, Akuku Edo State, Akoko–Edo LGA
Ọlọma North-Western 353 (1957 Bradbury) Edo State, Akoko–Edo LGA
Ẹrụwa South-Western Erohwa, Erakwa, Arokwa Delta State, Isoko LGA
Isoko South-Western various Igabo, Sobo (see also under Urhobo) Biotu (not recommended) At least 74,000 (1952 REB); 300,000 (1980 UBS) Delta State, Isoko and Ndokwa LGAs
Okpẹ South-Western Ukpɛ 8,722 (1957 Bradbury) Delta State, Okpe LGA
Urhobo South-Western Several dialects, Agbarho accepted as standard. Okpe and Uvbiẹ, often regarded as dialects of Urhobo, are treated as distinct languages (q.v.) on purely linguistic grounds Sobo (not recommended) (See also Isoko) Biotu (See also Isoko) at least 173,000 (1952 REB); 340,000 (1973 SIL) Delta State, Ethiope and Ughelli LGAs
Uvbiẹ South-Western Uvwie, Evrie, Uvhria, Effurum, Effurun, Evhro (not recommended) 6,000 (1952) Delta State, Ethiope LGA

Comparative vocabulary edit

Sample basic vocabulary for some northern Edoid languages from Lewis (2013):

Language eye ear nose tooth tongue mouth blood bone tree water eat name
Ghotuo ɛ́ó íhɔ̀wè ízúé ɛ̄kɔ̄ nímɛ̀lè únù ādɛ̄ ūgūā ɔ̀kpótā āmɛ̄ ījé évà
Sasaru rɛ̄rō wózɔ́ ízúé lɛ̂ːkɔ̄ úrɛ̀rɛ̄ únú ɔ̀rà úgúá ótá āmɛ̄ réʒí ōvā
Ikhin ɛ́ɣó ɛ̀ɣɔ̀ èwè áká úwɛ̀rɛ́ ùnù ɔ́rá ìgùà òrhà ámɛ́ èmāèēè èvà
Arokho ɛ̄xō éxɔ̄ íwè ākɔ̄ óxɛ̀rɛ̄ únù ɔja úgùà úràì āmɛ̄ émàē évà
Uroe ɛ̄xō èkɛ̃̀ ̀ íwè àkù̃ ɔ́rɛ̄mì únù ɛ̀rè ák͡pókà órà̃ āmɛ̄ émírémì êːɲì
Igwe (Sale) ɛ̄xō óxɔ̀ ísúè ākɔ̄ íɲɛ̀rɛ̀ ùnù ɔ̀rà ígúá ítá ̀ àmɛ̀ īdɛ̄ré úrâːmī
Igwe (Oke) ɛ̀rō wórɔ̀ ísúè ɛ̄kō ínɛ̀nɛ̀ únù ɔ̄rá ɔ̄tɛ̄kū úkánɔ́sínóríbè āmɛ̄ ìlélé óvà
Ake ōk͡pɛ́xò exɔ íwè àk͡pàkò úrɛ̀mì únù ɔ́ràì ráì únà àmɛ̀ ùgbài éìɲì
Okpuje ɛ̄xō êːxɔ̀ érùè ákɔ̄̃ óxɛ̀mì únù ɛ̄rē ák͡púkà órà àmɛ̀ ébàè ēhī
Sobongida ɛ̄xō e̋ːxɔ̀ éwè ākū̃ óxɛ̀mì únù ɛ̄rē āk͡pôːkà órà àmè ébàē éhì

Phonology edit

Proto-Edoid is reconstructed as having a contrast between oral and nasal consonants and oral and nasal vowels typical for the region. However, in some Edoid languages nasal vowels have been reanalyzed as allophones of oral vowels after nasal consonants, and in others nasal consonants have been reanalyzed as allophones of oral consonants before nasal vowels, reducing the number of phonemically nasal consonants. Urhobo retains three nasals, /m, n, ɲ/, and has five oral consonants with nasal allophones, /ɺ, l, ʋ, j, w/; in Edo this is reduced to one phonemic nasal, /m/, but eight additional consonants with nasal allophones, /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, kp, ɡb/; and in Ukue there are no indisputably phonemic nasals and only two consonants with nasal allophones, /l, β/.

See also edit

  • List of Proto-Edoid reconstructions (Wiktionary)

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ "Edo | people | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  2. ^ Elugbe, Ben Ohiọmamhẹ. 1989. Comparative Edoid: Phonology and Lexicon. (Delta Series, 6.) Port-Harcourt: University of Port Harcourt Press.
  3. ^ Lewis, Ademola Anthony. 2013. North Edoid relations and roots. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ibadan.
  4. ^ Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
  5. ^ Schaefer, R.P. 1987. An initial orthography and lexicon for Emai: an Edoid language of Nigeria. Indiana University Linguistics Club, Studies in African Grammatical Systems, 5, Bloomington.
  6. ^ Okojie, C. and P.E. Ejele 1987. Esan orthography. In: Orthography Manual V. ed. R.N. Agheyisi. National Language Centre, Federal Ministry of Education, Lagos.
  7. ^ Bradbury, R.E. 1957. The Benin kingdom and the Edo-speaking peoples of south-south Nigeria (Ethnographic survey of Africa, Western Africa 13). London: Oxford Univ. Press; International African Inst. (IAI).
  8. ^ Temple, Olive 1922. Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Emirates and States of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria. Argus Printing and Publishing Co. Cape Town.

References edit

  • Frank Kügler, Caroline Féry, Ruben Van De Vijver (2009) Variation and Gradience in Phonetics and Phonology
  • Elugbe, Ben Ohiọmamhẹ. 1989a. "Edoid". In Bendor-Samuel (Ed.), The Niger–Congo Languages. Lanham: The United Press of America. 291-304.
  • Elugbe, Ben Ohiọmamhẹ. 1989b. Comparative Edoid: phonology and lexicon. Delta Series No. 6. Port Harcourt: University of Port Harcourt Press.
  • Blench, Roger. Delta Edoid wordlists.

  This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3.0 license.

October 28, 2023
edoid, languages, dozen, languages, spoken, southern, nigeria, predominantly, former, bendel, state, name, edoid, derives, from, most, widely, spoken, member, language, benin, city, which, million, native, secondary, speakers, edoidgeographicdistributionsouth,. The Edoid languages are a few dozen languages spoken in Southern Nigeria predominantly in the former Bendel State 1 The name Edoid derives from its most widely spoken member Edo the language of Benin City which has 25 million native and secondary speakers EdoidGeographicdistributionSouth central Nigeria west of the Niger River south of the confluence of the BenueLinguistic classificationNiger Congo Atlantic CongoVolta NigerYEAIAkpes EdoidEdoidProto languageProto EdoidSubdivisionsDelta North Central Northwestern SouthwesternGlottologedoi1239 Contents 1 Classification 1 1 Elugbe 1989 1 2 Lewis 2013 2 Names and locations 3 Comparative vocabulary 4 Phonology 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 ReferencesClassification editElugbe 1989 edit The following classification is based on that of Elugbe 1989 2 Delta Degema Epie Ẹgẹnẹ Engenni North Central Edo Edo Bini Ivbiosakon Ora Emai Iuleha Esan Ishan Yekhee Ghotuo Yekhee Enwan Igwe Ikpeshi Okpela Ivbie North Arhe Ososo Sasaru Uneme Ihievbe Northwestern Osse River Ehuẹun Ukue Iyayu Uhami Southern Northwestern Okpamheri Akuku Okpe Oloma Aduge Southwestern Isoko Urhobo Eruwa Okpe UvbieIhievbe and Aduge are unclassified within their branches Lewis 2013 edit An alternative classification of the Edoid languages by Lewis 2013 160 3 North Central Ghotuo Sasaru Igwe Ososo Eese Ihievbe Uneme Yekhee Uokha Uroe Ake Warake Ikhin Arokho Esan Bini North Western Okpella North Ibie Atte Enwa Ikpeshi Ibilo Dagbala Aiyegunle Somorika Akuku Okpe South Western Okpe Urhobo Isoko Eruwa Delta Eipe Atisa Egene Engenni DegemaNames and locations editBelow is a list of language names populations and locations from Blench 2019 4 Language Branch Cluster Dialects Alternate spellings Own name for language Endonym s Other names location based Other names for language Exonym s Speakers Location s Degema Delta Atala spoken in Degema town and Usokun spoken in Usokun Degema Dẹgẹma Atala Usokun Udekama not recommended 10 000 SIL Rivers State Degema LGAEngenni Delta Ediro Inedua and Ogua Zarama in Yenagoa LGA Ngene Ẹgẹnẹ Ẹgẹnẹ 10 000 1963 20 000 1980 UBS Rivers State Yenagoa and Ahoada LGAsEpie Delta Two clans Epie and Atiṣa in at least three towns Agudiama Akẹnfai Yẹneguẹ Epie Atissa Epie Atiṣa 12 000 SIL Rivers State Yenagoa LGAEmai Iuleha Ora cluster North Central Emai Iuleha Ora Ivhimion Spurious languages Ihievbe and Uokha are listed in Ethnologue 2009 Kunibum Ivbiosakon estimated 100 000 plus 1987 Schaefer 5 Edo State Owan LGAEmai North Central Emai Iuleha Ora estimated 20 25 000 1987 Schaefer Iuleha North Central Emai Iuleha Ora Aoma estimated 50 000 1987 Schaefer Ora North Central Emai Iuleha Ora estimated 30 000 1987 Schaefer Esan North Central Many dialects Ishan Awain 183 000 1952 500 000 estimated in 1963 Okojie amp Ejele 1987 6 Bendel State now Edo State and Delta State Agbazilo Okpebho Owan and Etsako LGAsIkpeshi North Central 1 826 Bradbury 1957 7 Edo State Etsako LGAEtsako North Central Auchi Uzairue South Ivbie Uwepa Uwano Weppa Wano Avbianwu Fugar Avbiele Ivbiadaobi Yẹkhee not all speakers of the language recognise this as the name of the language Etsakọ Iyẹkhee Afenmai Kukuruku not recommended 73 500 1952 150 000 UBS 1987 Edo State Etsako Agbako and Okpebho LGAsGhotuọ North Central Otwa Otuọ 9 000 1952 Edo State Owan and Akoko Edo LGAsIvbie North Okpela Arhẹ cluster North Central Ivbie North Okpela Arhẹ 14 500 1952 possibly 20 000 1973 SIL Edo State Etsako and Akoko Ẹdo LGAsIvbie North North Central Ivbie North Okpela ArhẹOkpela North Central Ivbie North Okpela Arhẹ Okpella UkpillaArhẹ North Central Ivbie North Okpela Arhẹ Atẹ Ate AtteYẹkhee North Central Auchi Uzairue South Ivbie Uwepa Uwano Weppa Wano Avbianwu Fugar Avbiele Ivbiadaobi Yẹkhee not all speakers of the language recognise this as the name of the language Etsakọ the language is not the only language listed as being spoken in Etsako LGA Iyẹkhee Afenmai Kukuruku not recommended 73 500 1952 150 000 UBS 1987 Edo State Etsako Agbako and Okpebho LGAsẸdo North Central Oviedo Ovioba Benin Ẹdo Binĩ 203 000 1952 1 000 000 1987 UBS Edo State Ovia Oredo and Orhionmwon LGAsỌsọsọ North Central 6 532 1957 Bradbury Edo State Akoko Edo LGASasaru Enwan Igwẹ North Central Enwan Igwẹ Sasaru 3 775 1952 Edo State Akoko Edo LGAUnẹmẹ North Central Uleme Ileme Ineme 6 000 1952 Edo State Etsako Agbazilo and Akoko Edo LGAs The Uneme are a blacksmith group and live scattered among other language groups Uhami North Western Isua 5 498 1963 Ondo State Akoko South and Owo LGAsUkue North Western Ukpe Ẹkpenmi 5 702 1963 Ondo State Akoko South LGAEhuẹun North Western Ẹkpenmi Ekpimi Epimi 5 766 1963 Ondo State Akoko South LGAIyayu North Western Idoani 9 979 1963 Ondo State one quarter of Idoani townẸmhalhẹ North Western Somorika Semolika 249 in Semolina town Temple 1922 8 Edo State Akoko Edo LGAỌkpamheri North Western Ọkpamheri means we are one Okulosho Okurosho Western Okpamheri Emhalhe Emarle Somorika Semolika Various Opameri Aduge appears to be a town name 18 136 1957 Bradbury 30 000 1973 SIL Edo State Akoko Edo LGA Kwara State Oyi LGAỌkpẹ Idesa Akuku North Western Ọkpẹ Idesa Akuku Edo State Akoko Edo LGAỌlọma North Western 353 1957 Bradbury Edo State Akoko Edo LGAẸrụwa South Western Erohwa Erakwa Arokwa Delta State Isoko LGAIsoko South Western various Igabo Sobo see also under Urhobo Biotu not recommended At least 74 000 1952 REB 300 000 1980 UBS Delta State Isoko and Ndokwa LGAsOkpẹ South Western Ukpɛ 8 722 1957 Bradbury Delta State Okpe LGAUrhobo South Western Several dialects Agbarho accepted as standard Okpe and Uvbiẹ often regarded as dialects of Urhobo are treated as distinct languages q v on purely linguistic grounds Sobo not recommended See also Isoko Biotu See also Isoko at least 173 000 1952 REB 340 000 1973 SIL Delta State Ethiope and Ughelli LGAsUvbiẹ South Western Uvwie Evrie Uvhria Effurum Effurun Evhro not recommended 6 000 1952 Delta State Ethiope LGAComparative vocabulary editSample basic vocabulary for some northern Edoid languages from Lewis 2013 Language eye ear nose tooth tongue mouth blood bone tree water eat nameGhotuo ɛ o ihɔ we izue ɛ kɔ nimɛ le unu adɛ ugua ɔ kpota amɛ ije evaSasaru rɛ rō wozɔ izue lɛ ːkɔ urɛ rɛ unu ɔ ra ugua ota amɛ reʒi ōvaIkhin ɛ ɣo ɛ ɣɔ ewe aka uwɛ rɛ unu ɔ ra igua orha amɛ emaeee evaArokho ɛ xō exɔ iwe akɔ oxɛ rɛ unu ɔja ugua urai amɛ emae evaUroe ɛ xō ekɛ iwe aku ɔ rɛ mi unu ɛ re ak poka ora amɛ emiremi eːɲiIgwe Sale ɛ xō oxɔ isue akɔ iɲɛ rɛ unu ɔ ra igua ita amɛ idɛ re uraːmiIgwe Oke ɛ rō worɔ isue ɛ kō inɛ nɛ unu ɔ ra ɔ tɛ ku ukanɔ sinoribe amɛ ilele ovaAke ōk pɛ xo exɔ iwe ak pako urɛ mi unu ɔ rai rai una amɛ ugbai eiɲiOkpuje ɛ xō eːxɔ erue akɔ oxɛ mi unu ɛ re ak puka ora amɛ ebae ehiSobongida ɛ xō e ːxɔ ewe aku oxɛ mi unu ɛ re ak poːka ora ame ebae ehiPhonology editProto Edoid is reconstructed as having a contrast between oral and nasal consonants and oral and nasal vowels typical for the region However in some Edoid languages nasal vowels have been reanalyzed as allophones of oral vowels after nasal consonants and in others nasal consonants have been reanalyzed as allophones of oral consonants before nasal vowels reducing the number of phonemically nasal consonants Urhobo retains three nasals m n ɲ and has five oral consonants with nasal allophones ɺ l ʋ j w in Edo this is reduced to one phonemic nasal m but eight additional consonants with nasal allophones p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb and in Ukue there are no indisputably phonemic nasals and only two consonants with nasal allophones l b See also editList of Proto Edoid reconstructions Wiktionary Footnotes edit Edo people Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 2023 01 29 Elugbe Ben Ohiọmamhẹ 1989 Comparative Edoid Phonology and Lexicon Delta Series 6 Port Harcourt University of Port Harcourt Press Lewis Ademola Anthony 2013 North Edoid relations and roots Doctoral dissertation University of Ibadan Blench Roger 2019 An Atlas of Nigerian Languages 4th ed Cambridge Kay Williamson Educational Foundation Schaefer R P 1987 An initial orthography and lexicon for Emai an Edoid language of Nigeria Indiana University Linguistics Club Studies in African Grammatical Systems 5 Bloomington Okojie C and P E Ejele 1987 Esan orthography In Orthography Manual V ed R N Agheyisi National Language Centre Federal Ministry of Education Lagos Bradbury R E 1957 The Benin kingdom and the Edo speaking peoples of south south Nigeria Ethnographic survey of Africa Western Africa 13 London Oxford Univ Press International African Inst IAI Temple Olive 1922 Notes on the Tribes Provinces Emirates and States of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria Argus Printing and Publishing Co Cape Town References editFrank Kugler Caroline Fery Ruben Van De Vijver 2009 Variation and Gradience in Phonetics and Phonology Elugbe Ben Ohiọmamhẹ 1989a Edoid In Bendor Samuel Ed The Niger Congo Languages Lanham The United Press of America 291 304 Elugbe Ben Ohiọmamhẹ 1989b Comparative Edoid phonology and lexicon Delta Series No 6 Port Harcourt University of Port Harcourt Press Blench Roger Delta Edoid wordlists nbsp This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3 0 license Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Edoid languages amp oldid 1174017447, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.