Dakhla Oasis
Dakhla Oasis (Egyptian Arabic: الداخلة El Daḵla, pronounced [edˈdæxlæ], "the inner oasis"), is one of the seven oases of Egypt's Western Desert. Dakhla Oasis lies in the New Valley Governorate, 350 km (220 mi.) from the Nile and between the oases of Farafra and Kharga. It measures approximately 80 km (50 mi) from east to west and 25 km (16 mi) from north to south.[1]
Dakhla Oasis الداخلة | |
|---|---|
Oasis | |
Dakhla Oasis, February 1988. | |
| Nickname: Inner oasis | |
Dakhla Oasis Location in Egypt | |
| Coordinates: 25°29′29.6″N 28°58′45.2″E / 25.491556°N 28.979222°E | |
| Country | Egypt |
| Governorate | New Valley Governorate |
| Area | |
| • Total | 2,000 km2 (800 sq mi) |
| • Land | 1,500 km2 (600 sq mi) |
| Population (2002) | |
| • Total | 75,000 |
| • Ethnicities | Egyptians |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EST) |
| Capital | 'Ain Basil (Balat) (c. 2500 BCE-c. 1500 BCE) Mut (c. 1500 BCE- ) |
Etymology
The Arabic name of the oasis "the inner oasis" is a direct translation of its Coptic (Coptic: ϯⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲉⲧϩⲓϧⲟⲩⲛ, lit. 'the oasis that is at the inward part') and Greek (Ancient Greek: Ὄασις ἡ Ἐσωτέρω)[2] names.
History
Prehistory
The first contacts between the pharaonic power and the oases started around 2550 BCE. The human history of this oasis started during the Pleistocene, when nomadic tribes settled sometimes there, in a time when the Sahara climate was wetter and where humans could have access to lakes and marshes. But about 6,000 years ago, the entire Sahara became drier, changing progressively into a hyper-arid desert (with less than 50 mm of rain per year). However, specialists think that nomadic hunter-gatherers began to settle almost permanently in the oasis of Dakhleh in the period of the Holocene (about 12,000 years ago), during new, but rare episodes of wetter times.
In fact, the drier climate didn't mean that there was more water than today in what is now known as the Western Desert. The south of the Libyan Desert has the most important supply of subterranean water in the world through the Nubian Aquifer, and the first inhabitants of the Dakhla Oasis had access to surface water sources. In the third millennium BC the probably nomadic people of the Sheikh Muftah culture lived here.
Pharaonic period
During the late 6th Dynasty, hieratic script was sometimes incised into clay tablets with a stylus, similar to cuneiform. About five hundred such tablets have been discovered in the governor's palace at Ayn Asil (Balat) in the Dakhla Oasis.[3][4] At the time the tablets were made, Dakhla was located far from centers of papyrus production.[5] These tablets record inventories, name-lists, accounts, and approximately fifty letters.
Deir el-Hagar
Deir el-Hagar, (Egyptian Arabic: دير الحجر 'Monastery of Stone', Ancient Egyptian: S.t-wȝḥ, Sioua[6]), is a Roman sandstone temple on the western edge of Dakhla Oasis, about 10 km from Qasr ad-Dachla . The Temple was erected during the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero, and decorated during the time of Vespasian, Titus and Domitian. The temple was dedicated to the Theban triad, composed of Amun-Ra, Mut and Khonsu, as well as to Seth, the main deity of the region.[7]
Gateway of the temple
Roman emperor as pharaoh making offerings to Isis and Osiris
Graffiti of Sarapammon with ram and baboon
Qasr ad-Dachla
The fortified Islamic town of Qasr ad-Dachla or el-Qasr (Arabic: قصر الداخلة, the Fortress) was built in the 12th century on the remains of a Roman fort in the NW of the Dakhla Oasis by the Ayyubid kings. Many of the up to four-storey mud brick Ottoman and Mamluk buildings contain blocks of stone with hieroglyphics from the ancient Thoth temple of the nearby site of Amheida. The three-storey, 21-meter-high minaret is dated 924 CE.[8]
General view of Qasr el-Dakhla
Streets of Al-Qasr
Abuyyid minaret
Lintel in Qasr el-Dakhla
Hieroglyphic inscriptions
Inside the Nasr el-Din mosque
Clay house
After 1800
Sir Archibald Edmonstone visited Dakhla oasis in the year 1819.[1] He was succeeded by several other early travellers, but it was not until 1908 that the first egyptologist, Herbert Winlock, visited Dakhla Oasis and noted its monuments in some systematic manner.[1] In the 1950s, detailed studies began, first by Dr. Ahmed Fakhry, and in the late 1970s, an expedition of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale and the Dakhla Oasis Project each began detailed studies in the oasis.[1]
Recent discoveries
In August 2017, archaeologists from the Ministry of Antiquities announced the discovery of five mud-brick tombs at Bir esh-Shaghala, dating back nearly 2000 years. Researchers also revealed worn masks gilded with gold, several large jars and a piece of pottery with unsolved ancient Egyptian writing on it.[9][10]
Some of the tombs are completely large containing several burial chambers, while one tomb has a roof built in the shape of a pyramid and some of them with vaulted roofs.[11]
Geography
Dakhla Oasis consists of several communities, along a string of sub-oases. The main settlements are Mut (more fully Mut el-Kharab and anciently called Mothis), El-Masara, Al-Qasr, together with several smaller villages.
Climate
Dakhla Oasis has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), typical of much of Egypt.
| Climate data for Dakhla | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 33.2 (91.8) | 40.1 (104.2) | 44.8 (112.6) | 46.1 (115.0) | 48.0 (118.4) | 49.5 (121.1) | 45.2 (113.4) | 45.5 (113.9) | 45.2 (113.4) | 44.2 (111.6) | 39.3 (102.7) | 32.9 (91.2) | 49.5 (121.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 21.5 (70.7) | 24.0 (75.2) | 28.1 (82.6) | 33.6 (92.5) | 37.3 (99.1) | 38.9 (102.0) | 39.0 (102.2) | 38.4 (101.1) | 36.4 (97.5) | 32.9 (91.2) | 27.1 (80.8) | 22.8 (73.0) | 31.7 (89.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.0 (53.6) | 14.2 (57.6) | 18.3 (64.9) | 23.6 (74.5) | 28.4 (83.1) | 30.8 (87.4) | 30.9 (87.6) | 30.4 (86.7) | 28.4 (83.1) | 24.3 (75.7) | 18.1 (64.6) | 13.7 (56.7) | 22.8 (73.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 3.5 (38.3) | 5.1 (41.2) | 8.7 (47.7) | 13.4 (56.1) | 18.3 (64.9) | 21.6 (70.9) | 22.3 (72.1) | 21.6 (70.9) | 20.2 (68.4) | 16.2 (61.2) | 9.9 (49.8) | 5.3 (41.5) | 13.8 (56.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) | −3.8 (25.2) | −0.8 (30.6) | 2.1 (35.8) | 7.4 (45.3) | 12.4 (54.3) | 15.4 (59.7) | 15.2 (59.4) | 12.2 (54.0) | 7.7 (45.9) | 1.0 (33.8) | −2.1 (28.2) | −3.9 (25.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 47 | 41 | 35 | 29 | 26 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 31 | 36 | 43 | 47 | 34.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 294.5 | 279.7 | 316.2 | 315.0 | 356.5 | 366.0 | 384.4 | 375.1 | 336.0 | 328.6 | 300.0 | 291.4 | 3,943.4 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 9.5 | 9.9 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 11.5 | 12.2 | 12.4 | 12.1 | 11.2 | 10.6 | 10.0 | 9.4 | 10.8 |
| Source 1: NOAA[12] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Arab Meteorology Book (sun)[13] | |||||||||||||
Dakhleh Oasis Project
The Dakhleh Oasis Project (DOP) is a long-term study project of the Dakhleh Oasis and the surrounding palaeoasis, initiated in 1978 when the Royal Ontario Museum and the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities were awarded a joint concession for part of the Oasis.[14] In 1979, the Centre for Archaeology and Ancient History at Monash University began to cooperate in the project.[1]
The DOP studies the interaction between environmental changes and human activity in the Dakhleh Oasis.[15] The excavations at Ismant el-Kharab (ancient Kellis),[16] Mut el-Kharab (ancient Mothis),[17] Deir Abu Metta and Muzawwaqa[18] were undertaken with the cooperation of Monash University. The DOP has also excavated at 'Ain el-Gazzareen,[19] El Qasr el-Dakhil,[20] Deir el Hagar[21] and Ain Birbiyeh.[22]
In 1985, the Petroglyph Unit of the Dakhleh Oasis Project was created by Lech Krzyżaniak, then director of the Archaeological Museum in Poznań, under the auspices of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw.[23] At first, the studies of the petroglyphs focused on the eastern part of the oasis, where rock carvings had been documented by archaeologists already before World War II (Herbert Winlock and Hans Alexander Winkler). The expedition created systematic documentation of both the depictions mentioned earlier in the literature and the newly discovered ones. Aerial photographs proved helpful in this work. Then, under the direction of Michał Kobusiewicz from the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, attention was turned to the area of the Central Oasis where 270 new petroglyph sites were recorded. The current director of The Petroglyph Unit, Paweł Polkowski from the Archaeological Museum in Poznań, extended the area of prospection and created a map showing the distribution of more than 1,300 panels with rock art. The depictions date from the Prehistory to the Islamic period and include images of animals and people (often pregnant women), hieroglyphs, and Beduin markings.[23]
In addition, excavations were undertaken at Amheida[24] and Balat under the auspices of the IFAO.[25] In 2018, the fossilized remains of a large dinosaur were discovered here.[26] In 2019, two ancient tombs were discovered at Ber El-Shaghala archaeological site, that date back to Roman Egypt.[27]
Dakhleh Trust
The Dakhleh Trust was formed in 1999 and is a registered charity in Britain. Its declared aim is to advance understanding of the history of the environment and cultural evolution throughout the Quaternary period in the eastern Sahara, and particularly in the Dakhla Oasis. To this end, the present trustees have committed themselves to supporting the DOP.[28]
References
- ^ a b c d e . Monash University. September 24, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
- ^ "TM Places". www.trismegistos.org. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
- ^ Scribes and craftsmen: the noble art of writing on clay. Feb 29, 2012; UCL Institute of Archaeology
- ^ Posener-Kriéger 1992; Pantalacci 1998.
- ^ Parkinson and Quirke 1995:20.
- ^ "TM Places". www.trismegistos.org. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
- ^ Deir el-Hagar Retrieved 2020-05-06.
- ^ Su (March 31, 2009). "Qasr Dakhla, Egyptian Monuments". Retrieved February 8, 2011. (blog)
- ^ August 2017, Owen Jarus 24 (August 24, 2017). "Photos: 2,000-Year-Old Tombs Found in Egyptian Oasis". livescience.com. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- ^ "2,000-year-old Roman tombs uncovered in Egypt". Deccan Herald. August 27, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- ^ "2,000-year-old Roman tombs, artifacts and inscribed pottery discovered in Egypt". DNA India. August 27, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- ^ "Dakhla Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ (PDF). Springer. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ . Society for the Study of Egyption Antiquities. 2006. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
- ^ Chandler, Graham (2006). "Before the Mummies: The Desert Origins of the Pharaohs". Saudi Aramco World. Vol. 57, no. 5. Aramco Services Company. p. 7. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ . Monash University. November 12, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
- ^ . Monash University. December 9, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
- ^ . Monash University. November 5, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
- ^ "'Ain el-Gazzareen". Dakhleh Trust. 2005. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
- ^ "El Qasr el-Dakhil". Dakhleh Trust. 2005. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
- ^ "Deir el Hagar". Dakhleh Trust. 2005. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
- ^ (PDF). Monash University. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
- ^ a b "Dakhleh Oasis". pcma.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
- ^ NYU. "NYU Excavations at Amheida". Retrieved February 8, 2011.
- ^ IFAO
- ^ El-Said, Mohammed (January 29, 2018). "Near-perfect fossils of Egyptian dinosaur discovered in the Sahara desert". Nature Middle East. doi:10.1038/nmiddleeast.2018.7. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
- ^ "Two Ancient Tombs from the Roman Era Discovered in Egypt". Live Science. January 16, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
- ^ The Dakhleh Trust Retrieved May 1, 2020.
Further reading
Published works
- Boozer, A. "Archaeology on Egypt's Edge: Archaeological Research in the Dakhleh Oasis, 1819-1977" in Ancient West & East: 12: 117–156. 2013.
- Fakhry, A. The Oases of Egypt, I : Siwa Oasis, Le Caire, Amer. Univ. in Cairo Press.
- Fakhry, A. The Oases of Egypt, II: Bahriyah and Farafra Oases, Le Caire, Univ. in Cairo Press, c. 2003.
- Giddy, L. Egyptian Oases: Bahariya, Dakhla, Farafra and Kharga during Pharaonic Times, Warminster, Aris & Philips, 1987.
- Jackson, R. At Empire's Edge: Exploring Rome's Egyptian Frontier, New Haven et Londres, Yale University Press, 2002.
- Thurston, H. Island of the Blessed : the Secrets of Egypt's Everlasting Oasis, Toronto, Doubleday, 2003.
- Vivian, C. The Western Desert of Egypt: an explorer's handbook, AUC Press, le Caire, 2000.
- Wagner, G. Les oasis d'Égypte à l'époque grecque, romaine et byzantine, d'après les documents grecs, Le Caire, Recherches de papyrologie et d'épigraphie grecques, 1987.
External links
- IFAO Page for Balat Site Excavations
- Dakhla in the Old Kingdom
- Travel guide February 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- (in German) Dākhla on Wikivoyage