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Dominican Republic immigration to Puerto Rico

January 01, 1970

Dominican immigration to Puerto Rico dates back to the beginning of European colonization of the Americas. Immigrants have moved from the territory of the Dominican Republic to its eastern neighbor, Puerto Rico, for centuries.[2] Dominican immigrants have come from various segments of Dominican society, with varying levels of contribution at different times.

Dominicans in Puerto Rico
Total population
68,036
1.8% of Puerto Rico's population (2010)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Religion
Christianity, predominantly Catholic

In recent years, the rate of Dominican immigration has declined due to the unemployment and economic crisis in Puerto Rico,[3] and there's been increasing immigration in the opposite direction, from Puerto Rico to the Dominican Republic, consisting of both Dominicans returning from Puerto Rico as well as ethnic Puerto Ricans settling in the Dominican Republic.[4][5][6][7] Haitian nationals now make the majority of persons trying to reach the U.S. commonwealth from the island of Hispaniola, usually with the aid of Dominican smugglers.[8][9][10]

1795 to 1961 edit

Many residents of Colonial Santo Domingo, now the Dominican Republic, left for Puerto Rico because of the cession of Santo Domingo to France in 1795, the Haitian invasions from 1801 to 1803, and the occupation from 1822 to 1844. Immigration continued over the next 86 years although at a comparatively low rate.

The dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo from 1930 to 1961 greatly constrained foreign travel by Dominicans. In 1960, there were 1,812 Dominicans in Puerto Rico, some of whom were "returning" descendants of Puerto Ricans who had themselves migrated to the Dominican Republic.

Historically, there has been very high migration between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, not only during the Taino era, but also during the Spanish colonial era up until modern times. It was very, very common, due to similar cultures, for newcomers to intermarry and assimilate easily into the local culture. It is estimated that significant portions of both islands have some distant ancestry from the other island due to the constant flow between both islands especially in the 18th to mid 20th centuries.

Recently edit

Dominican migration increased sharply after 1961 as a result of political events, of which the first was the assassination of Trujillo that year. Many politicians and other members of the conservative former regime, as well as government employees, left the country, many of them for Puerto Rico. The next major political event to drive emigration was the coup d'état against the elected, leftist president Juan Bosch in 1963. Then followed the Dominican Civil War in 1965 after a revolt to restore Bosch. The United States invaded the Dominican Republic a few days into the conflict, and one of its policies was to prevent renewed civil war by issuing visas to opponents or potential opponents of the newly elected US-backed conservative regime of Joaquín Balaguer (who was incidentally, like Bosch, of Puerto Rican ancestry). Many of the visaholders traveled to Puerto Rico.[citation needed]

Politics continued to play a role in emigration in succeeding decades, as presidential election years produced emigration peaks whenever Balaguer, a member of the former Trujillo regime, won the presidency, as happened in 1966, 1970, 1974, 1986, and 1990. As a result, most of the Dominican emigration was middle-class and skilled, including many managers and professionals.[2]

Although there are substantial upper class and middle class segments in the Dominican Republic, the country also has a high poverty rate. Since the 1970s, the poor economy of the Dominican Republic has rampantly driven emigration. Overall, between 1966 and 2002 119,000 Dominicans were legally admitted to Puerto Rico, while many thousands arrived illegally. Most emigrants, however, are far from destitute, as they tend to be jobholders in the Dominican Republic, many in skilled occupations such as mechanic, mason, seamstress, and nurse. Such migrants have been attracted by the economy of Puerto Rico's higher wages, which have generally tended to rise in relation to Dominican wages since the early 1980s, when an era of frequent devaluation of the Dominican peso began. Economic crises that beset the Dominican Republic in the 1980s further increased emigration. Despite strong economic growth, the 1990s marked the peak in Dominican emigration because of the high income inequality.[11] Another severe economic crisis hit in 2003 to 2004, again causing a surge in emigration.[citation needed]

The height of modern-day Dominican immigration to Puerto Rico was from 1970 to about 2005, when the Puerto Rican economy started to decline, since then it's been slowly dying down, with increasing immigration the opposite direction, Puerto Ricans moving to the Dominican Republic. Though, many Dominicans who moved to Puerto Rico, stayed and started a life there, some Dominicans (and even other Latinos/Caribbeans like Haitians and Cubans) used it as a temporary stop-over point to the US mainland, particularly to cities like New York and Miami. Although, 2010 census estimates put the number of Dominicans living in Puerto Rico at 68,000, there are estimates that put the number as high as 300,000, with many undocumented.[12] Some Dominican criminals take advantage of Puerto Rico's territory status, by doing crimes such as Identity theft of Puerto Rican US citizens, and drug distribution working with Puerto Rican criminals to ship Colombian drugs to the island and then further be shipped to the US mainland. [citation needed] However, the vast majority of Dominicans come for a better life, to start a business, and live a positive lifestyle.

Illegal immigration edit

The illegal or undocumented component of the Dominican immigration to Puerto Rico has increased over recent decades, becoming large enough to attract great attention, both in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. The first recorded illegal trip took place in 1972, and perhaps 28% of all Dominicans in Puerto Rico were undocumented in 1996, during the peak decade of Dominican immigration to the Commonwealth; many of the documented residents had regularized their originally undocumented status. Illegal immigration has been one of the most recurrent themes in Puerto Rican news media during the first decade of the 21st century.

Illegal trips usually take place in yolas (small wooden boats), usually overcrowded, as trip planners and boat captains seek to realize the greatest profit from the ventures. A trip on a yola takes 26–28 hours and takes place over the Puerto Rico Trench (an underwater crater area) or through the Mona Passage. Accounts by survivors include people being either eaten alive by sharks or forced to jump into the sea when there is a danger of sinking. Others tell of seeing their loved ones left behind to drown after a heavy wave has overturned one of these yolas, and many others tell of corpses left on board. Travelers sometimes die of starvation or dehydration since the yolas can get lost out at sea for days, and many have no type of navigation equipment on board to steer them in the right direction.[13]

 
The Coast Guard Cutter Escanaba (WMEC-907) interdicted this 30-foot yola with 28 migrants on board in the Mona Passage on May 21, 2019. The overloaded vessel has a pronounced list towards starboard, emphasizing the dangerous nature of these voyages.

Noted tragedies on such trips include a 1989 sinking near Mona Island where as many as 500 perished, and other, comparatively small tragedies where groups of 30 or more passengers have died. Perhaps the most famous of these tragic trips was the Nagua Tragedy, named so because the yola heading to Puerto Rico that time sunk while trying to make its way out of a beach in Nagua. More than one hundred died, including the boat's captain and the trip planner.

In November 2008, a group of 33 illegal Dominican migrants who were en route to Puerto Rico were forced to resort to cannibalism after they were lost at sea for over 15 days before being rescued by a U.S. Coast Guard patrol boat.[14]

Not all illegal trips to Puerto Rico from the Dominican Republic end in tragedy. These trips are massively scheduled by traffickers, who sometimes travel up to three times each week from Puerto Rico to illegally bring Dominicans. But, because of the large amount of lives that have been lost in many of these trips, both the governments of Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic have launched mass media campaigns to try to reduce them. In the Dominican Republic, videos of dead bodies on the water are shown on television to try to deter people from travelling to Puerto Rico on yolas. The traffickers face long periods in jail if caught, whereas the travelers are deported to the Dominican Republic, where they do not face criminal charges.

In 2009 an order was given by Governor Luis Fortuño to shut off essential services, such as water and electricity, to Villas del Sol, a shantytown within the municipality of Toa Baja. The shantytown consisted mainly of homes built illegally on flood-prone government-owned land. The Federal Emergency Management Agency bought these homes from the Puerto Rican Government in order to keep them from being used further. In January 2010 the island government began demolishing some of the homes whose residents are both U.S. citizens and undocumented aliens, mainly of Dominican origin.

Current circumstances edit

About 67% of Dominicans in Puerto Rico are legal citizens.[15]

The 2010 census estimated a population of 68,036 Dominicans in Puerto Rico,[1] equal to 1.8% of the Commonwealth's population. Majority of Dominicans in Puerto Rico live in the San Juan metropolitan area, chiefly the cities of San Juan, Bayamón, and Carolina. Data from the 2000 census shows that 55% of this group lived in San Juan municipality, 11% in Carolina, and 7% in Bayamón. San Juan is about 13% Dominican, though there are high levels of integration and assimilation among Dominicans in Puerto Rico, the highest concentrations on the island can be found in eastern sections of San Juan near Carolina, in eastern Santurce and the Rio Piedras (Oriente, Sabana Llana) district, where they represent up to one-quarter of the residents.[16] Smaller numbers of Dominicans settle the west coast (around Mayagüez) of Puerto Rico due to proximity to Hispaniola.

Notable immigrants and descendants edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN PUERTO RICO 2009-2011 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates". Data Set: 2010 U.S. Census. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
  2. ^ a b Duany, Jorge (2005). "Dominican migration to Puerto Rico: A transnational perspective" (PDF). Centro Journal, Spring. XVII (1). City University of New York. Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños: 242–269. ISSN 1538-6279. (PDF) from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  3. ^ "Puerto Ricans flock to US mainland as island crisis worsens". news.yahoo.com.
  4. ^ "Puerto Rican Migrants Drawn To Dominican Republic To Escape Economic Crisis". Headlines & Global News. January 27, 2016.
  5. ^ "Puerto Ricans flee to Dominican Republic to escape U.S. territory's economic crisis". Fox News. 9 May 2022.
  6. ^ "Puerto Rico debt crisis headed for U.S.-style bankruptcy resolution". Reuters. July 23, 2014 – via www.reuters.com.
  7. ^ bigstory.ap.org/article/25dfa7db079241eab2f8ab58122aef7a/dominican-economy-lures-puerto-ricans-crisis
  8. ^ "Puerto Rico Used As A Gateway To The U.S". Huffington Post. 2013-05-06.
  9. ^ "Coast Guard repatriates 86 Haitian migrants, detains 3 Dominican smugglers near Desecheo Island, Puerto Rico | Coast Guard News". coastguardnews.com.
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-02-28. Retrieved 2013-11-29.
  11. ^ Castro, Max J.; Thomas D. Boswell (January 2002). "The Dominican Diaspora Revisited: Dominicans And Dominican-Americans In A New Century" (PDF). North-South Agenda Papers (Fifty–three). University of Miami North-South Center. ISBN 1-57454-113-7. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  12. ^ "Make Dangerous Passage to Puerto Rico : Dominicans Join Ranks of Boat People". Los Angeles Times. 25 January 1987.
  13. ^ "Dominicans Saved From Sea Tell of Attacks and Deaths of Thirst". The New York Times. 2004-08-12. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
  14. ^ Dominican migrant: We ate flesh to survive - A small group turned to cannibalism after being stranded in mid-ocean, NBC News, November 4, 2008
  15. ^ . Medgar Evers College. Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-12-18. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
  17. ^ "Nicky Jam | Biography & History". AllMusic.

External links edit

  • (in English) Dominican American National Roundtable Advocacy organization for people of Dominican descent in the United States and Puerto Rico

January 01, 1970
dominican, republic, immigration, puerto, rico, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, bo. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Dominican Republic immigration to Puerto Rico news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message Dominican immigration to Puerto Rico dates back to the beginning of European colonization of the Americas Immigrants have moved from the territory of the Dominican Republic to its eastern neighbor Puerto Rico for centuries 2 Dominican immigrants have come from various segments of Dominican society with varying levels of contribution at different times Dominicans in Puerto RicoTotal population68 0361 8 of Puerto Rico s population 2010 1 Regions with significant populationsSan JuanCarolinaBayamonLanguagesDominican SpanishPuerto Rican SpanishEnglish language in Puerto RicoReligionChristianity predominantly Catholic In recent years the rate of Dominican immigration has declined due to the unemployment and economic crisis in Puerto Rico 3 and there s been increasing immigration in the opposite direction from Puerto Rico to the Dominican Republic consisting of both Dominicans returning from Puerto Rico as well as ethnic Puerto Ricans settling in the Dominican Republic 4 5 6 7 Haitian nationals now make the majority of persons trying to reach the U S commonwealth from the island of Hispaniola usually with the aid of Dominican smugglers 8 9 10 Contents 1 1795 to 1961 2 Recently 3 Illegal immigration 4 Current circumstances 5 Notable immigrants and descendants 6 See also 7 References 8 External links1795 to 1961 editMany residents of Colonial Santo Domingo now the Dominican Republic left for Puerto Rico because of the cession of Santo Domingo to France in 1795 the Haitian invasions from 1801 to 1803 and the occupation from 1822 to 1844 Immigration continued over the next 86 years although at a comparatively low rate The dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo from 1930 to 1961 greatly constrained foreign travel by Dominicans In 1960 there were 1 812 Dominicans in Puerto Rico some of whom were returning descendants of Puerto Ricans who had themselves migrated to the Dominican Republic Historically there has been very high migration between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic not only during the Taino era but also during the Spanish colonial era up until modern times It was very very common due to similar cultures for newcomers to intermarry and assimilate easily into the local culture It is estimated that significant portions of both islands have some distant ancestry from the other island due to the constant flow between both islands especially in the 18th to mid 20th centuries Recently editDominican migration increased sharply after 1961 as a result of political events of which the first was the assassination of Trujillo that year Many politicians and other members of the conservative former regime as well as government employees left the country many of them for Puerto Rico The next major political event to drive emigration was the coup d etat against the elected leftist president Juan Bosch in 1963 Then followed the Dominican Civil War in 1965 after a revolt to restore Bosch The United States invaded the Dominican Republic a few days into the conflict and one of its policies was to prevent renewed civil war by issuing visas to opponents or potential opponents of the newly elected US backed conservative regime of Joaquin Balaguer who was incidentally like Bosch of Puerto Rican ancestry Many of the visaholders traveled to Puerto Rico citation needed Politics continued to play a role in emigration in succeeding decades as presidential election years produced emigration peaks whenever Balaguer a member of the former Trujillo regime won the presidency as happened in 1966 1970 1974 1986 and 1990 As a result most of the Dominican emigration was middle class and skilled including many managers and professionals 2 Although there are substantial upper class and middle class segments in the Dominican Republic the country also has a high poverty rate Since the 1970s the poor economy of the Dominican Republic has rampantly driven emigration Overall between 1966 and 2002 119 000 Dominicans were legally admitted to Puerto Rico while many thousands arrived illegally Most emigrants however are far from destitute as they tend to be jobholders in the Dominican Republic many in skilled occupations such as mechanic mason seamstress and nurse Such migrants have been attracted by the economy of Puerto Rico s higher wages which have generally tended to rise in relation to Dominican wages since the early 1980s when an era of frequent devaluation of the Dominican peso began Economic crises that beset the Dominican Republic in the 1980s further increased emigration Despite strong economic growth the 1990s marked the peak in Dominican emigration because of the high income inequality 11 Another severe economic crisis hit in 2003 to 2004 again causing a surge in emigration citation needed The height of modern day Dominican immigration to Puerto Rico was from 1970 to about 2005 when the Puerto Rican economy started to decline since then it s been slowly dying down with increasing immigration the opposite direction Puerto Ricans moving to the Dominican Republic Though many Dominicans who moved to Puerto Rico stayed and started a life there some Dominicans and even other Latinos Caribbeans like Haitians and Cubans used it as a temporary stop over point to the US mainland particularly to cities like New York and Miami Although 2010 census estimates put the number of Dominicans living in Puerto Rico at 68 000 there are estimates that put the number as high as 300 000 with many undocumented 12 Some Dominican criminals take advantage of Puerto Rico s territory status by doing crimes such as Identity theft of Puerto Rican US citizens and drug distribution working with Puerto Rican criminals to ship Colombian drugs to the island and then further be shipped to the US mainland citation needed However the vast majority of Dominicans come for a better life to start a business and live a positive lifestyle Illegal immigration editThe illegal or undocumented component of the Dominican immigration to Puerto Rico has increased over recent decades becoming large enough to attract great attention both in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic The first recorded illegal trip took place in 1972 and perhaps 28 of all Dominicans in Puerto Rico were undocumented in 1996 during the peak decade of Dominican immigration to the Commonwealth many of the documented residents had regularized their originally undocumented status Illegal immigration has been one of the most recurrent themes in Puerto Rican news media during the first decade of the 21st century Illegal trips usually take place in yolas small wooden boats usually overcrowded as trip planners and boat captains seek to realize the greatest profit from the ventures A trip on a yola takes 26 28 hours and takes place over the Puerto Rico Trench an underwater crater area or through the Mona Passage Accounts by survivors include people being either eaten alive by sharks or forced to jump into the sea when there is a danger of sinking Others tell of seeing their loved ones left behind to drown after a heavy wave has overturned one of these yolas and many others tell of corpses left on board Travelers sometimes die of starvation or dehydration since the yolas can get lost out at sea for days and many have no type of navigation equipment on board to steer them in the right direction 13 nbsp The Coast Guard Cutter Escanaba WMEC 907 interdicted this 30 foot yola with 28 migrants on board in the Mona Passage on May 21 2019 The overloaded vessel has a pronounced list towards starboard emphasizing the dangerous nature of these voyages Noted tragedies on such trips include a 1989 sinking near Mona Island where as many as 500 perished and other comparatively small tragedies where groups of 30 or more passengers have died Perhaps the most famous of these tragic trips was the Nagua Tragedy named so because the yola heading to Puerto Rico that time sunk while trying to make its way out of a beach in Nagua More than one hundred died including the boat s captain and the trip planner In November 2008 a group of 33 illegal Dominican migrants who were en route to Puerto Rico were forced to resort to cannibalism after they were lost at sea for over 15 days before being rescued by a U S Coast Guard patrol boat 14 Not all illegal trips to Puerto Rico from the Dominican Republic end in tragedy These trips are massively scheduled by traffickers who sometimes travel up to three times each week from Puerto Rico to illegally bring Dominicans But because of the large amount of lives that have been lost in many of these trips both the governments of Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic have launched mass media campaigns to try to reduce them In the Dominican Republic videos of dead bodies on the water are shown on television to try to deter people from travelling to Puerto Rico on yolas The traffickers face long periods in jail if caught whereas the travelers are deported to the Dominican Republic where they do not face criminal charges In 2009 an order was given by Governor Luis Fortuno to shut off essential services such as water and electricity to Villas del Sol a shantytown within the municipality of Toa Baja The shantytown consisted mainly of homes built illegally on flood prone government owned land The Federal Emergency Management Agency bought these homes from the Puerto Rican Government in order to keep them from being used further In January 2010 the island government began demolishing some of the homes whose residents are both U S citizens and undocumented aliens mainly of Dominican origin Current circumstances editAbout 67 of Dominicans in Puerto Rico are legal citizens 15 The 2010 census estimated a population of 68 036 Dominicans in Puerto Rico 1 equal to 1 8 of the Commonwealth s population Majority of Dominicans in Puerto Rico live in the San Juan metropolitan area chiefly the cities of San Juan Bayamon and Carolina Data from the 2000 census shows that 55 of this group lived in San Juan municipality 11 in Carolina and 7 in Bayamon San Juan is about 13 Dominican though there are high levels of integration and assimilation among Dominicans in Puerto Rico the highest concentrations on the island can be found in eastern sections of San Juan near Carolina in eastern Santurce and the Rio Piedras Oriente Sabana Llana district where they represent up to one quarter of the residents 16 Smaller numbers of Dominicans settle the west coast around Mayaguez of Puerto Rico due to proximity to Hispaniola Notable immigrants and descendants editArcangel singer rapper and songwriter Jose Alberto El Canario singer J Alvarez reggaeton artist born in Puerto Rico to Dominican immigrants Nancy Alvarez psychologist and talk show host Ramon Emeterio Betances revolutionary Dominican father Shanira Blanco beauty pageant contestant and director Dominican father Charytin actress and singer Michelle Colon Miss Universe Puerto Rico 2021 Dominican mother Leo Cruz world champion boxer Lisa M rapper singer composer dancer and record producer born in Puerto Rico to Dominican immigrants Luny Tunes Dominican born reggaeton duo from Lynn Massachusetts and Puerto Rico Deevani reggaeton singer Edwin Encarnacion professional baseball player Jaime Espinal Olympic medal winning wrestler Magali Febles beautician and international beauty pageant expert Bartolome Gamundi businessman and former government official Julio Gervacio world champion boxer Jose Luis Gonzalez author Aideliz Hidalgo beauty pageant contestant Ozuna Latin Trap and Reggaeton artist Dominican father Bodine Koehler beauty pageant contestant Miguelito rapper Dominican father Amaury Nolasco actor born in Puerto Rico to Dominican immigrants Pedro Saul Perez advocate for the rights of Dominicans living in Puerto Rico Rafael Jose television personality Dominican father Shalim Ortiz actor and singer son of Charytin Marian Pabon actress singer comedian Dominican father Romeo Santos singer songwriter and record producer Dominican father and Puerto Rican mother Jorge Posada professional baseball player Birmania Rios television journalist Rosangela singer Ludo Vika actress Sandra Zaiter actress and television host Nicky Jam reggaeton performer Dominican mother 17 See also editDominican people Afro Dominicans Demographics of Puerto Rico Royal Decree of Graces of 1815References edit a b SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN PUERTO RICO 2009 2011 American Community Survey 3 Year Estimates Data Set 2010 U S Census U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on 2020 02 12 Retrieved 2011 11 09 a b Duany Jorge 2005 Dominican migration to Puerto Rico A transnational perspective PDF Centro Journal Spring XVII 1 City University of New York Centro de Estudios Puertorriquenos 242 269 ISSN 1538 6279 Archived PDF from the original on 2012 04 06 Retrieved 2008 03 17 Puerto Ricans flock to US mainland as island crisis worsens news yahoo com Puerto Rican Migrants Drawn To Dominican Republic To Escape Economic Crisis Headlines amp Global News January 27 2016 Puerto Ricans flee to Dominican Republic to escape U S territory s economic crisis Fox News 9 May 2022 Puerto Rico debt crisis headed for U S style bankruptcy resolution Reuters July 23 2014 via www reuters com bigstory ap org article 25dfa7db079241eab2f8ab58122aef7a dominican economy lures puerto ricans crisis Puerto Rico Used As A Gateway To The U S Huffington Post 2013 05 06 Coast Guard repatriates 86 Haitian migrants detains 3 Dominican smugglers near Desecheo Island Puerto Rico Coast Guard News coastguardnews com 5 Haitians apparently drown near Puerto Rico island after being forced off smuggler s boat Archived from the original on 2014 02 28 Retrieved 2013 11 29 Castro Max J Thomas D Boswell January 2002 The Dominican Diaspora Revisited Dominicans And Dominican Americans In A New Century PDF North South Agenda Papers Fifty three University of Miami North South Center ISBN 1 57454 113 7 Retrieved 2008 03 17 Make Dangerous Passage to Puerto Rico Dominicans Join Ranks of Boat People Los Angeles Times 25 January 1987 Dominicans Saved From Sea Tell of Attacks and Deaths of Thirst The New York Times 2004 08 12 Retrieved 2008 03 05 Dominican migrant We ate flesh to survive A small group turned to cannibalism after being stranded in mid ocean NBC News November 4 2008 2010 Census Medgar Evers College Archived from the original on 2010 06 11 Retrieved 2010 04 13 American FactFinder Results Archived from the original on 2014 12 18 Retrieved 2016 05 07 Nicky Jam Biography amp History AllMusic External links edit in English Dominican American National Roundtable Advocacy organization for people of Dominican descent in the United States and Puerto Rico Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dominican Republic immigration to Puerto Rico amp oldid 1220045891, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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