Several braille alphabets are used in Ghana. For English, Unified English Braille has been adopted. Four other languages have been written in braille: Akan (Twi), Ga, Ewe, and Dagaare. All three alphabets are based on the basic braille letter values of basic Latin alphabet:
Basic braille alphabet
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
The braille equivalents of print letters beyond these are described below. English Braille punctuation is used in both Ghana and (according to UNESCO 2013) Togo.
Braille is not in active use in Ghana for any language but English. However, there are some older publications in these braille alphabets.
The ɖ and ɣ are the international/African norm (see also Nigerian braille); ƒ and ʋ are from the English th sounds, the closest approximation in that language after f and v.
Braille for Togolese languagesedit
Ewe is the primary language of Togo, and is evidently used in Togo with the same braille assignments as in Ghana. UNESCO (2013 [1990]) reports several additional Togolese alphabets it was unable to confirm, but which were designed in conjunction with the Ghanaian languages; they evidently use the Ghanaian Ewe assignments:
Kabiye has ɖ ɛ ɣ ɩ ŋ ɔ ʊ. The letters ɩ and ʊ follows international norms, and are equivalent to ⠔ị and ⠳ụ in Igbo Braille. (Unesco reports u/ʊ braille values are exchanged from the norm, a likely copy error.[1]) The other letters are as in Ewe.
In addition, UNESCO reports that various Togolese languages have ⠡ for nasal vowels, ⠸ for high tone, ⠘ for mid tone, and ⠰ for low tone.
All five of these languages are spoken in Ghana as well as Togo, but Unesco does not report on them being reduced to braille there.
Referencesedit
^World Braille Usage Third Edition, Perkins / International Council on English Braille / UNESCO, 2013: contrast p. 100 (Igbo) vs p.144 (Kabiyé)(PDF)
UNESCO (2013) World Braille Usage, 3rd edition.
January 01, 1970
ghanaian, braille, several, braille, alphabets, used, ghana, english, unified, english, braille, been, adopted, four, other, languages, have, been, written, braille, akan, dagaare, three, alphabets, based, basic, braille, letter, values, basic, latin, alphabet. Several braille alphabets are used in Ghana For English Unified English Braille has been adopted Four other languages have been written in braille Akan Twi Ga Ewe and Dagaare All three alphabets are based on the basic braille letter values of basic Latin alphabet Basic braille alphabet a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z The braille equivalents of print letters beyond these are described below English Braille punctuation is used in both Ghana and according to UNESCO 2013 Togo Braille is not in active use in Ghana for any language but English However there are some older publications in these braille alphabets Contents 1 Akan Twi Braille 2 Ga and Dagaare Braille 3 Ewe Braille 4 Braille for Togolese languages 5 ReferencesAkan Twi Braille editTwi BrailleAkan BrailleScript typealphabetLanguagesTwiRelated scriptsParent systemsBrailleEnglish BrailleTwi Braille Akan has one extra vowel letters ɔ could be expected from international African norms ɛ is specific to Ghana nbsp ɔ nbsp ɛGa and Dagaare Braille editGa BrailleDagaare BrailleScript typealphabetLanguagesGa DagaareRelated scriptsParent systemsBrailleEnglish BrailleGa Braille Ga and Dagaare add a third extra letter ŋ nbsp ɔ nbsp ɛ nbsp ŋEwe Braille editEwe BrailleScript typealphabetLanguagesEweRelated scriptsParent systemsBrailleEnglish BrailleEwe Braille Ewe adds several additional consonants ɖ ƒ ɣ ʋ nbsp ɔ nbsp ɛ nbsp ŋ nbsp ɖ nbsp ƒ nbsp ɣ nbsp ʋ The ɖ and ɣ are the international African norm see also Nigerian braille ƒ and ʋ are from the English th sounds the closest approximation in that language after f and v Braille for Togolese languages editEwe is the primary language of Togo and is evidently used in Togo with the same braille assignments as in Ghana UNESCO 2013 1990 reports several additional Togolese alphabets it was unable to confirm but which were designed in conjunction with the Ghanaian languages they evidently use the Ghanaian Ewe assignments Bassar and Konkomba are written in basic braille plus Ewe ŋ ɔ Kabiye has ɖ ɛ ɣ ɩ ŋ ɔ ʊ The letters ɩ and ʊ follows international norms and are equivalent to ị and ụ in Igbo Braille Unesco reports u ʊ braille values are exchanged from the norm a likely copy error 1 The other letters are as in Ewe Moba has ɛ ɩ ŋ ɔ with ɩ as in Kabiye Tem has ɖ ɛ ɩ ŋ ɔ y as in Kabiye In addition UNESCO reports that various Togolese languages have for nasal vowels for high tone for mid tone and for low tone All five of these languages are spoken in Ghana as well as Togo but Unesco does not report on them being reduced to braille there References edit World Braille Usage Third Edition Perkins International Council on English Braille UNESCO 2013 contrast p 100 Igbo vs p 144 Kabiye PDF UNESCO 2013 World Braille Usage 3rd edition Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ghanaian braille amp oldid 1058057141, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
