David Singmaster

David Breyer Singmaster (14 December 1938 – 13 February 2023) was an American-British mathematician who was emeritus professor of mathematics at London South Bank University, England. He had a huge personal collection of mechanical puzzles and books of brain teasers. He was most famous for being an early adopter and enthusiastic promoter of the Rubik's Cube. His Notes on Rubik's "Magic Cube" which he began compiling in 1979 provided the first mathematical analysis of the Cube as well as providing one of the first published solutions. The book contained his cube notation which allowed the recording of Rubik's Cube moves, and which quickly became the standard.

David Singmaster
Singmaster in 2006
Born	(1938-12-14)14 December 1938^[1]^[2] Ferguson, Missouri, U.S.^[3]
Died	13 February 2023(2023-02-13) (aged 84)
Alma mater	University of California, Berkeley
Known for	Singmaster's conjecture Singmaster notation History of mathematics Mathematics of puzzles, especially the Rubik's cube
Scientific career
Fields	Mathematics
Institutions	London South Bank University
Thesis	On Means of Differences of Consecutive Integers Relatively Prime to m  (1966)
Doctoral advisors	Dick Lehmer, Russell Lehman

Singmaster was both a puzzle historian and a composer of puzzles, and many of his puzzles were published in newspapers and magazines. In combinatorial number theory, Singmaster's conjecture states that there is an upper bound on the number of times a number other than 1 can appear in Pascal's triangle.

Career

David Singmaster was a student at the California Institute of Technology in the late 1950s.^[4] His intention was to become a civil engineer, but he became interested in chemistry and then physics.^[5][6] However he was thrown out of college in his third year for "lack of academic ability".^[6] After a year working, he switched to the University of California, Berkeley.^[6] He only became really interested in mathematics in his final year when he took some courses in algebra and number theory.^[5] In the autumn semester, his number theory teacher Dick Lehmer posed a prize problem which Singmaster won.^[5][6] In his last semester, his algebra teacher posed a question the teacher didn't know the answer to and Singmaster solved it, eventually leading to two papers.^[5] He gained his PhD from Berkeley, in 1966.^[7] He taught at the American University of Beirut, and then lived for a while in Cyprus.^[8]

Singmaster moved to London in 1970.^[9] The "Polytechnic of the South Bank" had been created from a merger of institutions in 1970, and Singmaster became a lecturer in the Department of Mathematical Sciences.^[10] His academic interests were in combinatorics and number theory.^[8]

In August 1971 he joined an archaeological expedition off the coast of Sicily, acting as photographer.^[11] He went off course one day and noticed a timber sticking up out of the sand. This led to the discovery of the Marsala Punic Ship.^[11]

Around 1972, he attended the Istituto di Matematica in Pisa for a year having won a research scholarship.^[5] He was promoted to a Readership (a Research Professorship) at the South Bank Polytechnic in September 1984.^[12] The polytechnic college became London South Bank University in 1992, and Singmaster was the professor of mathematics at the "School of Computing, Information Systems and Mathematics". He retired in 1996.^[8] He became an honorary research fellow at University College London.^[13] He was designated emeritus at London South Bank University in 2020.^[8]

Rubik's Cubes

The power of conjugation ... was the last point I understood; I remember lying awake thinking about it, seeing that I could move any four edges into the working locations and realising that this completed the general method for restoring the cube to its original state.

–David Singmaster, Moral and Mathematical Lessons from a Rubik Cube, New Scientist, 1982

Singmaster's association with Rubik's Cubes dates from August 1978, when he saw a Cube (at that time a rarity) at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Helsinki.^[5] Some other mathematicians at the conference, including John Conway and Roger Penrose, already had one.^[5]

Singmaster quickly acquired a Cube (in exchange for a copy of an M. C. Escher book) and was able to solve it by early September 1978.^[5] He said that it took him "two weeks, on and off" to find a general solution for the Cube.^[14] He devised his notation for recording moves (now known as the Singmaster notation) in December 1978.^[10] In June 1979 he wrote one of the first articles about the Cube in The Observer newspaper.^[15]

In October 1979, he self-published his Notes on the "Magic Cube".^[16] The booklet contained his mathematical analysis of Rubik's Cube, allowing a solution to be constructed using basic group theory.^[17] In August 1980 he published an expanded 5th edition of the book retitled as Notes on Rubik's "Magic Cube".^[16] It included the results of his correspondence with other "cubologists", and included details on monotwists, U-flips, Cayley graphs, and wreath products.^[17] The book contained his own "step by step solution" for the Cube,^[18] and it is accepted that he was a pioneer of the general Layer by Layer approach for solving the Cube.^[19] If you managed to solve the Cube using his method then Singmaster suggested that you should:

Scream HOORAY!! Buy a round of drinks. Send me a cheque. Tell the orderlies that they can let you out now. Etc. etc.^[18]

The book also contained a catalogue of pretty patterns including his "cube in a cube in a cube" pattern which he had discovered himself "and was very pleased with".^[20] In 1981, at the height of the Rubik's Cube craze, the book was republished by Penguin Books, with a US edition by Enslow Publishers.^[16] There were also Dutch and Spanish translations.^[16] He estimated that he sold around 50 to 60 000 copies of his book.^[5] Much of the mathematical content of the book was later reworked by Alexander H. Frey in collaboration with Singmaster to create their Handbook of Cubik Math published in 1982.

Singmaster was described as "one of the most enthusiastic and prolific promoters of the Cube".^[21] In September 1981 he was said to be devoting "almost 100%" of his time to promoting, reporting, marketing and analysing the Cube.^[22] He soon began publishing a quarterly newsletter called the Cubic Circular which was published between 1981 and 1985.^[5][22]

Puzzles

Singmaster had one of the world's largest collections of books on recreational mathematics which he had accumulated starting in the late 1970s.^[23] In 1996 he reported that the collection contained over 4700 works.^[24] He also collected books on cartoons, humour, and language.^[5] In 2013 his book collection was reported to be "nearly 10000 items".^[23] Many of the books were housed in a library added as an extension to Singmaster's study.^[23] He had a huge collection of mechanical puzzles, which he started in 2002 containing "perhaps 3000 puzzles, of which about 400 are about Rubik's Cube and its variants".^[5]

From around 1980 to 1982, he ran his own puzzle company, David Singmaster Ltd, which stocked "over 100 puzzles and books".^[25] However the venture lost him "a fair amount of money" and led to prolonged tax negotiations.^[12] He referred to this period of his life as "a massive overdose of cubism".^[12]

Singmaster was both a puzzle historian and a composer of puzzles, and he described himself as a "metagrobologist". Many of his puzzles appeared in publications such as BBC Focus, Games & Puzzles, the Los Angeles Times, and the Weekend Telegraph.^[26] He published a collection of his puzzles in his 2016 book Problems for Metagrobologists.^[26] From around 2006 Singmaster was a director at the New York-based Conjuring Arts Research Center, retiring from the position (becoming Director Emeritus) in 2013.^[27] He was instrumental in the re-discovery of one of the world's oldest books on puzzles and magic illusions when he came across a reference to the work in a 19th-century manuscript. The recovered text, De viribus quantitatis (English: On The Powers Of Numbers) was penned by Luca Pacioli, a Franciscan friar who lived around 1500.^[28]

Singmaster's conjecture

Main article: Singmaster's conjecture

In combinatorial number theory, Singmaster's conjecture states that there is a finite upper bound on the number of times a number other than 1 can appear in Pascal's triangle. Paul Erdős suspected that the conjecture is true, but thought it would probably be very difficult to prove. The empirical evidence is consistent with the proposition that the smallest upper bound is 8.

Media appearances

In November 1981, Singmaster appeared on the scifi-themed BBC puzzle show The Adventure Game.^[5] From 1998 to 1999 he was a frequent panelist on the BBC Radio 4 show Puzzle Panel.^[5]

Personal life and death

Singmaster was married twice, the second time to Deborah in 1972. They had one daughter, Jessica, adopted in 1976.^[5]

Singmaster died on 13 February 2023, at the age of 84.^[29][30]

Publications

Books

• Notes on Rubik's "Magic Cube", David Singmaster. Enslow Publishers, 1981. ISBN 0-89490-043-9
• Handbook of Cubik Math, by David Singmaster and Alexander H. Frey. The Lutterworth Press, 1982. ISBN 0-7188-2555-1. Publisher's description 14 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine
• Rubik's Cubic Compendium, by Ernő Rubik and four others. Edited with an Introduction and Afterword by David Singmaster. Oxford University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-19-853202-4
• The Cube: The Ultimate Guide to the World's Bestselling Puzzle, Jerry Slocum, David Singmaster, Wei-Hwa Huang, Dieter Gebhardt, Geert Hellings, Ernő Rubik. Black Dog & Leventhal, 2009. ISBN 157912805X
• Problems for Metagrobologists, David Singmaster, World Scientific Publishing Company, 23 April 2016. ISBN 9814663638
• Adventures in Recreational Mathematics (in 2 Volumes). David Singmaster. World Scientific Publishing Company. (2021) ISBN 9789811225642

Reference works

• Chronology of Recreational Mathematics by David Singmaster. 1996. ( at anduin.eldar.org)
• Chronology of Computing by David Singmaster. 2000. ( at the University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt)
• Sources in Recreational Mathematics: An Annotated Bibliography, David Singmaster. 8th preliminary edition. South Bank University. 2004. (Available online at the Puzzle Museum)
• Mathematical Gazetteer of the British Isles, by David Singmaster. The British Society for the History of Mathematics. 2012. ( at the Internet Archive)

Newsletters

• Cubic Circular magazine published 1981-5 by David Singmaster (available online at Jaap's Puzzle Page)

Articles

• Moral and Mathematical Lessons from a Rubik Cube by David Singmaster, New Scientist, 23/30 December 1982
• The Unreasonable Utility of Recreational Mathematics by David Singmaster. First European Congress of Mathematics, Paris, July 1992. ( at anduin.eldar.org)
• Solution to Meffert's Pyramorphix 6 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine, by David Singmaster and Andrew Southern. Meffert's Puzzles, 15 May 1997.

See also

• How to solve the Rubik's Cube – Wikibook

References

1. Singmaster, David (April 2018). "An Extended Interview with David Singmaster". G4G Celebration (Interview). Interviewed by Dana S. Richards. Gathering 4 Gardner. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
2. "AMS Updates: Death of AMS Members". Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 70 (7): 1147. August 2023.
3. "David Singmaster in the 1940 Census". ancestry.com. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
4. "Candidates' statements - treasurer" (PDF). The California Tech. 20 February 1958. p. 9.
5. "Interview with David Singmaster". Twisty Puzzles. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
6. Singmaster, David (April 2018). "An Interview with David Singmaster". G4G Celebration (Interview). Interviewed by Dana Richards. Gathering 4 Gardner. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
7. David Singmaster at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
8. Singmaster, David (2021). Adventures In Recreational Mathematics. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. xiii. ISBN 9789811225642.
9. "About the Footnotes team". Footnotes audio walks. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
10. Singmaster, David (23 December 1982). "Moral and Mathematical Lesson from a Rubik Cube". New Scientist. p. 787.
11. "The Discovery of the Marsala Punic Ship". Google Arts & Culture. Honor Frost Foundation. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
12. David Singmaster (1985). "Cubic Circular Issues 7 & 8".
13. "A lecture to get your head around". University College London. 10 January 2007.
14. Jensen, Gregory (24 August 1981). "Now meet Rubik's snake – 'Bigger than Rubik's cube!'". United Press International.
15. David Singmaster (17 June 1979). "Six-sided magic". The Observer.
16. . anduin.eldar.org. 4 August 1996. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017.
17. . New Scientist. 24 September 1981. p. 802. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
18. David Singmaster (6 August 1980). . Jeffrey W Baumann & LinkedResources. Archived from the original on 4 March 2006.
19. Ryan Heise. . Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. The general layer-by-layer approach described above is credited to mathematician David Singmaster and was first published in his 1980 book "Notes on Rubik's Magic Cube"
20. David Singmaster (8 October 1998). "Davenport's pattern". cube20.org.
21. Lees-Maffei, Grace (2015). Iconic Designs: 50 Stories about 50 Things. Bloomsbury. p. 140. ISBN 978-0857853530.
22. Herman, Ros (10 September 1981). . New Scientist. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
23. All Squared (11 May 2013). "All Squared, Number 5: Favourite maths books (part 1)". The Aperiodical (Podcast). Retrieved 25 June 2018.
24. . anduin.eldar.org. 1 October 1996. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017.
25. "For Sale". New Scientist. 6 May 1982. p. 395.
26. "Problems For Metagrobologists". Telegraph bookshop. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
27. Board of Directors, Conjuring Arts. Retrieved 4 January 2017
28. "And that's renaissance magic ..." The Guardian. 10 April 2007.
29. @robeastaway (15 February 2023). "I have sad news to report. David Singmaster, the great puzzle collector, historian and Rubik's Cube guru, died on Monday morning after a long illness. He was a unique character with an infectious, child-like enthusiasm for puzzles of every kind. He will be greatly missed" (Tweet). Retrieved 15 February 2023 – via Twitter.
30. "David Singmaster". Xmau. 15 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.

External links

• David Singmaster at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• Interview with David Singmaster at Twisty Puzzles. Originally published c. April 2002 ().
• . A compilation of materials by David Singmaster for teaching and his own interests. Last updated in 1996.
• David Singmaster archive at London South Bank University.