The activities of some the groups have been controversial as some of them, like the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and groups associated with the "cursed soldiers", were responsible for ethnic cleansing and mass murder.[1][2]
The 'cursed soldiers' (Polish: Żołnierze wyklęci) is a name applied to a variety of Polish resistance movements that were formed in the later stages of World War II and afterward. Created by former members of the Polish underground resistance organizations of World War II, these organizations continued the struggle against the pro-Soviet government of Poland well into the 1950s. Their history and actions have been controversial, as they have been accused of anti-Semitism and mass murder.[3][4]
Most of these anti-communist groups ceased operations in the late 1940s or 1950s. However, the last known 'cursed soldier', Józef Franczak, was killed in an ambush as late as 1963, almost 20 years after the Soviet take-over of Poland.[5]
The Forest Brothers (also: Brothers of the Forest, Forest Brethren; Forest Brotherhood; Estonian: metsavennad, Latvian: meža brāļi, Lithuanian: miško broliai) were Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian partisans who waged guerrilla warfare against Soviet rule during the Soviet invasion and occupation of the three Baltic states during, and after, World War II.[6] The Soviet Army occupied the independent Baltic states in 1940–1941 and, after a period of German occupation, again in 1944–1945. As Stalinist repression intensified over the following years, 50,000 residents of these countries used the heavily forested countryside as a natural refuge and base for armed anti-Soviet resistance.
Resistance units varied in size and composition, ranging from individually operating guerrillas, armed primarily for self-defense, to large and well-organized groups able to engage significant Soviet forces in battle.
An armed resistance movement against the communist regime in Romania was active from the late 40s to the mid-50s, with isolated individual fighters remaining at large until the early 1960s. The groups were concentrated in the Carpathian Mountains, although a resistance movement had also developed in Northern Dobruja. Armed resistance was the most structured form of resistance against the communist regime. After the overthrow of Nicolae Ceauşescu in 1989, the details about what was called “anti-communist armed resistance” were made public, thanks to the discretization of the Securitate archives.[7]
Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu, fascist activist and leader of Făgăraș resistance movement.
^Ivan Katchanovski. "Terrorists or National Heroes? Politics of the OUN and the UPA in Ukraine" (PDF). Cpsa-acsp.ca.
^Siemaszko, Ewa. (PDF). pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-01.
^Barbara Engelking-Boni. Zagłada żydów:pamięć narodowa a pisanie historii w Polsce i we Francji. p. 195.
^Krzysztof Pilawski (6 March 2011). "Kto zapłaci za zbrodnie podziemia". Tygodnik Przegląd (in Polish).
^„Lalek” ostatni partyzant Rzeczypospolitej October 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^Buttar, Prit (2013). Between Giants, the Battle for the Baltics in World War II. Osprey Publishing. ISBN9781780961637.
^Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu, Brazii se frâng dar nu se îndoiesc, vol II, Editura Marineasa, Timișoara, 2001
January 07, 2023
anti, communist, insurgencies, central, eastern, europe, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newsp. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Anti communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items September 2020 Anti communist insurgencies continued in Central and Eastern Europe after the end of World War II They were suppressed by the Soviet Union and its satellite states Anti communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern EuropePart of the Cold WarDate1945 1965LocationSoviet Union Warsaw Pact YugoslaviaResultAnti communist partisans defeatedBelligerents Soviet Union Bulgaria Hungary Poland Romania Yugoslavia Supported by Albania until 1961 People s Republic of China until 1961 Cuba from 1959 Czechoslovakia East Germany North Korea MongoliaRussian partisans Belarusian partisans Bulgarian partisans Croatian partisans Estonian partisans Hungarian revolutionaries Latvian partisans Lithuanian partisans Polish partisans Romanian partisans Serbian partisans Slovenian partisans Ukrainian partisans Supported by United States United KingdomBelarusian government in exile Republic of China Taiwan Estonian government in exile West Germany Greece South KoreaLatvian government in exileLithuanian government in exilePolish government in exile TurkeyUkrainian government in exileCommanders and leadersJoseph Stalin 1945 1953 Georgy Malenkov 1953 Nikita Khrushchev 1953 1964 Leonid Brezhnev from 1964 No centralized leadershipProminent movements include The Ukrainian Insurgent Army fought until they were defeated in 1956 The anti Soviet Hungarian Revolution took place in 1956 Baltic partisans known as the Forest Brothers fought until they were defeated in the early 1960s Romanian anti communist resistance movement fought until they were defeated in 1962 68 Polish partisans known as the cursed soldiers fought until they were defeated in 1963 Bulgarian partisans known as Goryani fought until they were defeated in the early 1960s Croatian partisans known as Crusaders fought until they were defeated in the early 1950s Serbian partisans known as Chetniks fought until eradicated in the early 1950s Slovenian partisans fought until they were defeated in the early 1950s Moldovan and Romanian partisans fighting the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina fought until they were defeated in the early 1950s citation needed Some Russian White movement members fought until they were defeated in the 1960s Belarusian partisans fought until they were defeated in the early 1950s The activities of some the groups have been controversial as some of them like the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and groups associated with the cursed soldiers were responsible for ethnic cleansing and mass murder 1 2 Contents 1 In Poland 2 In the Baltic States 3 In Romania 4 See also 5 ReferencesIn Poland EditMain article Cursed soldiers Jozef Kuras leader of the anti communist resistance The cursed soldiers Polish Zolnierze wykleci is a name applied to a variety of Polish resistance movements that were formed in the later stages of World War II and afterward Created by former members of the Polish underground resistance organizations of World War II these organizations continued the struggle against the pro Soviet government of Poland well into the 1950s Their history and actions have been controversial as they have been accused of anti Semitism and mass murder 3 4 Most of these anti communist groups ceased operations in the late 1940s or 1950s However the last known cursed soldier Jozef Franczak was killed in an ambush as late as 1963 almost 20 years after the Soviet take over of Poland 5 In the Baltic States EditMain article Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Ants Kaljurand Estonian resistance fighter for the Forest Brothers The Forest Brothers also Brothers of the Forest Forest Brethren Forest Brotherhood Estonian metsavennad Latvian meza brali Lithuanian misko broliai were Estonian Latvian and Lithuanian partisans who waged guerrilla warfare against Soviet rule during the Soviet invasion and occupation of the three Baltic states during and after World War II 6 The Soviet Army occupied the independent Baltic states in 1940 1941 and after a period of German occupation again in 1944 1945 As Stalinist repression intensified over the following years 50 000 residents of these countries used the heavily forested countryside as a natural refuge and base for armed anti Soviet resistance Resistance units varied in size and composition ranging from individually operating guerrillas armed primarily for self defense to large and well organized groups able to engage significant Soviet forces in battle In Romania EditMain article Romanian anti communist resistance movement An armed resistance movement against the communist regime in Romania was active from the late 40s to the mid 50s with isolated individual fighters remaining at large until the early 1960s The groups were concentrated in the Carpathian Mountains although a resistance movement had also developed in Northern Dobruja Armed resistance was the most structured form of resistance against the communist regime After the overthrow of Nicolae Ceausescu in 1989 the details about what was called anti communist armed resistance were made public thanks to the discretization of the Securitate archives 7 Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu fascist activist and leader of Făgăraș resistance movement See also EditWestern betrayalReferences Edit Ivan Katchanovski Terrorists or National Heroes Politics of the OUN and the UPA in Ukraine PDF Cpsa acsp ca Siemaszko Ewa The July 1943 genocidal operations of OUN UPA in Volhynia PDF pp 2 3 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 04 01 Barbara Engelking Boni Zaglada zydow pamiec narodowa a pisanie historii w Polsce i we Francji p 195 Krzysztof Pilawski 6 March 2011 Kto zaplaci za zbrodnie podziemia Tygodnik Przeglad in Polish Lalek ostatni partyzant Rzeczypospolitej Archived October 25 2009 at the Wayback Machine Buttar Prit 2013 Between Giants the Battle for the Baltics in World War II Osprey Publishing ISBN 9781780961637 Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu Brazii se frang dar nu se indoiesc vol II Editura Marineasa Timișoara 2001 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anti communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe amp oldid 1129163258, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
