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Dancheong

April 12, 2024

Dancheong (Korean: 단청; Hanja: 丹青) refers to Korean version of Chinese traditional decorative colouring (Danqing)on wooden buildings and artifacts for the purpose of style.[1] It literally means "cinnabar and blue-green" in Chinese and in Korean,[2] and is sometimes translated as "red and blue" in English.[3][4][5] Along with its decorations and the choice of paint colours, Dancheong carries various symbolic meanings.[6][7] It is based on five basic colours; blue (east), white (west), red (south), black (north), and yellow (center).[8][9][10] The use of those five colours reflected the use of the yin and yang principle[3] and the Philosophy of the five elements.[11]

Dancheong
A dancheong in Seoul
Korean name
Hangul
단청
Hanja
丹靑
Revised Romanizationdancheong
McCune–Reischauertanch'ŏng

The Dancheong is usually used in important places, such as temples and palaces, and can even be found on the eaves of temple's roofs with patterns of animals (e.g. dragons, lions, cranes).[1] Dancheong also functions not only as decoration, but also for practical purposes such as to protect building surfaces against temperature and to make the crudeness of materials less conspicuous.[3][7][8] It also protects the wood against insects,[4] prolonging its lifetime.[8] Applying dancheong on the surfaces of buildings require trained skills, and artisans called dancheongjang (단청장 丹青匠) designed the painted patterns.[10][12][13] The Dancheonjang are considered living national treasures in South Korea and are classified as being part of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage by the Cultural Heritage Administration in South Korea.[1]

History edit

 

丹青（Danqing/Dancheong) was documented in the Rites of Zhou (周礼·秋官司寇), a Chinese text written between 300 BC and 200 BC.

The origin of the word danqing comes from the combination of the Chinese characters dan(丹) and qing (青). Dan (丹) refers to dansha(丹砂, lit. cinnabar), a red or vermillion mineral pigment, and qing (青) refers to qingyu (青雘), a cyan or blue-green mineral pigment. Because ancient Chinese paintings often used these two colors, danqing became a synonym for painting in the Chinese language. Throughout its history, danqing has taken on multiple meanings, and may refer to:

  1. The minerals dansha (丹砂; cinnabar) and qingyu (青雘; azurite);
  2. colorful mineral and metal pigments in general;
  3. the colors vermillion and cyan;
  4. colors or all vibrant colors in general;
  5. a specific Chinese painting, and/or Chinese paintings and patterns (on silk, paper, architectures and other things) in general;
  6. the art or process of Chinese painting;
  7. painter(s)/Chinese painter(s), artists who mastered the art of Chinese painting;
  8. historical records

Since the Three Kingdoms era, the Korean Dancheong patterns have developed its own distinctive Korean characteristics, from tomb murals into wooden architecture.[5][4][14][15] The earliest example of Dancheong was found on a mural in an ancient tomb built in 357 AD during Goguryeo.[1] The Dancheong can also be seen today in the Goguryeo Tomb Complexes, Tomb of the General, and other Goguryeo structures across North Korea and Northeastern China.[13] In Silla, the Dancheong was even used on commoner's homes.[4] The Dancheong has also been recorded in ancient documents, such as the Samguk sagi and the Samguk yusa.[1] The use of Buddhism as national religion contributed to the development of Dancheong.[16]

In the 12th century a document titled Goryeo Do-Kyung (高麗圖經) which literally means "Illustrated Account of Goryeo" (918-1392), the Chinese author Xu Jing described the luxurious dancheong on the places at that time. Goryeo Do-Kyung illustrates the dancheong in detail that the handrail was painted in red and decorated with vine-flowers. The colouring and patterns were very vivid, so that the palace stood out among other royal palaces.[12] There are several examples of the dancheong from the Goryeo period such as Josadang (조사당) of Buseoksa Temple in Yeongju, Geukrakjeon (극락전) at Bongjeongsa Temple in Andong, and Daeungjeon (대웅전) of Sudeoksa Temple in Yesan.[13]

Since the Joseon dynasty, the Dancheong was greatly developed and began to diversified further, featuring various patterns and the use of more profuse colours.[1][3] The Joseon era dancheon usually uses green as the basic background while elaborate patterns of contrasting colour are then painted over it.[1] Those patterns are inspired by plants, especially the lotus flower, which directly connect the Dancheong to buddhism.[1]

Types of Dancheong edit

The system of patterns is categorized into four different types based on the structural characteristics and positions within the decorative composition. The four types include:[17]

  • Morucho
  • Byeoljihwa
  • Bidan munui
  • Dandong munui

Morucho pattern is mainly painted on the ends of the building’s upper supporting beams and upper corners like eaves, and it commonly incorporates natural forms such as water lily, pomegranate, and feather. Byeoljihwa is painted between two sections of morucho patterns. Often depicted in byeoljihwa are various auspicious animals or scenes from Buddhist sutras and it was mostly used in temples but not in palace buildings. Bidan munui (silk pattern) is the colorful geometric patterns that can be found throughout the building, and dandok munui (single/independent pattern) refers to pattern designs that are based on a single plant or animal.[18]

Dancheong's Restoration Process edit

As part of the restoration process, the paint colours used in Dancheong need to be carefully prepared, and the entire process is supervised by the Cultural Heritage Administration with written documents.[1] The process of the restoration methods include: (1) inspection of the building's current state and its environment; (2) discussion surrounding the restoration method needed takes place; (3) rough sketches of the remaining dancheong patterns and colour pigment are selected.[1] The final decision concerning what is the best repairing method to be used for restoration purposes is made through professional advisory processes continually throughout the entire process.[1]

The two main types of painting techniques are: (1) Gosae-dancheong (i.e. painting the entire building) and (2) Gosaegttam-dancheong (only paints the recently damaged parts).[1]

Gallery edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Song, Injung; Bang, Byungsun; Oh, Semin; Ha, Hyeyoung; Kwak, Youngshin (2018). "Dancheong colors used for cultural heritage architecture restoration". Color Research & Application. 43 (4): 586–595. doi:10.1002/col.22220.
  2. ^ . The Academy of Korean Studies. 2007-05-22. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  3. ^ a b c d Cho, K. (2009-06-01). "Cultural Practice as a Methodology for a Fashion Designer's Self-Expression and a New Design Possibility". Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal. 37 (4): 489–503. doi:10.1177/1077727X09333166. ISSN 1077-727X.
  4. ^ a b c d "Buddhist Studies: Korean Buddhist Paintings". www.buddhanet.net. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  5. ^ a b "Dancheong - Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia". chinabuddhismencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  6. ^ Insight Guides (2019). Insight Guides South Korea (Travel Guide with Free Ebook) (12 ed.). APA Publications Services (UK) Limited. ISBN 978-1-78919-138-7. OCLC 1129082125.
  7. ^ a b Kwon, Yoo Jin; Lee, Yhe-Young (2015-07-03). "Traditional Aesthetic Characteristics Traced in South Korean Contemporary Fashion Practice". Fashion Practice. 7 (2): 153–174. doi:10.1080/17569370.2015.1045348. ISSN 1756-9370.
  8. ^ a b c Korean Culture and Information Service (South Korea) (2014). Guide to Korean Culture: Korea's cultural heritage. Seoul, Republic of Korea: 길잡이미디어. p. 257. ISBN 978-89-7375-571-4. OCLC 882879939.
  9. ^ "History of Science and Technology in Korea". National Science Museum, South Korea.
  10. ^ a b Chung Ah-young (2007-05-22). "Dancheong: Spiritual Colors of Korea". The Korea Times.
  11. ^ "FAQ". Cultural Heritage Administration. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  12. ^ a b . Korean Cultural Service, New York. Archived from the original on 2008-06-22.
  13. ^ a b c 단청 (丹靑) (in Korean). Empas / EncyKorea.
  14. ^ "Dancheong 단청 – Seon Buddhism". Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  15. ^ . www.korea4expats.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  16. ^ "Dancheong: Spiritual Colors of Korea". The Korea Times. 2007-05-22. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  17. ^ Korean Culture and Information Service (2010). Guide to the Korean Culture. 13-13 Gwancheol-dong, Jongno-gu Seul 110-111 Korea: Hollym International Corp. p. 181.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  18. ^ Korean Cultural Heritage. Seoul, Korea: Korean Overseas Information Service. 1997. pp. 51–52. ISBN 89-7375-373-8.

Sources edit

  • Gareth Barker (2005-08-28). "Traditions of Korea / Dancheong" (137). Sky News. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Keith Pratt; Richard Rutt; James Hoare (1999). Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary. Routledge. pp. 459–460. ISBN 0-7007-0463-9.
  • "Korean Buddhist Art: Painting: "Tanch'ong"". Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc.
  • "Dancheong, A Traditional Korean Art" (in English and Korean). Arirang TV. 2007-09-29.
  • . Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. 2006-07-22. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  • . Cultural Properties Administration of South Korea. Archived from the original on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  • "Korean Fine Arts" (in English and Korean). National Institute For International Education of South Korea.
  • (in English and Korean). Jung-gu, Seoul. Archived from the original on 2005-11-22. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  • Kim In-cheol (2008-05-22). "'Dancheong Red' to Symbolize Seoul". Korea Foundation / Yonhap News.
  • . Seoul Metropolitan Government. 2008-05-22. Archived from the original on 2008-10-16. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  • Yoon Sojung (2007-07-17). . Korean Culture and Information Service. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  • 단청 (丹靑) (in Korean). Empas / Britannica.
  • 단청안료 (in Korean). Daum / Korea Culture & Content Agency (KOCCA). Archived from the original on 2013-02-21.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dancheong.
  • (in Korean) General information about dancheong
  • (in Korean) Dancheong Naver/Doopedia
  • (in English) Dancheong: The meaning behind South Korea's beautifully painted temples

April 12, 2024
dancheong, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, korean, august, 2014, click, show, important, translation, instructions, machine, translation, like, deepl, google, translate, useful, starting, point, translations, . You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Korean August 2014 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Korean Wikipedia article at ko 단청 see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ko 단청 to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Dancheong Korean 단청 Hanja 丹青 refers to Korean version of Chinese traditional decorative colouring Danqing on wooden buildings and artifacts for the purpose of style 1 It literally means cinnabar and blue green in Chinese and in Korean 2 and is sometimes translated as red and blue in English 3 4 5 Along with its decorations and the choice of paint colours Dancheong carries various symbolic meanings 6 7 It is based on five basic colours blue east white west red south black north and yellow center 8 9 10 The use of those five colours reflected the use of the yin and yang principle 3 and the Philosophy of the five elements 11 DancheongA dancheong in SeoulKorean nameHangul단청Hanja丹靑Revised RomanizationdancheongMcCune Reischauertanch ŏngThe Dancheong is usually used in important places such as temples and palaces and can even be found on the eaves of temple s roofs with patterns of animals e g dragons lions cranes 1 Dancheong also functions not only as decoration but also for practical purposes such as to protect building surfaces against temperature and to make the crudeness of materials less conspicuous 3 7 8 It also protects the wood against insects 4 prolonging its lifetime 8 Applying dancheong on the surfaces of buildings require trained skills and artisans called dancheongjang 단청장 丹青匠 designed the painted patterns 10 12 13 The Dancheonjang are considered living national treasures in South Korea and are classified as being part of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage by the Cultural Heritage Administration in South Korea 1 Contents 1 History 2 Types of Dancheong 3 Dancheong s Restoration Process 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External linksHistory edit nbsp 丹青 Danqing Dancheong was documented in the Rites of Zhou 周礼 秋官司寇 a Chinese text written between 300 BC and 200 BC The origin of the word danqing comes from the combination of the Chinese characters dan 丹 and qing 青 Dan 丹 refers to dansha 丹砂 lit cinnabar a red or vermillion mineral pigment and qing 青 refers to qingyu 青雘 a cyan or blue green mineral pigment Because ancient Chinese paintings often used these two colors danqing became a synonym for painting in the Chinese language Throughout its history danqing has taken on multiple meanings and may refer to The minerals dansha 丹砂 cinnabar and qingyu 青雘 azurite colorful mineral and metal pigments in general the colors vermillion and cyan colors or all vibrant colors in general a specific Chinese painting and or Chinese paintings and patterns on silk paper architectures and other things in general the art or process of Chinese painting painter s Chinese painter s artists who mastered the art of Chinese painting historical recordsSince the Three Kingdoms era the Korean Dancheong patterns have developed its own distinctive Korean characteristics from tomb murals into wooden architecture 5 4 14 15 The earliest example of Dancheong was found on a mural in an ancient tomb built in 357 AD during Goguryeo 1 The Dancheong can also be seen today in the Goguryeo Tomb Complexes Tomb of the General and other Goguryeo structures across North Korea and Northeastern China 13 In Silla the Dancheong was even used on commoner s homes 4 The Dancheong has also been recorded in ancient documents such as the Samguk sagi and the Samguk yusa 1 The use of Buddhism as national religion contributed to the development of Dancheong 16 In the 12th century a document titled Goryeo Do Kyung 高麗圖經 which literally means Illustrated Account of Goryeo 918 1392 the Chinese author Xu Jing described the luxurious dancheong on the places at that time Goryeo Do Kyung illustrates the dancheong in detail that the handrail was painted in red and decorated with vine flowers The colouring and patterns were very vivid so that the palace stood out among other royal palaces 12 There are several examples of the dancheong from the Goryeo period such as Josadang 조사당 of Buseoksa Temple in Yeongju Geukrakjeon 극락전 at Bongjeongsa Temple in Andong and Daeungjeon 대웅전 of Sudeoksa Temple in Yesan 13 Since the Joseon dynasty the Dancheong was greatly developed and began to diversified further featuring various patterns and the use of more profuse colours 1 3 The Joseon era dancheon usually uses green as the basic background while elaborate patterns of contrasting colour are then painted over it 1 Those patterns are inspired by plants especially the lotus flower which directly connect the Dancheong to buddhism 1 Types of Dancheong editThe system of patterns is categorized into four different types based on the structural characteristics and positions within the decorative composition The four types include 17 Morucho Byeoljihwa Bidan munui Dandong munuiMorucho pattern is mainly painted on the ends of the building s upper supporting beams and upper corners like eaves and it commonly incorporates natural forms such as water lily pomegranate and feather Byeoljihwa is painted between two sections of morucho patterns Often depicted in byeoljihwa are various auspicious animals or scenes from Buddhist sutras and it was mostly used in temples but not in palace buildings Bidan munui silk pattern is the colorful geometric patterns that can be found throughout the building and dandok munui single independent pattern refers to pattern designs that are based on a single plant or animal 18 Dancheong s Restoration Process editAs part of the restoration process the paint colours used in Dancheong need to be carefully prepared and the entire process is supervised by the Cultural Heritage Administration with written documents 1 The process of the restoration methods include 1 inspection of the building s current state and its environment 2 discussion surrounding the restoration method needed takes place 3 rough sketches of the remaining dancheong patterns and colour pigment are selected 1 The final decision concerning what is the best repairing method to be used for restoration purposes is made through professional advisory processes continually throughout the entire process 1 The two main types of painting techniques are 1 Gosae dancheong i e painting the entire building and 2 Gosaegttam dancheong only paints the recently damaged parts 1 Gallery edit nbsp Dancheong on a building at Gyeongbokgung Palace nbsp The interior of Injeongjeon Changdeokgung nbsp Cheongpeongsa Temple in Chuncheon nbsp Lotus patternSee also editArchitecture of Korea Hanok Korean Buddhist temples Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea CaihuaReferences edit a b c d e f g h i j k l Song Injung Bang Byungsun Oh Semin Ha Hyeyoung Kwak Youngshin 2018 Dancheong colors used for cultural heritage architecture restoration Color Research amp Application 43 4 586 595 doi 10 1002 col 22220 단청 丹靑 dancheong The Academy of Korean Studies 2007 05 22 Archived from the original on 2011 07 16 Retrieved 2008 09 13 a b c d Cho K 2009 06 01 Cultural Practice as a Methodology for a Fashion Designer s Self Expression and a New Design Possibility Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 37 4 489 503 doi 10 1177 1077727X09333166 ISSN 1077 727X a b c d Buddhist Studies Korean Buddhist Paintings www buddhanet net Retrieved 2021 02 27 a b Dancheong Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia chinabuddhismencyclopedia com Retrieved 2021 02 27 Insight Guides 2019 Insight Guides South Korea Travel Guide with Free Ebook 12 ed APA Publications Services UK Limited ISBN 978 1 78919 138 7 OCLC 1129082125 a b Kwon Yoo Jin Lee Yhe Young 2015 07 03 Traditional Aesthetic Characteristics Traced in South Korean Contemporary Fashion Practice Fashion Practice 7 2 153 174 doi 10 1080 17569370 2015 1045348 ISSN 1756 9370 a b c Korean Culture and Information Service South Korea 2014 Guide to Korean Culture Korea s cultural heritage Seoul Republic of Korea 길잡이미디어 p 257 ISBN 978 89 7375 571 4 OCLC 882879939 History of Science and Technology in Korea National Science Museum South Korea a b Chung Ah young 2007 05 22 Dancheong Spiritual Colors of Korea The Korea Times FAQ Cultural Heritage Administration Retrieved 2021 02 27 a b Dancheong Korean Cultural Service New York Archived from the original on 2008 06 22 a b c 단청 丹靑 in Korean Empas EncyKorea Dancheong 단청 Seon Buddhism Retrieved 2021 02 27 Architectural Art South Korea korea4expats www korea4expats com Archived from the original on 2021 01 20 Retrieved 2021 02 27 Dancheong Spiritual Colors of Korea The Korea Times 2007 05 22 Retrieved 2021 02 27 Korean Culture and Information Service 2010 Guide to the Korean Culture 13 13 Gwancheol dong Jongno gu Seul 110 111 Korea Hollym International Corp p 181 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link Korean Cultural Heritage Seoul Korea Korean Overseas Information Service 1997 pp 51 52 ISBN 89 7375 373 8 Sources editGareth Barker 2005 08 28 Traditions of Korea Dancheong 137 Sky News a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Keith Pratt Richard Rutt James Hoare 1999 Korea A Historical and Cultural Dictionary Routledge pp 459 460 ISBN 0 7007 0463 9 Korean Buddhist Art Painting Tanch ong Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc Dancheong A Traditional Korean Art in English and Korean Arirang TV 2007 09 29 Dancheong wonderland of colors under eaves Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism 2006 07 22 Archived from the original on 2011 07 24 Retrieved 2008 09 13 Important Intangible Cultural Properties 48 Cultural Properties Administration of South Korea Archived from the original on 2012 02 16 Retrieved 2008 09 13 Korean Fine Arts in English and Korean National Institute For International Education of South Korea Dancheong in English and Korean Jung gu Seoul Archived from the original on 2005 11 22 Retrieved 2008 09 13 Kim In cheol 2008 05 22 Dancheong Red to Symbolize Seoul Korea Foundation Yonhap News Dancheong the Color of Seoul Seoul Metropolitan Government 2008 05 22 Archived from the original on 2008 10 16 Retrieved 2008 09 13 Yoon Sojung 2007 07 17 Foundation helps European teachers discover Korea Korean Culture and Information Service Archived from the original on 2011 07 22 Retrieved 2008 09 13 단청 丹靑 in Korean Empas Britannica 단청안료 in Korean Daum Korea Culture amp Content Agency KOCCA Archived from the original on 2013 02 21 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dancheong in Korean General information about dancheong in Korean Dancheong Naver Doopedia in English Dancheong The meaning behind South Korea s beautifully painted temples Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dancheong amp oldid 1214641706, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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