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Dollo's law of irreversibility

January 01, 1970

Dollo's law of irreversibility (also known as Dollo's law and Dollo's principle), proposed in 1893[1] by Belgian paleontologist Louis Dollo states that, "an organism never returns exactly to a former state, even if it finds itself placed in conditions of existence identical to those in which it has previously lived ... it always keeps some trace of the intermediate stages through which it has passed."[2]

Once an organism has evolved in a certain way, it will not return exactly to a previous form. This is illustrated here in two dimensions; in reality, both biomolecules and organisms evolve in many different dimensions.

The statement is often misinterpreted as claiming that evolution is not reversible,[3] or that lost structures and organs cannot reappear in the same form by any process of devolution.[4][5] According to Richard Dawkins, the law is "really just a statement about the statistical improbability of following exactly the same evolutionary trajectory twice (or, indeed, any particular trajectory), in either direction".[6] Stephen Jay Gould suggested that irreversibility forecloses certain evolutionary pathways once broad forms have emerged: "[For example], once you adopt the ordinary body plan of a reptile, hundreds of options are forever closed, and future possibilities must unfold within the limits of inherited design."[7]

This principle is classically applied to morphology, particularly of fossils, but may also be used to describe molecular events, such as individual mutations or gene losses.

Use in phylogenetics edit

In maximum parsimony, Dollo parsimony refers to a model whereby a characteristic is gained only one time and can never be regained if it is lost.[8] For example, the evolution and repeated loss of teeth in vertebrates could be well-modeled under Dollo parsimony, whereby teeth made from hydroxyapatite evolved only once at the origin of vertebrates, and were then lost multiple times, in birds, turtles, and seahorses, among others.[9]

This also applies to molecular characters, such as losses or inactivation of individual genes themselves.[10] The loss of gulonolactone oxidase, the final enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin C, is responsible for the dietary requirement of vitamin C in humans, as well as many other animals.[11]

A molecular example edit

A 2009 study on the evolution of protein structure proposed a new mechanism for Dollo's law. It examined a hormone receptor that had evolved from an ancestral protein that was able to bind two hormones to a new protein that was specific for a single hormone. This change was produced by two amino acid substitutions, which prevent binding of the second hormone. However, several other changes subsequently occurred, which were selectively neutral as they did not affect hormone binding. When the authors tried to revert the protein back to its ancestral state by mutating the two "binding residues", they found the other changes had destabilised the ancestral state of the protein. They concluded that in order for this protein to evolve in reverse and regain its ability to bind two hormones, several independent neutral mutations would have to occur purely by chance with no selection pressure. As this is extremely unlikely, it may explain why evolution tends to run in one direction.[12]

Proposed exceptions edit

Although the exact threshold for violations of Dollo's law is unclear, there are several case studies whose results dispute the validity of some interpretations. For example, many taxa of gastropods have reduced shells, and some have lost coiling of their shell altogether.[13] In Stephen Jay Gould's interpretation of Dollo's law, it would not be possible to regain a coiled shell after the coiling has been lost. Nevertheless, a few genera in the slipper snail family (Calyptraeidae) may have changed their developmental timing (heterochrony) and regained a coiled shell from a limpet-like shell.[13][14] Frietson Galis observed that many of these studies are based on either molecular phylogenies or morphological cladistic analyses that are tenuous and subject to change.[15]

Other proposed 'exceptions' include the ocelli and wings of stick insects,[16][17] the larval stages of salamanders,[18][19] lost toes and re-evolution of oviparity in lizards,[20][21] lost lower teeth in frogs,[22] clavicles in non-avian theropod dinosaurs,[23] and neck, pectoral region, and upper limb musculature in primates, including the lineage leading to humans.[24]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Dollo, Louis (1893). "Les lois de l'évolution" (PDF). Bull. Soc. Belge Geol. Pal. Hydr. VII: 164–166.
  2. ^ Gould, S. J. (1970). "Dollo on Dollo's law: irreversibility and the status of evolutionary laws". Journal of the History of Biology. 3 (2): 189–212. doi:10.1007/bf00137351. PMID 11609651. S2CID 45642853.
  3. ^ Alfarouk, Khalid O.; Shayoub, Mohammed E.A.; Muddathir, Abdel Khalig; Elhassan, Gamal O.; Bashir, Adil H.H. (22 July 2011). "Evolution of Tumor Metabolism might Reflect Carcinogenesis as a Reverse Evolution process (Dismantling of Multicellularity)". Cancers. 3 (3): 3002–3017. doi:10.3390/cancers3033002. PMC 3759183. PMID 24310356.
  4. ^ Goldberg, Emma E.; Boris Igić (2008). "On phylogenetic tests of irreversible evolution". Evolution. 62 (11): 2727–2741. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00505.x. PMID 18764918. S2CID 30703407.
  5. ^ Collin, Rachel; Maria Pia Miglietta (2008). "Reversing opinions on Dollo's Law". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 23 (11): 602–609. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.06.013. PMID 18814933.
  6. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1996) [1986]. The Blind Watchmaker. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31570-7.
  7. ^ Gould, Stephen J. (2007) [1993]. Eight little piggies. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-09-950744-4.
  8. ^ Farris, J. (1977). "Phylogenetic Analysis Under Dollo's Law". Systematic Zoology. 26 (1): 77–88. doi:10.1093/sysbio/26.1.77.
  9. ^ Lin,Q.; et al. (2016). "The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology". Nature. 540 (7633): 395–399. Bibcode:2016Natur.540..395L. doi:10.1038/nature20595. PMC 8127814. PMID 27974754.
  10. ^ Rogozin, Igor B.; Wolf, Yuri I.; Babenko, Vladimir N.; Koonin, Eugene V. (2005). Dollo parsimony and the reconstruction of genome evolution. pp. 190–200. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297306.003.0011. ISBN 9780199297306. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Yang, Hongwen (2013). "Conserved or Lost: Molecular Evolution of the Key Gene GULO in Vertebrate Vitamin C Biosynthesis". Biochemical Genetics. 51 (5–6): 413–425. doi:10.1007/s10528-013-9574-0. PMID 23404229. S2CID 14393449.
  12. ^ Bridgham, Jamie T.; Ortlund, Eric A.; Thornton, Joseph W. (2009). "An epistatic ratchet constrains the direction of glucocorticoid receptor evolution". Nature. 461 (7263): 515–519. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..515B. doi:10.1038/nature08249. PMC 6141187. PMID 19779450.
  13. ^ a b Collin, R.; Cipriani, R. (2003). "Dollo's law and the re-evolution of shell coiling". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270 (1533): 2551–2555. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2517. PMC 1691546. PMID 14728776.
  14. ^ Pagel, M. (2004). "Limpets break Dollo's Law". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 19 (6): 278–280. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.020. PMID 16701270.
  15. ^ Alan Feduccia: Riddle of the Feathered Dragons: Hidden Birds of China, Yale University Press, 2012.
  16. ^ Whiting, Michael F.; Bradler, Sven; Maxwell, Taylor (2003). "Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects". Nature. 421 (6920): 264–267. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..264W. doi:10.1038/nature01313. PMID 12529642. S2CID 962571.
  17. ^ Bank, Sarah; Bradler, Sven (2022). "A second view on the evolution of flight in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea)". BMC Ecology and Evolution. 22 (1): 62. doi:10.1186/s12862-022-02018-5. PMC 9097326. PMID 35549660.
  18. ^ Chippindale, P. T.; Wiens, J. J. (2005). "Re-evolution of the larval stage in the Plethodontid salamander genus Desmognathus" (PDF). Herpetological Review. 36 (2): 113–117.
  19. ^ Marshall, C. R. (1994). "Dollo's law and the death and resurrection of genes". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91 (25): 12283–7. Bibcode:1994PNAS...9112283M. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.25.12283. PMC 45421. PMID 7991619.
  20. ^ Galis, F. (2010). "Dollo's law and the irreversibility of digit loss in Bachia". Evolution. 64 (8): 2466–76, discussion 2477–85. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01041.x. PMID 20500218. S2CID 24520027.
  21. ^ Recknagel, Hans; Kamenos, Nicholas A.; Elmer, Kathryn R. (2018). "Common lizards break Dollo's law of irreversibility: Genome-wide phylogenomics support a single origin of viviparity and re-evolution of oviparity". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127: 579–588. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.029. PMID 29803948. S2CID 3553000.
  22. ^ Davies, E. Frogs re-evolved lost lower teeth. BBC News. January 31, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  23. ^ Paul, Gregory S. (2002). Dinosaurs of the Air: the evolution and loss of flight in dinosaurs and birds. CJHU Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-8018-6763-7.
  24. ^ Diogo, R.; Wood, B. (2012). "Violation of Dollo's Law: Evidence of Muscle Reversions in Primate Phylogeny and Their Implications for the Understanding of the Ontogeny, Evolution, and Anatomical Variations of Modern Humans". Evolution. 66 (10): 3267–76. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01621.x. PMID 23025614. S2CID 21754061.

External links edit

  • Marshall, C.R.; Raff, E.C.; Raff, R.A. (December 1994). "Dollo's law and the death and resurrection of genes". PNAS. 91 (25): 12283–12287. Bibcode:1994PNAS...9112283M. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.25.12283. PMC 45421. PMID 7991619.

January 01, 1970
dollo, irreversibility, also, known, dollo, dollo, principle, proposed, 1893, belgian, paleontologist, louis, dollo, states, that, organism, never, returns, exactly, former, state, even, finds, itself, placed, conditions, existence, identical, those, which, pr. Dollo s law of irreversibility also known as Dollo s law and Dollo s principle proposed in 1893 1 by Belgian paleontologist Louis Dollo states that an organism never returns exactly to a former state even if it finds itself placed in conditions of existence identical to those in which it has previously lived it always keeps some trace of the intermediate stages through which it has passed 2 Once an organism has evolved in a certain way it will not return exactly to a previous form This is illustrated here in two dimensions in reality both biomolecules and organisms evolve in many different dimensions The statement is often misinterpreted as claiming that evolution is not reversible 3 or that lost structures and organs cannot reappear in the same form by any process of devolution 4 5 According to Richard Dawkins the law is really just a statement about the statistical improbability of following exactly the same evolutionary trajectory twice or indeed any particular trajectory in either direction 6 Stephen Jay Gould suggested that irreversibility forecloses certain evolutionary pathways once broad forms have emerged For example once you adopt the ordinary body plan of a reptile hundreds of options are forever closed and future possibilities must unfold within the limits of inherited design 7 This principle is classically applied to morphology particularly of fossils but may also be used to describe molecular events such as individual mutations or gene losses Contents 1 Use in phylogenetics 2 A molecular example 3 Proposed exceptions 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksUse in phylogenetics editIn maximum parsimony Dollo parsimony refers to a model whereby a characteristic is gained only one time and can never be regained if it is lost 8 For example the evolution and repeated loss of teeth in vertebrates could be well modeled under Dollo parsimony whereby teeth made from hydroxyapatite evolved only once at the origin of vertebrates and were then lost multiple times in birds turtles and seahorses among others 9 This also applies to molecular characters such as losses or inactivation of individual genes themselves 10 The loss of gulonolactone oxidase the final enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin C is responsible for the dietary requirement of vitamin C in humans as well as many other animals 11 A molecular example editA 2009 study on the evolution of protein structure proposed a new mechanism for Dollo s law It examined a hormone receptor that had evolved from an ancestral protein that was able to bind two hormones to a new protein that was specific for a single hormone This change was produced by two amino acid substitutions which prevent binding of the second hormone However several other changes subsequently occurred which were selectively neutral as they did not affect hormone binding When the authors tried to revert the protein back to its ancestral state by mutating the two binding residues they found the other changes had destabilised the ancestral state of the protein They concluded that in order for this protein to evolve in reverse and regain its ability to bind two hormones several independent neutral mutations would have to occur purely by chance with no selection pressure As this is extremely unlikely it may explain why evolution tends to run in one direction 12 Proposed exceptions editAlthough the exact threshold for violations of Dollo s law is unclear there are several case studies whose results dispute the validity of some interpretations For example many taxa of gastropods have reduced shells and some have lost coiling of their shell altogether 13 In Stephen Jay Gould s interpretation of Dollo s law it would not be possible to regain a coiled shell after the coiling has been lost Nevertheless a few genera in the slipper snail family Calyptraeidae may have changed their developmental timing heterochrony and regained a coiled shell from a limpet like shell 13 14 Frietson Galis observed that many of these studies are based on either molecular phylogenies or morphological cladistic analyses that are tenuous and subject to change 15 Other proposed exceptions include the ocelli and wings of stick insects 16 17 the larval stages of salamanders 18 19 lost toes and re evolution of oviparity in lizards 20 21 lost lower teeth in frogs 22 clavicles in non avian theropod dinosaurs 23 and neck pectoral region and upper limb musculature in primates including the lineage leading to humans 24 See also edit nbsp Evolutionary biology portal Entropy and life Fitness landscape OrthogenesisReferences edit Dollo Louis 1893 Les lois de l evolution PDF Bull Soc Belge Geol Pal Hydr VII 164 166 Gould S J 1970 Dollo on Dollo s law irreversibility and the status of evolutionary laws Journal of the History of Biology 3 2 189 212 doi 10 1007 bf00137351 PMID 11609651 S2CID 45642853 Alfarouk Khalid O Shayoub Mohammed E A Muddathir Abdel Khalig Elhassan Gamal O Bashir Adil H H 22 July 2011 Evolution of Tumor Metabolism might Reflect Carcinogenesis as a Reverse Evolution process Dismantling of Multicellularity Cancers 3 3 3002 3017 doi 10 3390 cancers3033002 PMC 3759183 PMID 24310356 Goldberg Emma E Boris Igic 2008 On phylogenetic tests of irreversible evolution Evolution 62 11 2727 2741 doi 10 1111 j 1558 5646 2008 00505 x PMID 18764918 S2CID 30703407 Collin Rachel Maria Pia Miglietta 2008 Reversing opinions on Dollo s Law Trends in Ecology amp Evolution 23 11 602 609 doi 10 1016 j tree 2008 06 013 PMID 18814933 Dawkins Richard 1996 1986 The Blind Watchmaker W W Norton ISBN 978 0 393 31570 7 Gould Stephen J 2007 1993 Eight little piggies Vintage Books ISBN 978 0 09 950744 4 Farris J 1977 Phylogenetic Analysis Under Dollo s Law Systematic Zoology 26 1 77 88 doi 10 1093 sysbio 26 1 77 Lin Q et al 2016 The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology Nature 540 7633 395 399 Bibcode 2016Natur 540 395L doi 10 1038 nature20595 PMC 8127814 PMID 27974754 Rogozin Igor B Wolf Yuri I Babenko Vladimir N Koonin Eugene V 2005 Dollo parsimony and the reconstruction of genome evolution pp 190 200 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780199297306 003 0011 ISBN 9780199297306 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Yang Hongwen 2013 Conserved or Lost Molecular Evolution of the Key Gene GULO in Vertebrate Vitamin C Biosynthesis Biochemical Genetics 51 5 6 413 425 doi 10 1007 s10528 013 9574 0 PMID 23404229 S2CID 14393449 Bridgham Jamie T Ortlund Eric A Thornton Joseph W 2009 An epistatic ratchet constrains the direction of glucocorticoid receptor evolution Nature 461 7263 515 519 Bibcode 2009Natur 461 515B doi 10 1038 nature08249 PMC 6141187 PMID 19779450 a b Collin R Cipriani R 2003 Dollo s law and the re evolution of shell coiling Proceedings of the Royal Society B 270 1533 2551 2555 doi 10 1098 rspb 2003 2517 PMC 1691546 PMID 14728776 Pagel M 2004 Limpets break Dollo s Law Trends in Ecology amp Evolution 19 6 278 280 doi 10 1016 j tree 2004 03 020 PMID 16701270 Alan Feduccia Riddle of the Feathered Dragons Hidden Birds of China Yale University Press 2012 Whiting Michael F Bradler Sven Maxwell Taylor 2003 Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects Nature 421 6920 264 267 Bibcode 2003Natur 421 264W doi 10 1038 nature01313 PMID 12529642 S2CID 962571 Bank Sarah Bradler Sven 2022 A second view on the evolution of flight in stick and leaf insects Phasmatodea BMC Ecology and Evolution 22 1 62 doi 10 1186 s12862 022 02018 5 PMC 9097326 PMID 35549660 Chippindale P T Wiens J J 2005 Re evolution of the larval stage in the Plethodontid salamander genus Desmognathus PDF Herpetological Review 36 2 113 117 Marshall C R 1994 Dollo s law and the death and resurrection of genes Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 25 12283 7 Bibcode 1994PNAS 9112283M doi 10 1073 pnas 91 25 12283 PMC 45421 PMID 7991619 Galis F 2010 Dollo s law and the irreversibility of digit loss in Bachia Evolution 64 8 2466 76 discussion 2477 85 doi 10 1111 j 1558 5646 2010 01041 x PMID 20500218 S2CID 24520027 Recknagel Hans Kamenos Nicholas A Elmer Kathryn R 2018 Common lizards break Dollo s law of irreversibility Genome wide phylogenomics support a single origin of viviparity and re evolution of oviparity Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127 579 588 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2018 05 029 PMID 29803948 S2CID 3553000 Davies E Frogs re evolved lost lower teeth BBC News January 31 2011 Retrieved February 9 2011 Paul Gregory S 2002 Dinosaurs of the Air the evolution and loss of flight in dinosaurs and birds CJHU Press p 10 ISBN 978 0 8018 6763 7 Diogo R Wood B 2012 Violation of Dollo s Law Evidence of Muscle Reversions in Primate Phylogeny and Their Implications for the Understanding of the Ontogeny Evolution and Anatomical Variations of Modern Humans Evolution 66 10 3267 76 doi 10 1111 j 1558 5646 2012 01621 x PMID 23025614 S2CID 21754061 External links editThe Loom Recoil From Dollo s Law Marshall C R Raff E C Raff R A December 1994 Dollo s law and the death and resurrection of genes PNAS 91 25 12283 12287 Bibcode 1994PNAS 9112283M doi 10 1073 pnas 91 25 12283 PMC 45421 PMID 7991619 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dollo 27s law of irreversibility amp oldid 1188981685, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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