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Donald Michie

January 01, 1970

Donald Michie FRSE FBCS (/ˈmɪki/; 11 November 1923 – 7 July 2007)[5][6][7] was a British researcher in artificial intelligence.[8] During World War II, Michie worked for the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, contributing to the effort to solve "Tunny", a German teleprinter cipher.

Donald Michie
FRSE FBCS
Michie in 1987
Born(1923-11-11)11 November 1923
Rangoon, British Burma
Died7 July 2007(2007-07-07) (aged 83)
North Weald Bassett, England
NationalityBritish
EducationRugby School
Alma materBalliol College, Oxford
Known forArtificial intelligence
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1952; div. 1959)​
Scientific career
FieldsArtificial intelligence
Institutions
Doctoral students
Websitewww.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~dm

Early life and education edit

Michie was born in Rangoon, Burma.[9] He attended Rugby School and won a scholarship to study classics at Balliol College, Oxford. In early 1943, however, looking for some way to contribute to the war effort, Michie instead attempted to enrol on a Japanese language course in Bedford for intelligence officers. On arrival, it transpired that he had been misinformed, and instead he trained in cryptography,[10] displaying a natural aptitude for the subject. Six weeks later, he was recruited to Bletchley Park and was assigned to the "Testery", a section which tackled a German teleprinter cipher.[11] During his time at Bletchley Park he worked with Alan Turing, Max Newman and Jack Good. Michie and Good were on the initial staff of the Newmanry.

Fom 1945 to 1952 he studied at Balliol College, Oxford. He received his Doctor of Philosophy (D Phil) degree for research in mammalian genetics, in 1953.[9]

Career and research edit

In 1960, he developed the Matchbox Educable Noughts And Crosses Engine (MENACE), one of the first programs capable of learning to play a perfect game of noughts and crosses. Since computers were not readily available at this time, Michie implemented his program with about 304 matchboxes, each representing a unique board state. Each matchbox was filled with coloured beads, each representing a different move in that board state. The quantity of a colour indicated the "certainty" that playing the corresponding move would lead to a win. The program was trained by playing hundreds of games and updating the quantities of beads in each matchbox depending on the outcome of each game.[12]

Michie was director of the University of Edinburgh's Department of Machine Intelligence and Perception (previously the Experimental Programming Unit) from its establishment in 1965. The machine intelligence unit predated the university's computer science unit. He remained at Edinburgh until 1985,[13] when he left to found The Turing Institute in Glasgow, alongside Peter Mowforth and Tim Niblett.[14]

Active in the research community into his eighties, he devoted the last decade of his life to the UK charity The Human Computer Learning Foundation, and worked with Stephen Muggleton, Claude Sammut, Richard Wheeler, and others on natural language systems and theories of intelligence. In 2007 he was completing a series of scientific articles on the Sophie Natural Language System and a book manuscript entitled "Jehovah's Creatures". Michie invented the memoisation technique.[15]

He was founder and Treasurer of the Human-Computer Learning Foundation, a charity registered in the UK.[8]

Awards and honours edit

He was awarded numerous fellowships and honours during his career including:

Personal life and death edit

Michie was married three times, the second to biologist Anne McLaren from 1952 to 1959. He had four children, one by his first wife, and three by Prof. McLaren, including economist Jonathan Michie and health psychologist Susan Michie. Michie and McLaren remained friends after their divorce, and became close again after the death of his third wife. On 7 July 2007 Michie and McLaren were killed in a car crash when their car left the M11 motorway, while travelling from Cambridge to London.[7]

Legacy edit

The Donald Michie Papers are housed at the British Library. The papers can be accessed through the British Library catalogue.[19]

References edit

  1. ^ Blake, Andrew (1984). Parallel computation in low-level vision (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/6632. OCLC 56326330. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.347976.  
  2. ^ Muggleton, Stephen (1987). Inductive acquisition of expert knowledge (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/8124. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.379389.  
  3. ^ Plotkin, Gordon (1972). Automatic methods of inductive inference (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/6656. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.482992.  
  4. ^ Tate, Brian Austin (1975). Using goal structure to direct search in a problem solver (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/6650.  
  5. ^ Muggleton, Stephen (10 July 2007). "Donald Michie". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  6. ^ Boden, M. (2007). "Obituary: Donald Michie (1923–2007)". Nature. 448 (7155): 765. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..765B. doi:10.1038/448765a. PMID 17700692. S2CID 5239830.
  7. ^ a b Anon (8 July 2007). "Academic pair killed in car crash". BBC News. Retrieved 8 July 2007.
  8. ^ a b "Donald Michie home page". www.aiai.ed.ac.uk.
  9. ^ a b Michie, Donald. "Curriculum Vitae". Retrieved 8 July 2007.
  10. ^ Michie, Donald in Copeland, Jack G. (2006). Colossus the secrets of Bletchley Park's codebreaking computers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 0-19-284055-X.
  11. ^ Budiansky, Stephen in Copeland, Jack G. (2006). Colossus the secrets of Bletchley Park's codebreaking computers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-19-284055-X.
  12. ^ Experiments on the mechanization of game-learning by Donald Michie
  13. ^ Special Minute of Senatus, University of Edinburgh, 23rd Jan., 1985
  14. ^ BBC Micro Live 1987 final programme features a short interview with him as director of The Turing Institute, Glasgow.
  15. ^ Memo functions: a language feature with 'rote-learning' properties. Edinburgh: Department of Machine Intelligence & Perception. 1967. Research Memorandum MIP-R-29.
  16. ^ a b "Michie, Prof. Donald, (11 Nov. 1923–7 July 2007), Professor of Machine Intelligence, Edinburgh University, 1967–84, Professor Emeritus, since 1984". Who Was Who. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U27380. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1.
  17. ^ "Elected AAAI Fellows". AAAI. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  18. ^ "Donald Michie". Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  19. ^ Donald Michie Papers, archives and manuscripts catalogue, the British Library. Retrieved 15 May 2020

January 01, 1970
donald, michie, frse, fbcs, november, 1923, july, 2007, british, researcher, artificial, intelligence, during, world, michie, worked, government, code, cypher, school, bletchley, park, contributing, effort, solve, tunny, german, teleprinter, cipher, frse, fbcs. Donald Michie FRSE FBCS ˈ m ɪ k i 11 November 1923 7 July 2007 5 6 7 was a British researcher in artificial intelligence 8 During World War II Michie worked for the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park contributing to the effort to solve Tunny a German teleprinter cipher Donald MichieFRSE FBCSMichie in 1987Born 1923 11 11 11 November 1923Rangoon British BurmaDied7 July 2007 2007 07 07 aged 83 North Weald Bassett EnglandNationalityBritishEducationRugby SchoolAlma materBalliol College OxfordKnown forArtificial intelligenceSpouseAnne McLaren m 1952 div 1959 wbr Scientific careerFieldsArtificial intelligenceInstitutionsBletchley Park University of Edinburgh Turing InstituteDoctoral studentsAndrew Blake 1 Stephen Muggleton 2 Gordon Plotkin 3 Austin Tate 4 David H D WarrenWebsitewww wbr aiai wbr ed wbr ac wbr uk wbr dm Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career and research 2 1 Awards and honours 3 Personal life and death 4 Legacy 5 ReferencesEarly life and education editMichie was born in Rangoon Burma 9 He attended Rugby School and won a scholarship to study classics at Balliol College Oxford In early 1943 however looking for some way to contribute to the war effort Michie instead attempted to enrol on a Japanese language course in Bedford for intelligence officers On arrival it transpired that he had been misinformed and instead he trained in cryptography 10 displaying a natural aptitude for the subject Six weeks later he was recruited to Bletchley Park and was assigned to the Testery a section which tackled a German teleprinter cipher 11 During his time at Bletchley Park he worked with Alan Turing Max Newman and Jack Good Michie and Good were on the initial staff of the Newmanry Fom 1945 to 1952 he studied at Balliol College Oxford He received his Doctor of Philosophy D Phil degree for research in mammalian genetics in 1953 9 Career and research editIn 1960 he developed the Matchbox Educable Noughts And Crosses Engine MENACE one of the first programs capable of learning to play a perfect game of noughts and crosses Since computers were not readily available at this time Michie implemented his program with about 304 matchboxes each representing a unique board state Each matchbox was filled with coloured beads each representing a different move in that board state The quantity of a colour indicated the certainty that playing the corresponding move would lead to a win The program was trained by playing hundreds of games and updating the quantities of beads in each matchbox depending on the outcome of each game 12 Michie was director of the University of Edinburgh s Department of Machine Intelligence and Perception previously the Experimental Programming Unit from its establishment in 1965 The machine intelligence unit predated the university s computer science unit He remained at Edinburgh until 1985 13 when he left to found The Turing Institute in Glasgow alongside Peter Mowforth and Tim Niblett 14 Active in the research community into his eighties he devoted the last decade of his life to the UK charity The Human Computer Learning Foundation and worked with Stephen Muggleton Claude Sammut Richard Wheeler and others on natural language systems and theories of intelligence In 2007 he was completing a series of scientific articles on the Sophie Natural Language System and a book manuscript entitled Jehovah s Creatures Michie invented the memoisation technique 15 He was founder and Treasurer of the Human Computer Learning Foundation a charity registered in the UK 8 Awards and honours edit He was awarded numerous fellowships and honours during his career including Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh FRSE 1969 16 Fellow of the British Computer Society FBCS 1971 16 Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence 1990 17 Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2001 Corresponding Fellow of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts 2005 18 Personal life and death editMichie was married three times the second to biologist Anne McLaren from 1952 to 1959 He had four children one by his first wife and three by Prof McLaren including economist Jonathan Michie and health psychologist Susan Michie Michie and McLaren remained friends after their divorce and became close again after the death of his third wife On 7 July 2007 Michie and McLaren were killed in a car crash when their car left the M11 motorway while travelling from Cambridge to London 7 Legacy editThe Donald Michie Papers are housed at the British Library The papers can be accessed through the British Library catalogue 19 References edit Blake Andrew 1984 Parallel computation in low level vision PhD thesis University of Edinburgh hdl 1842 6632 OCLC 56326330 EThOS uk bl ethos 347976 nbsp Muggleton Stephen 1987 Inductive acquisition of expert knowledge PhD thesis University of Edinburgh hdl 1842 8124 EThOS uk bl ethos 379389 nbsp Plotkin Gordon 1972 Automatic methods of inductive inference PhD thesis University of Edinburgh hdl 1842 6656 EThOS uk bl ethos 482992 nbsp Tate Brian Austin 1975 Using goal structure to direct search in a problem solver PhD thesis University of Edinburgh hdl 1842 6650 nbsp Muggleton Stephen 10 July 2007 Donald Michie The Guardian London Retrieved 10 July 2007 Boden M 2007 Obituary Donald Michie 1923 2007 Nature 448 7155 765 Bibcode 2007Natur 448 765B doi 10 1038 448765a PMID 17700692 S2CID 5239830 a b Anon 8 July 2007 Academic pair killed in car crash BBC News Retrieved 8 July 2007 a b Donald Michie home page www aiai ed ac uk a b Michie Donald Curriculum Vitae Retrieved 8 July 2007 Michie Donald in Copeland Jack G 2006 Colossus the secrets of Bletchley Park s codebreaking computers Oxford Oxford University Press p 223 ISBN 0 19 284055 X Budiansky Stephen in Copeland Jack G 2006 Colossus the secrets of Bletchley Park s codebreaking computers Oxford Oxford University Press p 60 ISBN 0 19 284055 X Experiments on the mechanization of game learning by Donald Michie Special Minute of Senatus University of Edinburgh 23rd Jan 1985 BBC Micro Live 1987 final programme features a short interview with him as director of The Turing Institute Glasgow Memo functions a language feature with rote learning properties Edinburgh Department of Machine Intelligence amp Perception 1967 Research Memorandum MIP R 29 a b Michie Prof Donald 11 Nov 1923 7 July 2007 Professor of Machine Intelligence Edinburgh University 1967 84 Professor Emeritus since 1984 Who Was Who 2007 doi 10 1093 ww 9780199540884 013 U27380 ISBN 978 0 19 954089 1 Elected AAAI Fellows AAAI Retrieved 31 December 2023 Donald Michie Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Retrieved 14 October 2020 Donald Michie Papers archives and manuscripts catalogue the British Library Retrieved 15 May 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Donald Michie amp oldid 1222486247, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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