A dependent-marking language has grammatical markers of agreement and case government between the words of phrases that tend to appear more on dependents than on heads. The distinction between head-marking and dependent-marking was first explored by Johanna Nichols in 1986,[1] and has since become a central criterion in language typology in which languages are classified according to whether they are more head-marking or dependent-marking. Many languages employ both head and dependent-marking, but some employ double-marking, and yet others employ zero-marking. However, it is not clear that the head of a clause has anything to do with the head of a noun phrase, or even what the head of a clause is.
English has few inflectional markers of agreement and so can be construed as zero-marking much of the time. Dependent-marking, however, occurs when a singular or plural noun demands the singular or plural form of the demonstrative determiner this/these or that/those and when a verb or preposition demands the subject or object form of a personal pronoun: I/me, he/him, she/her, they/them, who/whom. The following representations of dependency grammar illustrate some cases:[2]
Plural nouns in English require the plural form of a dependent demonstrative determiner, and prepositions require the object form of a dependent personal pronoun.
In German
Such instances of dependent-marking are a relatively rare occurrence in English, but dependent-marking occurs much more frequently in related languages, such as German. There, for instance, dependent-marking is present in most noun phrases. A noun marks its dependent determiner:
The noun marks the dependent determiner in gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter) and number (singular or plural). In other words, the gender and number of the noun determine the form of the determiner that must appear. Nouns in German also mark their dependent adjectives in gender and number, but the markings vary across determiners and adjectives. Also, a head noun in German can mark a dependent noun with the genitive case.
^Dependency grammar trees similar to the ones that appear here can be found en masse in Ágel et al. (2003/6).
Sources
Ágel, V., L. Eichinger, H.-W. Eroms, P. Hellwig, H. Heringer, and H. Lobin (eds.) 2003/6. Dependency and valency: An international handbook of contemporary research. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Nichols, J. 1986. Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar. Language 62, 1, 56-119.
Nichols, J. 1992. Linguistic diversity in space and time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
January 13, 2023
dependent, marking, language, dependent, marking, language, grammatical, markers, agreement, case, government, between, words, phrases, that, tend, appear, more, dependents, than, heads, distinction, between, head, marking, dependent, marking, first, explored,. A dependent marking language has grammatical markers of agreement and case government between the words of phrases that tend to appear more on dependents than on heads The distinction between head marking and dependent marking was first explored by Johanna Nichols in 1986 1 and has since become a central criterion in language typology in which languages are classified according to whether they are more head marking or dependent marking Many languages employ both head and dependent marking but some employ double marking and yet others employ zero marking However it is not clear that the head of a clause has anything to do with the head of a noun phrase or even what the head of a clause is Contents 1 In English 2 In German 3 See also 4 References 5 SourcesIn English EditEnglish has few inflectional markers of agreement and so can be construed as zero marking much of the time Dependent marking however occurs when a singular or plural noun demands the singular or plural form of the demonstrative determiner this these or that those and when a verb or preposition demands the subject or object form of a personal pronoun I me he him she her they them who whom The following representations of dependency grammar illustrate some cases 2 Plural nouns in English require the plural form of a dependent demonstrative determiner and prepositions require the object form of a dependent personal pronoun In German EditSuch instances of dependent marking are a relatively rare occurrence in English but dependent marking occurs much more frequently in related languages such as German There for instance dependent marking is present in most noun phrases A noun marks its dependent determiner dd The noun marks the dependent determiner in gender masculine feminine or neuter and number singular or plural In other words the gender and number of the noun determine the form of the determiner that must appear Nouns in German also mark their dependent adjectives in gender and number but the markings vary across determiners and adjectives Also a head noun in German can mark a dependent noun with the genitive case See also EditConstituent linguistics Dependency grammar Double marking language Head linguistics Head marking language Zero marking languageReferences Edit See Nichols 1986 1992 Dependency grammar trees similar to the ones that appear here can be found en masse in Agel et al 2003 6 Sources EditAgel V L Eichinger H W Eroms P Hellwig H Heringer and H Lobin eds 2003 6 Dependency and valency An international handbook of contemporary research Berlin Walter de Gruyter Nichols J 1986 Head marking and dependent marking grammar Language 62 1 56 119 Nichols J 1992 Linguistic diversity in space and time Chicago University of Chicago Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dependent marking language amp oldid 1072197791, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
