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Echo (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Echo (/ˈɛk/; Greek: Ἠχώ, Ēkhō, "echo",[3] from ἦχος (ēchos), "sound"[4]) was an Oread who resided on Mount Cithaeron.[5] Zeus loved consorting with beautiful nymphs and often visited them on Earth. Eventually, Zeus's wife, Hera, became suspicious, and came from Mount Olympus in an attempt to catch Zeus with the nymphs. Echo, by trying to protect Zeus (as he had ordered her to do), endured Hera's wrath, and Hera made her only able to speak the last words spoken to her. So when Echo met Narcissus and fell in love with him, she was unable to tell him how she felt and was forced to watch him as he fell in love with himself.

Echo
Echo (right) with Narcissus, from a fresco in Pompeii
AbodeMount Cithaeron
Personal information
Parents(possibly) Ouranos
SiblingsNymphs
ConsortPan, Narcissus
ChildrenIynx[1] and Iambe[2]

Classical depiction edit

 
Echo and Narcissus (John William Waterhouse, 1903, Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool)

Metamorphoses edit

In Metamorphoses (8 AD), the poet Ovid tells of Juno (Hera in Greek mythology) and the jealousy she felt over her husband Jupiter's (Zeus in Greek mythology) many affairs. Though vigilant, whenever she was about to catch him, Echo distracted her with lengthy conversations. When at last Juno realized the truth, she cursed Echo. From that moment on, the once loquacious nymph could only repeat the most recently spoken words of another person.[6]

Sometime after being cursed, Echo spied a young man, Narcissus, while he was out hunting deer with his companions. She immediately fell in love with him and, infatuated, followed quietly. The more she looked at the young man, the more she longed for him. Though she wished with all her heart to call out to Narcissus, Juno's curse prevented her.[7]

During the hunt, Narcissus became separated from his companions and called out, ‘is anyone there,’ and heard the nymph repeat his words. Startled, Narcissus answered the voice, ‘come here,’ only to be told the same. When Narcissus saw that nobody had emerged from the glade, he concluded that the owner of the voice must be running away from him and called out again. Finally, he shouted, "This way, we must come together." Taking this to be a reciprocation of her love, Echo concurred ecstatically, "We must come together!"[8]

In her delight, Echo rushed to Narcissus ready to throw her arms around her beloved. Narcissus, however, was appalled and, spurning her, exclaimed, ‘Hands off! May I die before you enjoy my body.’ All Echo could whisper in reply was, ‘enjoy my body’ and having done so she fled, scorned, humiliated, and shamed.[9]

Despite the harshness of his rejection, Echo's love for Narcissus only grew.[10] When Narcissus died, wasting away before his own reflection, consumed by a love that could not be, Echo mourned over his body. When Narcissus, looking one last time into the pool uttered, "Oh marvellous boy, I loved you in vain, farewell", Echo too chorused, "Farewell."[11]

Eventually, Echo, too, began to waste away. Her beauty faded, her skin shrivelled, and her bones turned to stone. Today, all that remains of Echo is the sound of her voice.[12]

Daphnis and Chloe edit

 
Daphnis recounting the tale of Echo to Chloe. (François Boucher, 1743, The Wallace Collection, London)

The tale of Daphnis and Chloe is a 2nd-century romance by Greek author Longus. At one point in the novel, Daphnis and Chloe are staring out at the boats gliding across the sea. Chloe, having never heard an echo before, is confused on hearing the fisherman's song repeated in a nearby valley. Daphnis promises to tell her the story of Echo in exchange for ten more kisses.[13]

Daphnis’ rendition differs radically from Ovid's account. According to Daphnis, Echo was raised among the Nymphæ because her mother was a nymph. Her father, however, was merely a man and hence Echo was not herself a nymph but mortal. Echo spent her days dancing with the Nymphæ and singing with the Muses who taught her all manner of musical instruments. Pan then grew angry with her, envious of her musical virtuosity and covetous of her virginity, which she would yield neither to men nor gods. Pan drove the men of the fields mad, and, like wild animals, they tore Echo apart and scattered the still singing fragments of her body across the earth.[13]

Showing favour to the Nymphæ, Gaia hid the shreds of Echo within herself providing shelter for her music and at the Muses’ command, Echo's body will still sing, imitating with perfect likeness the sound of any earthly thing. Daphnis recounts that Pan himself often hears his very own pipes and, giving chase across the mountains, looks in vain for the secret student he can never find.[13]

Other edit

Both the Homeric and Orphic Hymns to Pan reiterate Longus’ tale of Pan chasing Echo's secret voice across the mountains.[14][15]

Codex 190 of Photius' Bibliotheca states that Pan's unrequited love for Echo was placed there by Aphrodite, angry at his verdict in a beauty contest.[16]

NonnusDionysiaca contains a number of references to Echo. In Nonnus’ account, though Pan frequently chased Echo, he never won her affection.[17] Book VI also makes reference to Echo in the context of the Great Deluge. Nonnus states that the waters rose so far that even high on the hills Echo was forced to swim. Having escaped the advances of Pan, she feared now the lust of Poseidon.[18]

Whereas Nonnus is adamant that Pan never wins Echo, in Apuleius' The Golden Ass Pan is described with Echo in his arms, teaching the nymph to repeat all manner of songs.[19] Similarly in the Suda Echo is described as bearing Pan a child, Iynx.[1] Other fragments mention a second daughter, Iambe.[2]

Medieval depiction edit

The Lay of Narcissus edit

 
Echo and Narcissus, a depiction of Echo and Narcissus featuring Cupid and his arrows. (Nicolas Poussin, 1630, Louvre Museum, Paris)

The Lay of Narcissus, one of many titles by which the work is known, is Norman-French verse narrative written towards the end of the 12th century. In the four manuscripts that remain, an unknown author borrows from the Echo and Narcissus of Ovid to create a story better suited to the needs of his time.[20]

This medieval account alters the characters of both Echo and Narcissus. In Ovid's account Echo is a beautiful nymph residing with the Muses, and Narcissus is a haughty prince. In The Lay of Narcissus, Echo is replaced by the princess Dané. Conversely, Narcissus loses the royal status he bore in Ovid's account: in this rendition he is no more than a commoner, a vassal of Dané's father, the King.[20]

In the Lay, Dané is pierced by the arrows of Amor and falls madly in love with Narcissus. Though aware that she should first consult her father, she nonetheless shares her feelings with Narcissus. Despite her emphasising her royal lineage, Narcissus spurns her just as he spurns and flees from all women.[21]

Humiliated, Dané calls out to Amor, and, in response, the god curses Narcissus. In a classic example of poetic justice, Narcissus is forced to suffer the same pain he inflicted on others, namely the pain of unrequited love.[20] The vehicle of this justice is a pool of water in which Narcissus falls in love with his own reflection, which he at first mistakes for a woman.[21] Deranged by lust, Dané searches for Narcissus, naked but for a cloak, and finds him at the point of death. Devastated, Dané repents ever calling to Amor.[20] Dané expresses her love for the last time, pulls close to her beloved and dies in his arms. The poet warns men and women alike not to disdain suitors lest they suffer a similar fate.[22]

While Ovid's story is still recognisable, many of the details have changed considerably. Almost all references to pagan deities are gone, save Amor who is little more than a personification of love. Narcissus is demoted to the status of a commoner while Echo is elevated to the status of princess. Allusions to Narcissus’ homosexuality are expunged. While Ovid talks of Narcissus' disdain for both male and female suitors, the Lay only mentions his hatred of women. Similarly, in the Lay, Narcissus mistakes his reflection for that of a woman, whereas no mention is made of this in Ovid's account. Finally, the tale is overtly moralized with messages about courtly love. Such exhortations were entirely absent from the Metamorphoses rendition.[22]

The Romance of the Rose edit

 
An early illustration of the Spring of Narcissus from The Romance of the Rose

The Romance of the Rose is a medieval French poem, the first section of which was written by Guillaume de Lorris in around 1230. The poem was completed by Jean de Meun in around 1275. Part of a much larger narrative, the tale of Echo and Narcissus is relayed when the central figure stumbles across the pool wherein Narcissus first glimpsed his own reflection.[23]

In this rendition, Echo is not a nymph, or a princess, but a noble lady. She fell madly in love with Narcissus, so much so that she declared that she would die should he fail to love her in turn. Narcissus refuses, not because he despises all women, but merely because he is haughty and excessively proud of his own beauty.[23]

Guillaume relays that on hearing Narcissus’ rejection, Echo's grief and anger were so great that she died at once. However, in a similar vein to the Lay of Narcissus, just before she dies, Echo calls out to Deus. She asks that Narcissus might one day be tormented by unrequited love as she had been, and, in so doing, understand how the spurned suffer.[23]

As in the classical myth, Narcissus comes across a pool following a hunt. Though Echo prayed to Deus, and the tale notes that he answered her prayer, it is Amor who waits for Narcissus by the water. Amor causes Narcissus to fall for his own reflection, leading quickly to his death. The tale makes clear that this is not merely justice for Echo, but also punishment for Narcissus’ slight against love itself.[23]

The tale concludes with an exhortation to all men warning them that, should they scorn their lovers, God will repay the offence.[24]

Guillaume's rendition builds on the themes of courtly love emphasised in the Lay and moves further away from Ovid's initial account. The curse of Athena is absent entirely, and the tale is overtly moralised. Unlike in the Lay, however, this moral message is aimed solely at women; this despite the fact that the offending behaviour is perpetrated by Narcissus not Echo.[25]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Sudias, Translated by Ada Adler (1928–1938), Suda. Available at stoa.org/sol/
  2. ^ a b Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony and Eidinow, Esther (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Page 720, "Iambe". ISBN 0199545561.
  3. ^ ἠχώ, Henry Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  4. ^ ἦχος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  5. ^ Aristophanes, Translated by Eugene O'Neill Jr. (1938). Thesmophoriazusae. Lines 990-1000. Available at perseus.tufts.edu
  6. ^ Ovid, Translated by David Raeburn (2004). Metamorphoses. Penguin Classics. 3. 361-369. ISBN 014044789X
  7. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, 3. 370-378
  8. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, 3. 379-386
  9. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, 3. 386-392
  10. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, 3. 394
  11. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, 3. 493-501
  12. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, 3. 395-397
  13. ^ a b c Longus, Translated by Ronald McCail (2009). Daphnis and Chloe. Oxford University Press. Page 56, [3.22]. ISBN 0199554951
  14. ^ Hesiod and Homer, Translated by Hugh. G. Evelyn-White (2008). Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica. Digireads.com. Homeric Hymn XIX. To Pan, p.127. ISBN 1420930753
  15. ^ Orpheus, Translated by Thomas Taylor (2013). The Mystical Hymns of Orpheus. Old Book Publishing Ltd. Orphic Hymn XI. To Pan, page 35. ISBN 1781071381
  16. ^ Photius, Translated by René Henry (2003). Bibliothèque: Tome III: Codices 186-222. Les Belles Lettres. Codex 190. ISBN 2251322221
  17. ^ Nonnus, Translated by W. H. D. Rouse (1989). Dionysiaca: Books 1-15. Loeb. Book XV, para. 306. ISBN 0674993799
  18. ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca, Book VI, para. 257.
  19. ^ Apuleius, Translated by P. G. Walsh (2008). The Golden Ass. Oxford University Press. Page 94, Book 5, para. 25. ISBN 0199540551
  20. ^ a b c d Dwyer, Richard (1978), Review: Narcisse: Conte ovidien français du XIIe siècle by Martine Thiry-Stassin, Madeline Tyssens. Speculum Vol. 53, No. 2, p.417
  21. ^ a b Harrison, Ann Turkey (1982). "Echo and her Medieval Sister". The Continental Review. 26 (4): 326. JSTOR 23739427.
  22. ^ a b Harrison, Echo and her Medieval Sister, 327
  23. ^ a b c d Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun (2008). The Romance of the Rose. Oxford University Press. Page 23. ISBN 0199540675
  24. ^ Guillaume, The Romance of the Rose, 24
  25. ^ Harrison, The Romance of the Rose, 328-329

External links edit

  •   Media related to Echo (mythology) at Wikimedia Commons

echo, mythology, greek, mythology, echo, greek, Ἠχώ, Ēkhō, echo, from, ἦχος, ēchos, sound, oread, resided, mount, cithaeron, zeus, loved, consorting, with, beautiful, nymphs, often, visited, them, earth, eventually, zeus, wife, hera, became, suspicious, came, . In Greek mythology Echo ˈ ɛ k oʊ Greek Ἠxw Ekhō echo 3 from ἦxos echos sound 4 was an Oread who resided on Mount Cithaeron 5 Zeus loved consorting with beautiful nymphs and often visited them on Earth Eventually Zeus s wife Hera became suspicious and came from Mount Olympus in an attempt to catch Zeus with the nymphs Echo by trying to protect Zeus as he had ordered her to do endured Hera s wrath and Hera made her only able to speak the last words spoken to her So when Echo met Narcissus and fell in love with him she was unable to tell him how she felt and was forced to watch him as he fell in love with himself EchoEcho right with Narcissus from a fresco in PompeiiAbodeMount CithaeronPersonal informationParents possibly OuranosSiblingsNymphsConsortPan NarcissusChildrenIynx 1 and Iambe 2 Contents 1 Classical depiction 1 1 Metamorphoses 1 2 Daphnis and Chloe 1 3 Other 2 Medieval depiction 2 1 The Lay of Narcissus 2 2 The Romance of the Rose 3 References 4 External linksClassical depiction edit nbsp Echo and Narcissus John William Waterhouse 1903 Walker Art Gallery Liverpool Metamorphoses edit In Metamorphoses 8 AD the poet Ovid tells of Juno Hera in Greek mythology and the jealousy she felt over her husband Jupiter s Zeus in Greek mythology many affairs Though vigilant whenever she was about to catch him Echo distracted her with lengthy conversations When at last Juno realized the truth she cursed Echo From that moment on the once loquacious nymph could only repeat the most recently spoken words of another person 6 Sometime after being cursed Echo spied a young man Narcissus while he was out hunting deer with his companions She immediately fell in love with him and infatuated followed quietly The more she looked at the young man the more she longed for him Though she wished with all her heart to call out to Narcissus Juno s curse prevented her 7 During the hunt Narcissus became separated from his companions and called out is anyone there and heard the nymph repeat his words Startled Narcissus answered the voice come here only to be told the same When Narcissus saw that nobody had emerged from the glade he concluded that the owner of the voice must be running away from him and called out again Finally he shouted This way we must come together Taking this to be a reciprocation of her love Echo concurred ecstatically We must come together 8 In her delight Echo rushed to Narcissus ready to throw her arms around her beloved Narcissus however was appalled and spurning her exclaimed Hands off May I die before you enjoy my body All Echo could whisper in reply was enjoy my body and having done so she fled scorned humiliated and shamed 9 Despite the harshness of his rejection Echo s love for Narcissus only grew 10 When Narcissus died wasting away before his own reflection consumed by a love that could not be Echo mourned over his body When Narcissus looking one last time into the pool uttered Oh marvellous boy I loved you in vain farewell Echo too chorused Farewell 11 Eventually Echo too began to waste away Her beauty faded her skin shrivelled and her bones turned to stone Today all that remains of Echo is the sound of her voice 12 Daphnis and Chloe edit nbsp Daphnis recounting the tale of Echo to Chloe Francois Boucher 1743 The Wallace Collection London The tale of Daphnis and Chloe is a 2nd century romance by Greek author Longus At one point in the novel Daphnis and Chloe are staring out at the boats gliding across the sea Chloe having never heard an echo before is confused on hearing the fisherman s song repeated in a nearby valley Daphnis promises to tell her the story of Echo in exchange for ten more kisses 13 Daphnis rendition differs radically from Ovid s account According to Daphnis Echo was raised among the Nymphae because her mother was a nymph Her father however was merely a man and hence Echo was not herself a nymph but mortal Echo spent her days dancing with the Nymphae and singing with the Muses who taught her all manner of musical instruments Pan then grew angry with her envious of her musical virtuosity and covetous of her virginity which she would yield neither to men nor gods Pan drove the men of the fields mad and like wild animals they tore Echo apart and scattered the still singing fragments of her body across the earth 13 Showing favour to the Nymphae Gaia hid the shreds of Echo within herself providing shelter for her music and at the Muses command Echo s body will still sing imitating with perfect likeness the sound of any earthly thing Daphnis recounts that Pan himself often hears his very own pipes and giving chase across the mountains looks in vain for the secret student he can never find 13 Other edit Both the Homeric and Orphic Hymns to Pan reiterate Longus tale of Pan chasing Echo s secret voice across the mountains 14 15 Codex 190 of Photius Bibliotheca states that Pan s unrequited love for Echo was placed there by Aphrodite angry at his verdict in a beauty contest 16 Nonnus Dionysiaca contains a number of references to Echo In Nonnus account though Pan frequently chased Echo he never won her affection 17 Book VI also makes reference to Echo in the context of the Great Deluge Nonnus states that the waters rose so far that even high on the hills Echo was forced to swim Having escaped the advances of Pan she feared now the lust of Poseidon 18 Whereas Nonnus is adamant that Pan never wins Echo in Apuleius The Golden Ass Pan is described with Echo in his arms teaching the nymph to repeat all manner of songs 19 Similarly in the Suda Echo is described as bearing Pan a child Iynx 1 Other fragments mention a second daughter Iambe 2 Medieval depiction editThe Lay of Narcissus edit nbsp Echo and Narcissus a depiction of Echo and Narcissus featuring Cupid and his arrows Nicolas Poussin 1630 Louvre Museum Paris The Lay of Narcissus one of many titles by which the work is known is Norman French verse narrative written towards the end of the 12th century In the four manuscripts that remain an unknown author borrows from the Echo and Narcissus of Ovid to create a story better suited to the needs of his time 20 This medieval account alters the characters of both Echo and Narcissus In Ovid s account Echo is a beautiful nymph residing with the Muses and Narcissus is a haughty prince In The Lay of Narcissus Echo is replaced by the princess Dane Conversely Narcissus loses the royal status he bore in Ovid s account in this rendition he is no more than a commoner a vassal of Dane s father the King 20 In the Lay Dane is pierced by the arrows of Amor and falls madly in love with Narcissus Though aware that she should first consult her father she nonetheless shares her feelings with Narcissus Despite her emphasising her royal lineage Narcissus spurns her just as he spurns and flees from all women 21 Humiliated Dane calls out to Amor and in response the god curses Narcissus In a classic example of poetic justice Narcissus is forced to suffer the same pain he inflicted on others namely the pain of unrequited love 20 The vehicle of this justice is a pool of water in which Narcissus falls in love with his own reflection which he at first mistakes for a woman 21 Deranged by lust Dane searches for Narcissus naked but for a cloak and finds him at the point of death Devastated Dane repents ever calling to Amor 20 Dane expresses her love for the last time pulls close to her beloved and dies in his arms The poet warns men and women alike not to disdain suitors lest they suffer a similar fate 22 While Ovid s story is still recognisable many of the details have changed considerably Almost all references to pagan deities are gone save Amor who is little more than a personification of love Narcissus is demoted to the status of a commoner while Echo is elevated to the status of princess Allusions to Narcissus homosexuality are expunged While Ovid talks of Narcissus disdain for both male and female suitors the Lay only mentions his hatred of women Similarly in the Lay Narcissus mistakes his reflection for that of a woman whereas no mention is made of this in Ovid s account Finally the tale is overtly moralized with messages about courtly love Such exhortations were entirely absent from the Metamorphoses rendition 22 The Romance of the Rose edit nbsp An early illustration of the Spring of Narcissus from The Romance of the RoseThe Romance of the Rose is a medieval French poem the first section of which was written by Guillaume de Lorris in around 1230 The poem was completed by Jean de Meun in around 1275 Part of a much larger narrative the tale of Echo and Narcissus is relayed when the central figure stumbles across the pool wherein Narcissus first glimpsed his own reflection 23 In this rendition Echo is not a nymph or a princess but a noble lady She fell madly in love with Narcissus so much so that she declared that she would die should he fail to love her in turn Narcissus refuses not because he despises all women but merely because he is haughty and excessively proud of his own beauty 23 Guillaume relays that on hearing Narcissus rejection Echo s grief and anger were so great that she died at once However in a similar vein to the Lay of Narcissus just before she dies Echo calls out to Deus She asks that Narcissus might one day be tormented by unrequited love as she had been and in so doing understand how the spurned suffer 23 As in the classical myth Narcissus comes across a pool following a hunt Though Echo prayed to Deus and the tale notes that he answered her prayer it is Amor who waits for Narcissus by the water Amor causes Narcissus to fall for his own reflection leading quickly to his death The tale makes clear that this is not merely justice for Echo but also punishment for Narcissus slight against love itself 23 The tale concludes with an exhortation to all men warning them that should they scorn their lovers God will repay the offence 24 Guillaume s rendition builds on the themes of courtly love emphasised in the Lay and moves further away from Ovid s initial account The curse of Athena is absent entirely and the tale is overtly moralised Unlike in the Lay however this moral message is aimed solely at women this despite the fact that the offending behaviour is perpetrated by Narcissus not Echo 25 References edit a b Sudias Translated by Ada Adler 1928 1938 Suda Available at stoa org sol a b Hornblower Simon Spawforth Antony and Eidinow Esther 2012 The Oxford Classical Dictionary Oxford University Press Page 720 Iambe ISBN 0199545561 ἠxw Henry Liddell Robert Scott A Greek English Lexicon on Perseus ἦxos Henry George Liddell Robert Scott A Greek English Lexicon on Perseus Aristophanes Translated by Eugene O Neill Jr 1938 Thesmophoriazusae Lines 990 1000 Available at perseus tufts edu Ovid Translated by David Raeburn 2004 Metamorphoses Penguin Classics 3 361 369 ISBN 014044789X Ovid Metamorphoses 3 370 378 Ovid Metamorphoses 3 379 386 Ovid Metamorphoses 3 386 392 Ovid Metamorphoses 3 394 Ovid Metamorphoses 3 493 501 Ovid Metamorphoses 3 395 397 a b c Longus Translated by Ronald McCail 2009 Daphnis and Chloe Oxford University Press Page 56 3 22 ISBN 0199554951 Hesiod and Homer Translated by Hugh G Evelyn White 2008 Hesiod the Homeric Hymns and Homerica Digireads com Homeric Hymn XIX To Pan p 127 ISBN 1420930753 Orpheus Translated by Thomas Taylor 2013 The Mystical Hymns of Orpheus Old Book Publishing Ltd Orphic Hymn XI To Pan page 35 ISBN 1781071381 Photius Translated by Rene Henry 2003 Bibliotheque Tome III Codices 186 222 Les Belles Lettres Codex 190 ISBN 2251322221 Nonnus Translated by W H D Rouse 1989 Dionysiaca Books 1 15 Loeb Book XV para 306 ISBN 0674993799 Nonnus Dionysiaca Book VI para 257 Apuleius Translated by P G Walsh 2008 The Golden Ass Oxford University Press Page 94 Book 5 para 25 ISBN 0199540551 a b c d Dwyer Richard 1978 Review Narcisse Conte ovidien francais du XIIe siecle by Martine Thiry Stassin Madeline Tyssens Speculum Vol 53 No 2 p 417 a b Harrison Ann Turkey 1982 Echo and her Medieval Sister The Continental Review 26 4 326 JSTOR 23739427 a b Harrison Echo and her Medieval Sister 327 a b c d Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun 2008 The Romance of the Rose Oxford University Press Page 23 ISBN 0199540675 Guillaume The Romance of the Rose 24 Harrison The Romance of the Rose 328 329External links edit nbsp Media related to Echo mythology at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Echo mythology amp oldid 1187017837, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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