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Dinoponera

March 17, 2024

Dinoponera is a strictly South American genus of ant in the subfamily Ponerinae, commonly called tocandiras or giant Amazonian ants.[2] These ants are generally less well known than Paraponera clavata, the bullet ant, yet Dinoponera females may surpass 3–4 cm (1.2–1.6 in) in total body length, making them among the largest ants in the world.

Names edit

Dinoponera (tocandira ants) are known as piata in many Tucanoan languages.[3]

Species edit

Distribution edit

Dinoponera is a strictly South American genus, and has been found from montane rainforest on the eastern slope of the Andes in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia to savannah and lowland rainforest in Brazil, Guyana, south through Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.[2] Dinoponera australis, known from Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, has the widest known range of all Dinoponera species.[4]

Size edit

Dinoponera contains one of the largest species of ants in the world, with female Dinoponera gigantea specimens measuring 3–4 cm (1.2–1.6 in) in length.[5] Size is the most obvious characteristic distinguishing Dinoponera from other genera. The only other ants with a worker caste approaching this size are Paraponera clavata (the bullet ant) and the larger Pachycondyla such as P. crassinoda, P. impressa and P. villosa. Paraponera clavata is easily identified by its anvil-shaped petiole with a spine on the ventral surface, highly sculptured body and deep antennal scrobes. Pachycondyla is regarded as the sister taxa to Dinoponera. Dinoponera, in addition to their size, are distinguishable from Pachycondyla by the presence of two laterally projecting clypeal teeth and rows of spines on the pygidium and hypopygidium.[6]

Reproduction edit

Dinoponera is one of the roughly 10 ponerine genera in which some species have secondarily lost the typical morphologically specialized queen caste for a reproductive worker known as a gamergate. Conflict over dominance is intense in colonies, with younger workers usually joining a linear hierarchy of one to five workers depending on colony size. The gamergate, or alpha female, has the highest ranking. The alpha female mates with non-nestmate males at night at the entrance of the nest.[7] After copulation the female bites through the male's gaster to release herself and pulls out the genital capsule, which acts as a temporary sperm plug. After mating the female is unreceptive to other males and remains monandrous.[8] The gamergate maintains dominance with ritualized behaviors such as antennal boxing and biting, "blocking", as well as gaster rubbing and curling.[9]

Alpha females may "sting smear" a competing female with secretions from the Dufour's gland, triggering the lower-ranking workers to immobilize the marked female. Subordinate females (beta, gamma or delta) may produce unfertilized eggs but these are usually consumed by the alpha female in a form of "queen policing".[9]

Males are born throughout most of the year in tropical species; however, Dinoponera australis, which lives in the more temperate south, was found to produce males only in May–July. When the alpha declines reproductively or dies, she is replaced by a high-ranking worker.[10]

Foraging edit

Workers lower in the hierarchy forage individually for food items on the substrate and do not recruit other nestmates to assist with food transport.[5] Although foraging workers do not recruit nestmates, Nascimento et al. (2012) found a positive feedback between incoming food and stimulation of new foragers as well as task partitioning once food was brought into the nest. Lower-ranking females processed protein resources while higher-ranking females handled small food pieces and distributed them to the larvae. Fourcassié & Oliviera (2002) found Dinoponera gigantea foraging to be concentrated in the early morning and afternoon but did not sample at night. Morgan (1993) observed the highest activity at night in Dinoponera longipes. Dinoponera quadriceps has a marked seasonal pattern in activity. It is most active in May–August, the late rainy season to early dry season in the semiarid Caatinga. Activity was strongly negatively correlated to temperature and positively correlated to prey abundance. The diets of both Dinoponera gigantea and Dinoponera quadriceps have been shown to be predominantly scavenged invertebrates, but include live prey, seeds and fruits. Araújo & Rodrigues (2006) state that the taxonomic diversity of prey is comparable to other tropical ponerines, but has an optimal prey size of 2–3 cm in Dinoponera. Diet seems to be very similar across the genus, regardless of habitat.[11]

Predators and pathogens edit

Despite their large size and strong venom, Dinoponera are likely preyed on by many vertebrate and invertebrate species across South America. Like many other ant species, Dinoponera can be infected by the entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps sp.[12] Buys et al. (2010) discovered a Kapala sp. eucharitid wasp emerging from the puparia of Dinoponera lucida.[13]

Venom edit

For subduing large live prey and defense, workers possess a sting that has been known to cause severe pain lasting up to 48 hours. Lymphadenopathy, edema, tachycardia and fresh blood appearing in human victim feces are common symptoms.[14] In some ant specimens the venom sac is empty. Workers may have 60–75 unique proteinaceous components in the venom. The convoluted gland within the venom system of Dinoponera australis has been found to possess close similarities to those of vespine wasps. The contents of Dinoponera australis venom have been found to be similar to those of Pachycondyla spp. Due to the high diversity of compounds and systemic effects, venom of Dinoponera could be of use to the pharmaceutical industry. For instance, Sousa et al. (2012) demonstrated in mice that venom from Dinoponera quadriceps had antinociceptive properties. The authors note that the local population of northeast Brazil uses dry crushed Dinoponera quadriceps ants to treat earaches, and the stings of live ants are administered for back pain and rheumatism.[13]

Colonies edit

 
Dinoponera australis, one of the world's largest ants

Colonies vary in size depending upon species, but generally consist of fewer than 100 individuals.[15] Dinoponera australis colonies have an average of 14 workers (range 3–37), Dinoponera gigantea averages 41 workers (range 30–96), and Dinoponera quadriceps has the largest colonies, with an average of 80 workers (range 26–238).[16]

New colonies are founded by fission, a process in which a beta female is fertilized in the natal nest.[7] This new alpha female then leaves the nest with a cohort of workers to found an incipient colony, sometimes employing tandem running.[9]

Nests edit

The nest consists of large chambers and tunnels in the soil, sometimes with an earthen mound, and can be 0.10–1.2 m deep. Nests are deeper in Dinoponera australis and Dinoponera quadriceps than in Dinoponera gigantea. Monnin et al. (2003) suggests that deeper nests are a possible adaptation to seasons and aridity. Dinoponera gigantea nests may have up to eight entrances and can be weakly polydomous,[17] whereas 1–30 openings, with an average of 11, were recorded for Dinoponera longipes. Nesting density and spatial distribution varies depending on habitat. Density ranges from 15–40 nests per ha to 80 nests per ha. Morgan (1993) measured a spacing between nests for Dinoponera longipes with a median of 35 m (n=22, range 14–69.5 m). Dinoponera australis and Dinoponera gigantea usually nest at the base of trees. Observations of Dinoponera quadriceps nests show that in more arid Caatinga and Cerrado habitats, nests are predominantly constructed under trees, whereas in Atlantic forest 60% of nests were 3 m away from any tree.[16]

References edit

  1. ^ Bolton, B. "Dinoponera". AntCat. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  2. ^ a b Lenhart, Dash & MacKay 2013, p. 120
  3. ^ Chacon 2013.
  4. ^ Lenhart, Dash & MacKay 2013, p. 138
  5. ^ a b Fourcassié & Oliveira 2002, p. 2212
  6. ^ Lenhart, Dash & MacKay 2013, p. 127
  7. ^ a b Monnin & Peeters 1998, p. 299
  8. ^ Monnin & Peeters 1998, p. 303
  9. ^ a b c Lenhart, Dash & MacKay 2013, p. 128
  10. ^ Lenhart, Dash & MacKay 2013, pp. 128–129
  11. ^ Lenhart, Dash & MacKay 2013, pp. 129–130
  12. ^ Evans 1982, p. 53
  13. ^ a b Lenhart, Dash & MacKay 2013, p. 130
  14. ^ Haddad, Cardoso & Moraes 2005.
  15. ^ Schmidt & Shattuck 2014.
  16. ^ a b Lenhart, Dash & MacKay 2013, p. 129
  17. ^ Fourcassié & Oliveira 2002, p. 2214
  • Araújo A, Rodrigues Z (2006). "Foraging behavior of the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Neotropical Entomology. 35 (2): 159–164. doi:10.1590/S1519-566X2006000200002. PMID 17348125.
  • Buys SC, Cassaro R, Salomon D (2010). "Biological observations on Kapala Cameron 1884 (Hymenoptera Eucharitidae) in parasitic association with Dinoponera lucida Emery 1901 (Hymenoptera Formicidae) in Brazil". Tropical Zoology. 23: 29–34.
  • Chacon T (2013). "On Proto-Languages and Archaeological Cultures: pre-history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family". Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. 5 (1): 217–245. doi:10.26512/rbla.v5i1.16548.
  • Evans HC (1982). "Entomogenous fungi in tropical forest ecosystems: An appraisal". Ecological Entomology. 7 (1): 47–60. Bibcode:1982EcoEn...7...47E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1982.tb00643.x. S2CID 85628900.
  • Fourcassié V, Oliveira PS (2002). "Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): Activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns". Journal of Natural History. 36 (18): 2211–2227. Bibcode:2002JNatH..36.2211F. doi:10.1080/00222930110097149. S2CID 55782116.
  • Haddad Junior, Vidal; Cardoso, João Luiz Costa; Moraes, Roberto Henrique Pinto (August 2005). "Description of an injury in a human caused by a false tocandira (Dinoponera gigantea, Perty, 1833) with a revision on folkloric, pharmacological and clinical aspects of the giant ants of the genera Paraponera and Dinoponera (sub-family Ponerinae)". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 47 (4): 235–238. doi:10.1590/s0036-46652005000400012. hdl:11449/30504. PMID 16138209.
  • Lenhart P, Dash ST, MacKay WP (2013). "A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)". Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 31: 119–164. doi:10.3897/JHR.31.4335.
  • Monnin T, Peeters C (1998). "Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps". Animal Behaviour. 55 (2): 299–306. doi:10.1006/anbe.1997.0601. PMID 9480697. S2CID 23855548.
  • Monnin T, Ratnieks FLW, Brandão CRF (2003). "Reproductive conflict in animal societies: Hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 54: 71–79. doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0600-9. S2CID 11142025.
  • Morgan RC (1993). . SASI-ITAG 1993 Invertebrates in Captivity Conference Proceedings. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
  • Nascimento FS, Souza DISA, Tannure-Nascimento IC, Dantas JO (2012). "Social facilitation and food partitioning in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Journal of Natural History. 46 (31–32): 31–32. Bibcode:2012JNatH..46.1959N. doi:10.1080/00222933.2012.700333. S2CID 83847854.
  • Schmidt CA, Shattuck SO (2014). "The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior". Zootaxa. 3817 (1): 1–242. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1. PMID 24943802.
  • Sousa PL, Quinet YP, Ponte EL, do Vale JF, Torres AFC, Pereira MG, Assreuy AMS (2012). "Venom's antinociceptive property in the primitive ant Dinoponera quadriceps". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 144 (1): 213–6. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.033. PMID 22960549.
  •   This article incorporates text from a scholarly publication published under a copyright license that allows anyone to reuse, revise, remix and redistribute the materials in any form for any purpose: Lenhart P, Dash ST, MacKay WP (2013), "A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)", Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 31: 119–164, doi:10.3897/JHR.31.4335 Please check the source for the exact licensing terms.

External links edit

March 17, 2024
dinoponera, strictly, south, american, genus, subfamily, ponerinae, commonly, called, tocandiras, giant, amazonian, ants, these, ants, generally, less, well, known, than, paraponera, clavata, bullet, females, surpass, total, body, length, making, them, among, . Dinoponera is a strictly South American genus of ant in the subfamily Ponerinae commonly called tocandiras or giant Amazonian ants 2 These ants are generally less well known than Paraponera clavata the bullet ant yet Dinoponera females may surpass 3 4 cm 1 2 1 6 in in total body length making them among the largest ants in the world DinoponeraDinoponera quadriceps MHNTScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder HymenopteraFamily FormicidaeSubfamily PonerinaeTribe PoneriniGenus DinoponeraRoger 1861Type speciesPonera grandisGuerin Meneville 1838Diversity 1 8 species Contents 1 Names 2 Species 3 Distribution 4 Size 5 Reproduction 6 Foraging 7 Predators and pathogens 8 Venom 9 Colonies 9 1 Nests 10 References 11 External linksNames editDinoponera tocandira ants are known as piata in many Tucanoan languages 3 Species editDinoponera australis Emery 1901 Dinoponera hispida Lenhart Dash amp Mackay 2013 Dinoponera gigantea Perty 1833 Dinoponera longipes Emery 1901 Dinoponera lucida Emery 1901 Dinoponera mutica Emery 1901 Dinoponera quadriceps Kempf 1971 Dinoponera snellingi Lenhart Dash amp Mackay 2013Distribution editDinoponera is a strictly South American genus and has been found from montane rainforest on the eastern slope of the Andes in Peru Ecuador and Colombia to savannah and lowland rainforest in Brazil Guyana south through Bolivia Paraguay and Argentina 2 Dinoponera australis known from Bolivia Brazil Paraguay and Argentina has the widest known range of all Dinoponera species 4 Size editDinoponera contains one of the largest species of ants in the world with female Dinoponera gigantea specimens measuring 3 4 cm 1 2 1 6 in in length 5 Size is the most obvious characteristic distinguishing Dinoponera from other genera The only other ants with a worker caste approaching this size are Paraponera clavata the bullet ant and the larger Pachycondyla such as P crassinoda P impressa and P villosa Paraponera clavata is easily identified by its anvil shaped petiole with a spine on the ventral surface highly sculptured body and deep antennal scrobes Pachycondyla is regarded as the sister taxa to Dinoponera Dinoponera in addition to their size are distinguishable from Pachycondyla by the presence of two laterally projecting clypeal teeth and rows of spines on the pygidium and hypopygidium 6 Reproduction editDinoponera is one of the roughly 10 ponerine genera in which some species have secondarily lost the typical morphologically specialized queen caste for a reproductive worker known as a gamergate Conflict over dominance is intense in colonies with younger workers usually joining a linear hierarchy of one to five workers depending on colony size The gamergate or alpha female has the highest ranking The alpha female mates with non nestmate males at night at the entrance of the nest 7 After copulation the female bites through the male s gaster to release herself and pulls out the genital capsule which acts as a temporary sperm plug After mating the female is unreceptive to other males and remains monandrous 8 The gamergate maintains dominance with ritualized behaviors such as antennal boxing and biting blocking as well as gaster rubbing and curling 9 Alpha females may sting smear a competing female with secretions from the Dufour s gland triggering the lower ranking workers to immobilize the marked female Subordinate females beta gamma or delta may produce unfertilized eggs but these are usually consumed by the alpha female in a form of queen policing 9 Males are born throughout most of the year in tropical species however Dinoponera australis which lives in the more temperate south was found to produce males only in May July When the alpha declines reproductively or dies she is replaced by a high ranking worker 10 Foraging editWorkers lower in the hierarchy forage individually for food items on the substrate and do not recruit other nestmates to assist with food transport 5 Although foraging workers do not recruit nestmates Nascimento et al 2012 found a positive feedback between incoming food and stimulation of new foragers as well as task partitioning once food was brought into the nest Lower ranking females processed protein resources while higher ranking females handled small food pieces and distributed them to the larvae Fourcassie amp Oliviera 2002 found Dinoponera gigantea foraging to be concentrated in the early morning and afternoon but did not sample at night Morgan 1993 observed the highest activity at night in Dinoponera longipes Dinoponera quadriceps has a marked seasonal pattern in activity It is most active in May August the late rainy season to early dry season in the semiarid Caatinga Activity was strongly negatively correlated to temperature and positively correlated to prey abundance The diets of both Dinoponera gigantea and Dinoponera quadriceps have been shown to be predominantly scavenged invertebrates but include live prey seeds and fruits Araujo amp Rodrigues 2006 state that the taxonomic diversity of prey is comparable to other tropical ponerines but has an optimal prey size of 2 3 cm in Dinoponera Diet seems to be very similar across the genus regardless of habitat 11 Predators and pathogens editDespite their large size and strong venom Dinoponera are likely preyed on by many vertebrate and invertebrate species across South America Like many other ant species Dinoponera can be infected by the entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps sp 12 Buys et al 2010 discovered a Kapala sp eucharitid wasp emerging from the puparia of Dinoponera lucida 13 Venom editFor subduing large live prey and defense workers possess a sting that has been known to cause severe pain lasting up to 48 hours Lymphadenopathy edema tachycardia and fresh blood appearing in human victim feces are common symptoms 14 In some ant specimens the venom sac is empty Workers may have 60 75 unique proteinaceous components in the venom The convoluted gland within the venom system of Dinoponera australis has been found to possess close similarities to those of vespine wasps The contents of Dinoponera australis venom have been found to be similar to those of Pachycondyla spp Due to the high diversity of compounds and systemic effects venom of Dinoponera could be of use to the pharmaceutical industry For instance Sousa et al 2012 demonstrated in mice that venom from Dinoponera quadriceps had antinociceptive properties The authors note that the local population of northeast Brazil uses dry crushed Dinoponera quadriceps ants to treat earaches and the stings of live ants are administered for back pain and rheumatism 13 Colonies edit nbsp Dinoponera australis one of the world s largest antsColonies vary in size depending upon species but generally consist of fewer than 100 individuals 15 Dinoponera australis colonies have an average of 14 workers range 3 37 Dinoponera gigantea averages 41 workers range 30 96 and Dinoponera quadriceps has the largest colonies with an average of 80 workers range 26 238 16 New colonies are founded by fission a process in which a beta female is fertilized in the natal nest 7 This new alpha female then leaves the nest with a cohort of workers to found an incipient colony sometimes employing tandem running 9 Nests edit The nest consists of large chambers and tunnels in the soil sometimes with an earthen mound and can be 0 10 1 2 m deep Nests are deeper in Dinoponera australis and Dinoponera quadriceps than in Dinoponera gigantea Monnin et al 2003 suggests that deeper nests are a possible adaptation to seasons and aridity Dinoponera gigantea nests may have up to eight entrances and can be weakly polydomous 17 whereas 1 30 openings with an average of 11 were recorded for Dinoponera longipes Nesting density and spatial distribution varies depending on habitat Density ranges from 15 40 nests per ha to 80 nests per ha Morgan 1993 measured a spacing between nests for Dinoponera longipes with a median of 35 m n 22 range 14 69 5 m Dinoponera australis and Dinoponera gigantea usually nest at the base of trees Observations of Dinoponera quadriceps nests show that in more arid Caatinga and Cerrado habitats nests are predominantly constructed under trees whereas in Atlantic forest 60 of nests were 3 m away from any tree 16 References edit Bolton B Dinoponera AntCat Retrieved 3 July 2014 a b Lenhart Dash amp MacKay 2013 p 120 Chacon 2013 Lenhart Dash amp MacKay 2013 p 138 a b Fourcassie amp Oliveira 2002 p 2212 Lenhart Dash amp MacKay 2013 p 127 a b Monnin amp Peeters 1998 p 299 Monnin amp Peeters 1998 p 303 a b c Lenhart Dash amp MacKay 2013 p 128 Lenhart Dash amp MacKay 2013 pp 128 129 Lenhart Dash amp MacKay 2013 pp 129 130 Evans 1982 p 53 a b Lenhart Dash amp MacKay 2013 p 130 Haddad Cardoso amp Moraes 2005 Schmidt amp Shattuck 2014 a b Lenhart Dash amp MacKay 2013 p 129 Fourcassie amp Oliveira 2002 p 2214 Araujo A Rodrigues Z 2006 Foraging behavior of the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi Hymenoptera Formicidae Neotropical Entomology 35 2 159 164 doi 10 1590 S1519 566X2006000200002 PMID 17348125 Buys SC Cassaro R Salomon D 2010 Biological observations on Kapala Cameron 1884 Hymenoptera Eucharitidae in parasitic association with Dinoponera lucida Emery 1901 Hymenoptera Formicidae in Brazil Tropical Zoology 23 29 34 Chacon T 2013 On Proto Languages and Archaeological Cultures pre history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family Revista Brasileira de Linguistica Antropologica 5 1 217 245 doi 10 26512 rbla v5i1 16548 Evans HC 1982 Entomogenous fungi in tropical forest ecosystems An appraisal Ecological Entomology 7 1 47 60 Bibcode 1982EcoEn 7 47E doi 10 1111 j 1365 2311 1982 tb00643 x S2CID 85628900 Fourcassie V Oliveira PS 2002 Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea Hymenoptera Formicidae Ponerinae Activity schedule diet and spatial foraging patterns Journal of Natural History 36 18 2211 2227 Bibcode 2002JNatH 36 2211F doi 10 1080 00222930110097149 S2CID 55782116 Haddad Junior Vidal Cardoso Joao Luiz Costa Moraes Roberto Henrique Pinto August 2005 Description of an injury in a human caused by a false tocandira Dinoponera gigantea Perty 1833 with a revision on folkloric pharmacological and clinical aspects of the giant ants of the genera Paraponera and Dinoponera sub family Ponerinae Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 47 4 235 238 doi 10 1590 s0036 46652005000400012 hdl 11449 30504 PMID 16138209 Lenhart P Dash ST MacKay WP 2013 A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera Hymenoptera Formicidae Journal of Hymenoptera Research 31 119 164 doi 10 3897 JHR 31 4335 Monnin T Peeters C 1998 Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps Animal Behaviour 55 2 299 306 doi 10 1006 anbe 1997 0601 PMID 9480697 S2CID 23855548 Monnin T Ratnieks FLW Brandao CRF 2003 Reproductive conflict in animal societies Hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54 71 79 doi 10 1007 s00265 003 0600 9 S2CID 11142025 Morgan RC 1993 Natural history notes and husbandry of the Peruvian giant ant Dinoponera longipes Hymenoptera Formicidae SASI ITAG 1993 Invertebrates in Captivity Conference Proceedings Archived from the original on 14 June 2006 Retrieved 27 August 2007 Nascimento FS Souza DISA Tannure Nascimento IC Dantas JO 2012 Social facilitation and food partitioning in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps Hymenoptera Formicidae Journal of Natural History 46 31 32 31 32 Bibcode 2012JNatH 46 1959N doi 10 1080 00222933 2012 700333 S2CID 83847854 Schmidt CA Shattuck SO 2014 The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae Hymenoptera Formicidae with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior Zootaxa 3817 1 1 242 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3817 1 1 PMID 24943802 Sousa PL Quinet YP Ponte EL do Vale JF Torres AFC Pereira MG Assreuy AMS 2012 Venom s antinociceptive property in the primitive ant Dinoponera quadriceps Journal of Ethnopharmacology 144 1 213 6 doi 10 1016 j jep 2012 08 033 PMID 22960549 nbsp This article incorporates text from a scholarly publication published under a copyright license that allows anyone to reuse revise remix and redistribute the materials in any form for any purpose Lenhart P Dash ST MacKay WP 2013 A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera Hymenoptera Formicidae Journal of Hymenoptera Research 31 119 164 doi 10 3897 JHR 31 4335 Please check the source for the exact licensing terms External links edit nbsp Media related to Dinoponera at Wikimedia Commons Tree of Life Web Project Dinoponera Catalogue of Life Dinoponera Dinoponera Roger 1861 Integrated Taxonomic Information System Animal Diversity Web Dinoponera Dinoponera National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dinoponera amp oldid 1209935332, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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