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Distemper (paint)

January 01, 1970

Distemper is a decorative paint and a historical medium for painting pictures, and contrasted with tempera. The binder may be glues of vegetable or animal origin (excluding egg). Soft distemper is not abrasion resistant and may include binders such as chalk, ground pigments, and animal glue. Hard distemper is stronger and wear-resistant and can include casein or linseed oil as binders.[1]

Dirk Bouts' Entombment, distemper on linen, 1450s

Soft distemper edit

 
19th-century Mongolian thanka in distemper

Distemper is an early form of whitewash, also used as a medium for artistic painting, usually made from powdered chalk or lime and size (a gelatinous substance). Alternatives to chalk include the toxic substance white lead.

Distempered surfaces can be easily marked and discoloured, and cannot be washed down, so distemper is best suited to temporary and interior decoration. The technique of painting on distempered surfaces blends watercolours with whiting and glue. "The colours are mixed with whitening, or finely-ground chalk, and tempered with size. The whitening makes them opaque and gives them 'body,' but is also the cause of their drying light ... a source of considerable embarrassment to the inexperienced eye is that the colours when wet present such a different appearance from what they do when dry."[2]

Many Medieval and Renaissance painters used distemper painting rather than oil paint for some of their works.[3] The earliest paintings on canvas were mostly in distemper, which was (and is) also widely used in Asia, especially in Tibetan thankas. Distemper paintings suffer more than oil paintings as they age, and relatively few have survived. It was the most common medium for painting banners and decorations for temporary celebrations, both of which attracted artists of the highest quality, especially when they were official court artists. In distemper painting, "the carbonate of lime, or whitening employed as a basis, is less active than the pure lime of fresco ... to give adhesion to the tints and colours in distemper painting, and to make them keep their place, they are variously mixed with the size of glue (prepared commonly by dissolving about four ounces [110 g] of glue in an imperial gallon [4.5 L; 1.2 US gal] of water). Too much of the glue disposes the painting to crack and peel from the ground; while, with too little, it is friable and deficient in strength."[4]

The National Gallery, London, distinguishes between the techniques of glue, glue size, or glue-tempera, which is how they describe their three Andrea Mantegnas in the medium, and distemper, which is how they describe their Dirk Bouts and two Édouard Vuillards (see below). Other sources would describe the Mantegnas as also being in distemper.

In modern practice, distemper painting is often employed for scenery painting in theatrical productions and other short-term applications, where it may be preferred to oil paint for reasons of economy. Contemporary artist John Connell was known for using distemper in paintings sometimes as large as ten feet.[5]

In architecture, distemper paints usually consist of a glue binder with calcium carbonate as the base pigment.[6]

Military use edit

 
The distemper winter camouflage paint on this Soviet MiG-3 fighter aeroplane shows severe erosion due to weathering.

Distemper was used extensively by German and Soviet forces for winter camouflage during World War II. Because ordinary camouflage patterns were ineffective in the heavy snow conditions on the Eastern front, aircraft, tanks, and other military vehicles were hastily brush-painted with plain white distemper during the winter of 1941–1942. Because distemper is water-soluble, photographs showing winter camouflage often show it badly eroded.

During the invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, all Allied aircraft participating in the invasion were marked on the wings and fuselage with "invasion stripes" painted with distemper so that naval or ground-based gunners would not misidentify them as German and fire on them, as had happened during the invasion of Sicily in 1943.

Examples of paintings in distemper edit

References edit

  1. ^ Distemper. In: Weyer, Angela; Roig Picazo, Pilar; Pop, Daniel; Cassar, JoAnn; Özköse, Aysun; Jean-Marc, Vallet; Srša, Ivan (Ed.) (2015). Weyer, Angela; Roig Picazo, Pilar; Pop, Daniel; Cassar, JoAnn; Özköse, Aysun; Vallet, Jean-Marc; Srša, Ivan (eds.). EwaGlos. European Illustrated Glossary Of Conservation Terms For Wall Paintings And Architectural Surfaces. English Definitions with translations into Bulgarian, Croatian, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Spanish and Turkish. Petersberg: Michael Imhof. p. 104. doi:10.5165/hawk-hhg/233.
  2. ^ Vasari, Giorgio. Vasari on Technique. G. Baldwin Brown, ed., translated by Louisa S. Maclehose; London, J. M. Dent & Co., 1907; p. 242 n. 4.
  3. ^ Merrifield, Mary P. The Art of Fresco Painting in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. 1846; reprinted Mineola, NY, Courier Dover, 2003.
  4. ^ Field, George. Chromatography, or A treatise on Colours and Pigments, and of Their Powers in Painting. London, Tilt and Bogue, 1841; pp. 337–8.
  5. ^ ARTlines, April 1983
  6. ^ Mary, Culver (2001). "Performance Evaluation of Traditional and Modified Distemper Paints".
  7. ^ . Kimbell Art Museum. Archived from the original on 2006-10-01. Retrieved 2007-03-17. Mantegna often used distemper, a glue-tempera medium, for small devotional pictures such as the Kimbell's painting.
  8. ^ "Andrea Mantegna | The Introduction of the Cult of Cybele at Rome". National Gallery, London.
  9. ^ "Edouard Vuillard | La Terrasse at Vasouy, The Garden". National Gallery, London.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Distemper (paint).
  • Removing Distemper.
  • Soft Distemper
  • The Problem with Distemper

January 01, 1970
distemper, paint, distemper, decorative, paint, historical, medium, painting, pictures, contrasted, with, tempera, binder, glues, vegetable, animal, origin, excluding, soft, distemper, abrasion, resistant, include, binders, such, chalk, ground, pigments, anima. Distemper is a decorative paint and a historical medium for painting pictures and contrasted with tempera The binder may be glues of vegetable or animal origin excluding egg Soft distemper is not abrasion resistant and may include binders such as chalk ground pigments and animal glue Hard distemper is stronger and wear resistant and can include casein or linseed oil as binders 1 Dirk Bouts Entombment distemper on linen 1450s Contents 1 Soft distemper 2 Military use 3 Examples of paintings in distemper 4 References 5 External linksSoft distemper edit nbsp 19th century Mongolian thanka in distemper Distemper is an early form of whitewash also used as a medium for artistic painting usually made from powdered chalk or lime and size a gelatinous substance Alternatives to chalk include the toxic substance white lead Distempered surfaces can be easily marked and discoloured and cannot be washed down so distemper is best suited to temporary and interior decoration The technique of painting on distempered surfaces blends watercolours with whiting and glue The colours are mixed with whitening or finely ground chalk and tempered with size The whitening makes them opaque and gives them body but is also the cause of their drying light a source of considerable embarrassment to the inexperienced eye is that the colours when wet present such a different appearance from what they do when dry 2 Many Medieval and Renaissance painters used distemper painting rather than oil paint for some of their works 3 The earliest paintings on canvas were mostly in distemper which was and is also widely used in Asia especially in Tibetan thankas Distemper paintings suffer more than oil paintings as they age and relatively few have survived It was the most common medium for painting banners and decorations for temporary celebrations both of which attracted artists of the highest quality especially when they were official court artists In distemper painting the carbonate of lime or whitening employed as a basis is less active than the pure lime of fresco to give adhesion to the tints and colours in distemper painting and to make them keep their place they are variously mixed with the size of glue prepared commonly by dissolving about four ounces 110 g of glue in an imperial gallon 4 5 L 1 2 US gal of water Too much of the glue disposes the painting to crack and peel from the ground while with too little it is friable and deficient in strength 4 The National Gallery London distinguishes between the techniques of glue glue size or glue tempera which is how they describe their three Andrea Mantegnas in the medium and distemper which is how they describe their Dirk Bouts and two Edouard Vuillards see below Other sources would describe the Mantegnas as also being in distemper In modern practice distemper painting is often employed for scenery painting in theatrical productions and other short term applications where it may be preferred to oil paint for reasons of economy Contemporary artist John Connell was known for using distemper in paintings sometimes as large as ten feet 5 In architecture distemper paints usually consist of a glue binder with calcium carbonate as the base pigment 6 Military use edit nbsp The distemper winter camouflage paint on this Soviet MiG 3 fighter aeroplane shows severe erosion due to weathering Distemper was used extensively by German and Soviet forces for winter camouflage during World War II Because ordinary camouflage patterns were ineffective in the heavy snow conditions on the Eastern front aircraft tanks and other military vehicles were hastily brush painted with plain white distemper during the winter of 1941 1942 Because distemper is water soluble photographs showing winter camouflage often show it badly eroded During the invasion of Normandy on June 6 1944 all Allied aircraft participating in the invasion were marked on the wings and fuselage with invasion stripes painted with distemper so that naval or ground based gunners would not misidentify them as German and fire on them as had happened during the invasion of Sicily in 1943 Examples of paintings in distemper editFayum mummy portraits from Late Antique Egypt some in encaustic Dirk Bouts Entombment 1450s National Gallery London Many paintings by Mantegna 7 8 The Raphael Cartoons London Scottish Renaissance painted ceilings Edouard Vuillard Lunch at Vasouy 1901 Tate Modern 9 Mark Tobey s White Journey modern Le Grand Teddy by Edouard VuillardReferences edit Distemper In Weyer Angela Roig Picazo Pilar Pop Daniel Cassar JoAnn Ozkose Aysun Jean Marc Vallet Srsa Ivan Ed 2015 Weyer Angela Roig Picazo Pilar Pop Daniel Cassar JoAnn Ozkose Aysun Vallet Jean Marc Srsa Ivan eds EwaGlos European Illustrated Glossary Of Conservation Terms For Wall Paintings And Architectural Surfaces English Definitions with translations into Bulgarian Croatian French German Hungarian Italian Polish Romanian Spanish and Turkish Petersberg Michael Imhof p 104 doi 10 5165 hawk hhg 233 Vasari Giorgio Vasari on Technique G Baldwin Brown ed translated by Louisa S Maclehose London J M Dent amp Co 1907 p 242 n 4 Merrifield Mary P The Art of Fresco Painting in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance 1846 reprinted Mineola NY Courier Dover 2003 Field George Chromatography or A treatise on Colours and Pigments and of Their Powers in Painting London Tilt and Bogue 1841 pp 337 8 ARTlines April 1983 Mary Culver 2001 Performance Evaluation of Traditional and Modified Distemper Paints Conservation Information Kimbell Art Museum Archived from the original on 2006 10 01 Retrieved 2007 03 17 Mantegna often used distemper a glue tempera medium for small devotional pictures such as the Kimbell s painting Andrea Mantegna The Introduction of the Cult of Cybele at Rome National Gallery London Edouard Vuillard La Terrasse at Vasouy The Garden National Gallery London External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Distemper paint Removing Distemper Soft Distemper The Problem with Distemper Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Distemper paint amp oldid 1174348320, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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