A cytoplasmichybrid (or cybrid, a portmanteau of the two words) is a eukaryoticcell line produced by the fusion of a whole cell with a cytoplast. Cytoplasts are enucleated cells. This enucleation can be effected by simultaneous application of centrifugal force and treatment of the cell with an agent that disrupts the cytoskeleton. A special case of cybrid formation involves the use of rho-zero cells as the whole cell partner in the fusion. Rho-zero cells are cells which have been depleted of their own mitochondrial DNA by prolonged incubation with ethidium bromide, a chemical which inhibits mitochondrial DNA replication. The rho-zero cells do retain mitochondria and can grow in rich culture medium with certain supplements. They do retain their own nuclear genome. A cybrid is then a hybrid cell which mixes the nuclear genes from one cell with the mitochondrial genes from another cell. Using this powerful tool, it makes it possible to dissociate contribution from the mitochondrial genes vs that of the nuclear genes.
Animal view of different embryos developing in Xenopus laevis eggs: haploid[laevis]x laevis (middle) and [laevis]x tropicalis cybrid (bottom) embryos cleave and begin gastrulation synchronously, about 50 minutes after diploidlaevis x laevis (top) embryos. A star was added to the right of embryos at the onset of gastrulation (stage 10), when embryo-wide cellular movements begin.
Cybrids are valuable in mitochondrial research and have been used to provide suggestive evidence of mitochondrial involvement in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other conditions.
Research utilizing cybrid embryos has been hotly contested due to the ethical implications of further cybrid research. Recently, the House of Lords passed the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008, which allows the creation of mixed human-animal embryos for medical purposes only. Such cybrids are 99.9% human and 0.1% animal. A cybrid may be kept for a maximum of 14 days, owing to the development of the brain and spinal cord, after which time the cybrid must be destroyed. During the two-week period, stem cells may be harvested from the cybrid, for research or medical purposes. Under no circumstances may a cybrid be implanted into a human uterus.[1]
Referencesedit
^"Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 : Department of Health". Department of Health (United Kingdom). 1 September 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
Further readingedit
"Embryology Bill: The key points". BBC News Online. 9 May 2008.
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act at the Wellcome Trust
Fox, Marie (December 2009). "The human fertilisation and embryology act 2008: tinkering at the margins". Feminist Legal Studies. 17 (3): 333–344. doi:10.1007/s10691-009-9129-2. S2CID 143607194.
Kettell, Steven (2009). "Did Secularism Win Out? The Debate Over the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill" (PDF). Political Quarterly. 80 (1): 67–75. doi:10.1111/j.1467-923X.2009.01959.x.
External linksedit
The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008, as amended from the National Archives.
The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008, as originally enacted from the National Archives.
Explanatory notes to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008.
April 11, 2024
cytoplasmic, hybrid, cybrid, redirects, here, other, uses, cybrid, disambiguation, cytoplasmic, hybrid, cybrid, portmanteau, words, eukaryotic, cell, line, produced, fusion, whole, cell, with, cytoplast, cytoplasts, enucleated, cells, this, enucleation, effect. Cybrid redirects here For other uses see Cybrid disambiguation A cytoplasmic hybrid or cybrid a portmanteau of the two words is a eukaryotic cell line produced by the fusion of a whole cell with a cytoplast Cytoplasts are enucleated cells This enucleation can be effected by simultaneous application of centrifugal force and treatment of the cell with an agent that disrupts the cytoskeleton A special case of cybrid formation involves the use of rho zero cells as the whole cell partner in the fusion Rho zero cells are cells which have been depleted of their own mitochondrial DNA by prolonged incubation with ethidium bromide a chemical which inhibits mitochondrial DNA replication The rho zero cells do retain mitochondria and can grow in rich culture medium with certain supplements They do retain their own nuclear genome A cybrid is then a hybrid cell which mixes the nuclear genes from one cell with the mitochondrial genes from another cell Using this powerful tool it makes it possible to dissociate contribution from the mitochondrial genes vs that of the nuclear genes source source source source source source source Animal view of different embryos developing in Xenopus laevis eggs haploid laevis x laevis middle and laevis x tropicalis cybrid bottom embryos cleave and begin gastrulation synchronously about 50 minutes after diploid laevis x laevis top embryos A star was added to the right of embryos at the onset of gastrulation stage 10 when embryo wide cellular movements begin Cybrids are valuable in mitochondrial research and have been used to provide suggestive evidence of mitochondrial involvement in Alzheimer s disease Parkinson s disease and other conditions Contents 1 Legal issues 2 References 3 Further reading 4 External linksLegal issues editResearch utilizing cybrid embryos has been hotly contested due to the ethical implications of further cybrid research Recently the House of Lords passed the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 which allows the creation of mixed human animal embryos for medical purposes only Such cybrids are 99 9 human and 0 1 animal A cybrid may be kept for a maximum of 14 days owing to the development of the brain and spinal cord after which time the cybrid must be destroyed During the two week period stem cells may be harvested from the cybrid for research or medical purposes Under no circumstances may a cybrid be implanted into a human uterus 1 References edit Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 Department of Health Department of Health United Kingdom 1 September 2009 Retrieved 11 December 2009 Further reading edit Embryology Bill The key points BBC News Online 9 May 2008 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act at the Wellcome Trust Fox Marie December 2009 The human fertilisation and embryology act 2008 tinkering at the margins Feminist Legal Studies 17 3 333 344 doi 10 1007 s10691 009 9129 2 S2CID 143607194 Kettell Steven 2009 Did Secularism Win Out The Debate Over the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill PDF Political Quarterly 80 1 67 75 doi 10 1111 j 1467 923X 2009 01959 x External links editThe Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 as amended from the National Archives The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 as originally enacted from the National Archives Explanatory notes to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cytoplasmic hybrid amp oldid 1016761607, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
