Daniil Kholmsky
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Daniil Dmitrievich Kholmsky (Russian: Даниил Дмитриевич Холмский; c.15th Century–1493) was a Russian knyaz (князь), boyar (боярин, boyarin) and voyevoda (воевода), and one of the most prominent military leaders of Ivan the Great. He belonged to the princely house Kholmsky and was the father of another voyevoda and boyar, Vasily Danilovich Kholmsky, who later married the second daughter of Ivan the Great, Feodosiya Ivanovna.[1]: 115
Daniil Kholmsky | |
|---|---|
| Knyaz | |
Daniil Kholmsky as depicted on the Millennium of Russia monument | |
| Prince of Kholm | |
| Predecessor | Dmitri Kholmsky |
| Successor | Vasily Kholmsky |
| Other titles | Voyevoda, boyar |
| Born | 15th Century Kholm |
| Died | 1493 |
| Wars and battles | Russo-Kazan Wars, Battle of Shelon |
| Offices | Boyar duma (c.1473 or 1479–c.1493)[1]: 111 |
| Noble family | Kholmsky |
| Issue more... |
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| Father | Dmitri Yurievich |
Biography edit
Daniil was the son of the knyaz Dmitry Yurievich Kholmsky and a relative of Grand Prince Mikhail III of Tver, to whom his brother Prince Mikhail Dmitrievich was chief adviser.[1]: 90,105 He entered the service of Grand Prince Ivan III as early as 1467,[1]: 91 becoming the first of a number of "influential Tverian defectors"[1]: 53 to Moscow before its eventual conquest and annexation in 1485; he "immediately received some choice military assignments," served as a voyevoda in the Kazan campaign of 1469, became a leading general and boyar in the early-mid 1470s,[1]: 53,91 and entered the boyar duma as early as c.1473 and no later than 1479.[1]: 106
He became famous for his brilliant victory over the Kazan Tatars at Murom in 1468, when he launched an unexpected attack on the besieged city.[citation needed] However, as Tatar raids on the Russian borders continued, the Muscovite army launched a campaign against Kazan. Daniil was the commander of the leading regiment[1]: 105 and defeated Khan Ibrahim, forcing him to sign a peace treaty with Ivan III. The treaty obliged the Khanate to return all Russian prisoners and to establish friendly relations with Moscow.[needs copy edit]
In 1471, Kholmsky served "with distinction" in Ivan III's military campaign against Novgorod,[1]: 105 again leading the vanguard with Boyar Fedor Davidovich.[2]: 211-215 After two minor victories at Korostyn and Staraya Russa,[citation needed] he soundly defeated the Novgorodians at the Battle of Shelon (Шелонская битва, Shelonskaya bitva), which had a decisive impact on the balance of power between the two sides and paved the way for the future annexation of Novgorod.[needs copy edit]
In the summer of 1472, Kholmsky led an army against the Tatar forces of Akhmat Khan of the Great Horde who captured and destroyed the town of Alexin. The Khan did not risk fighting Kholmsky and returned to the steppes.[citation needed]
From 1473 to 1474, Kholmsky was sent by Ivan III to command a "sizeable force" to relieve the allied city of Pskov, which was besieged by Livonian knights and had appealed to Ivan for help.[1]: 105 With courage and skill, Kholmsky secured a peace treaty that forced the Livonians to leave Pskov and granted Russian merchants free trade rights in the Baltic. This treaty became known as Daniil's Peace by the chronists.[who?][citation needed] In return, Ivan III granted Daniil the title of boyar, after first making him "swear never to leave his service" and forbidding him to serve "any of the Muscovite appanage princes."[1]: 91
Soon Kholmsky was facing false accusations of attempted treason from jealous boyars. It was only with the support of the clergy and the bail of 2,000 rubles from eight Muscovite nobles that Kholmsky regained the confidence of the Grand Prince.[citation needed]
During Ivan III's second campaign against Novgorod in the autumn of 1477, Daniil led the main Muscovite army across the ice of Lake Ilmen. In the course of one night, he managed to encircle Novgorod, forcing the city to surrender to Ivan III.[citation needed]
In October and November 1480, Daniil Kholmsky took part in the famous Great Standing on the Ugra River, where he was one of the commanders of the Russian forces and organized the fortifications. With his efforts, Kholmsky contributed significantly to the final overthrow of Tatar rule in Russia.[citation needed]
In 1487, Kholmsky again led a Muscovite army against Kazan and captured the besieged city on July 9. The result of this event was the deposition of Ivan III's opponent and his replacement by the Moscow-friendly Möxämmädämin.[citation needed]
In 1489, Kholmsky commanded a successful "major campaign" against Vyatka alongside voevody Andrey Korobov, princes Osip Dorogobuzhskoy, Ivan Ivanovich Zvenets, Ivan Lyko Obelensky, and Yury Ivanovich Shostak.[1]: 88-89
In 1492 Knyaz Kholmsky took part in the war against Lithuania and helped the Upper Oka Principalities to protect their independence from Alexander Jagiellon.[citation needed]
Kholmsky died in 1493.[citation needed]
Family edit
Daniil married the eldest daughter of Ivan Ivanovich Vsevolozhkii,[1]: 41, 82 having at least three children:
- Semyon Danilovich
- Vasily Danilovich (1460s–1524)
- A daughter, who later married Ivan Vladimirovich Golova Khovrin[1]: 116
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Alef, Gustave (1983). Rulers and Nobles in Fifteenth-Century Muscovy. London: Variorum Reprints. ISBN 0-86078-120-8. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016-1417. Camden Third Series. Vol. 25. Robert Michell, Nevill Forbes (trans.). London: Royal Historical Society. 1914. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
External links edit
- Knyaz Kholmsky, Н.С. Борисов "Русские полководцы XIII-XVI веков"