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Cyphelloid fungi

April 15, 2024

The cyphelloid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota that have disc-, tube-, or cup-shaped basidiocarps (fruit bodies), resembling species of discomycetes (or "cup fungi") in the Ascomycota. They were originally referred to the genus Cyphella ("cyphelloid" means Cyphella-like) and subsequently to the family Cyphellaceae, but are now known to be much more diverse and are spread through several different genera and families. Since they are often studied as a group, it is convenient to call them by the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "cyphelloid fungi". Better known cyphelloid genera include Calyptella, with stalked, cup- or bell-like fruit bodies; Lachnella, with conspicuous, hairy-margined, disc-like fruit bodies; Flagelloscypha with smaller, but equally hairy, cup-like fruit bodies; Henningsomyces with tube-like fruit bodies; and Merismodes with clustered, hairy, cup-like fruit bodies.

The cyphelloid fungus Calyptella longipes, Australia

History edit

The genus Cyphella was original described by Fries in 1822. Subsequent authors gradually added over 300 species to the genus.[1] By the close of the nineteenth century, however, it was already clear that Cyphella contained a miscellany of species — some, for example, having hyaline spores, whilst others had brown spores. Segregate genera were accordingly proposed to accommodate cyphelloid fungi that were not closely related to the type, and this process continued throughout the twentieth century. The group was covered in a monograph by William Bridge Cooke in 1961,[2] with additional papers by Donk,[3][4][5] Reid,[6] and Agerer.[7][8] As a result of these critical revisions, only one species is still accepted in Cyphella, namely the type Cyphella digitalis.[9]

The family name Cyphellaceae was used to keep most (but not all) of these segregate genera together. It became equally clear, however, that it too was heterogeneous, Donk noting that it was "nothing but a handy bin from which part of the contents has already been taken out and disposed of by scattering it over various groups."[5]

DNA sequencing confirms this diversity, showing that cyphelloid fungi have independently evolved at least eight times within the Basidiomycota.[9] Genera are currently placed in the Cyphellaceae (in a restricted sense), Inocybaceae, Marasmiaceae, Niaceae, and Tricholomataceae.[1] It had previously been suggested that most cyphelloid fungi were related to gilled agarics (mushrooms and toadstools) and they have sometimes been referred to as "reduced agarics". DNA sequencing shows that this is indeed true for many of the genera sampled, almost all being placed within the order Agaricales.[9]

Description and genera edit

 
The tube-like Henningsomyces candidus, USA
 
The clustered Merismodes fasciculata, USA

Fruit bodies of the cyphelloid fungi are typically small (under 10 mm across), disc-shaped, cup-shaped, or tube-like, with or without a stem. The spore-bearing surface is smooth and formed on the surface of the disc, or inside the cup or tube. The sterile outer surface is smooth or often hairy, the hairs sometimes forming a conspicuous margin to discs. Fruit bodies typically occur in troops or swarms, sometimes packed closely together.

Better known cyphelloid genera include Calyptella, with stalked, cup- or bell-like fruit bodies; Lachnella, with conspicuous, hairy-margined, disc-like fruit bodies; Flagelloscypha with smaller, but equally hairy, cup-like fruit bodies; Henningsomyces with tube-like fruit bodies; and Merismodes with clustered, hairy, cup-like fruit bodies.

Habitat and distribution edit

Most cyphelloid species are wood-rotting fungi, growing on dead attached branches, on old bark of living trees, or on fallen wood. Some are found on dead or decaying herbaceous stems or on ferns. Two species are marine fungi, the salt-tolerant Calathella mangrovei and Halocyphina villosa occurring on mangroves.[10]

As a group, the cyphelloid fungi are cosmopolitan, though (as with most fungi) better studied and better known in north temperate regions.

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Index Fungorum - Search Page".
  2. ^ Cooke W.B. (1961). The cyphellaceous fungi. Sydowia Beihefte 4: 1-144.
  3. ^ Donk M.A. (1959). Notes on Cyphellaceae I. Persoonia 1: 25-110
  4. ^ Donk MA. (1962). Notes on Cyphellaceae II. Persoonia 2: 331-348.
  5. ^ a b Donk MA. (1966). A reassessment of the Cyphellaceae. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 15: 95-107
  6. ^ Reid DA. (1964). Notes on some fungi of Michigan. I. Cyphellaceae. Persoonia 3: 97-154
  7. ^ Agerer R. (1973). Rectipilus. Eine neue Gattung cyphelloider Pilze. Persoonia 7: 389-436.
  8. ^ Agerer R. (1975). Flagelloscypha. Studien an cyphelloiden Basidiomyceten. Sydowia 27: 131-265
  9. ^ a b c Bodensteiner P. et al. (2004). Phylogenetic relationships of cyphelloid homobasidiomycetes.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 501-515. http://clarku.tv/faculty/dhibbett/Reprints%20PDFs/Bodensteiner%20et%20al%202004%20MPE.pdf[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ Hibbett DS, Binder M. (2001). Evolution of marine mushrooms. Biological Bulletin 201: 319-322. http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/full/201/3/319

April 15, 2024
cyphelloid, fungi, cyphelloid, fungi, group, fungi, basidiomycota, that, have, disc, tube, shaped, basidiocarps, fruit, bodies, resembling, species, discomycetes, fungi, ascomycota, they, were, originally, referred, genus, cyphella, cyphelloid, means, cyphella. The cyphelloid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota that have disc tube or cup shaped basidiocarps fruit bodies resembling species of discomycetes or cup fungi in the Ascomycota They were originally referred to the genus Cyphella cyphelloid means Cyphella like and subsequently to the family Cyphellaceae but are now known to be much more diverse and are spread through several different genera and families Since they are often studied as a group it is convenient to call them by the informal non taxonomic name of cyphelloid fungi Better known cyphelloid genera include Calyptella with stalked cup or bell like fruit bodies Lachnella with conspicuous hairy margined disc like fruit bodies Flagelloscypha with smaller but equally hairy cup like fruit bodies Henningsomyces with tube like fruit bodies and Merismodes with clustered hairy cup like fruit bodies The cyphelloid fungus Calyptella longipes Australia Contents 1 History 2 Description and genera 3 Habitat and distribution 4 ReferencesHistory editThe genus Cyphella was original described by Fries in 1822 Subsequent authors gradually added over 300 species to the genus 1 By the close of the nineteenth century however it was already clear that Cyphella contained a miscellany of species some for example having hyaline spores whilst others had brown spores Segregate genera were accordingly proposed to accommodate cyphelloid fungi that were not closely related to the type and this process continued throughout the twentieth century The group was covered in a monograph by William Bridge Cooke in 1961 2 with additional papers by Donk 3 4 5 Reid 6 and Agerer 7 8 As a result of these critical revisions only one species is still accepted in Cyphella namely the type Cyphella digitalis 9 The family name Cyphellaceae was used to keep most but not all of these segregate genera together It became equally clear however that it too was heterogeneous Donk noting that it was nothing but a handy bin from which part of the contents has already been taken out and disposed of by scattering it over various groups 5 DNA sequencing confirms this diversity showing that cyphelloid fungi have independently evolved at least eight times within the Basidiomycota 9 Genera are currently placed in the Cyphellaceae in a restricted sense Inocybaceae Marasmiaceae Niaceae and Tricholomataceae 1 It had previously been suggested that most cyphelloid fungi were related to gilled agarics mushrooms and toadstools and they have sometimes been referred to as reduced agarics DNA sequencing shows that this is indeed true for many of the genera sampled almost all being placed within the order Agaricales 9 Description and genera edit nbsp The tube like Henningsomyces candidus USA nbsp The clustered Merismodes fasciculata USAFruit bodies of the cyphelloid fungi are typically small under 10 mm across disc shaped cup shaped or tube like with or without a stem The spore bearing surface is smooth and formed on the surface of the disc or inside the cup or tube The sterile outer surface is smooth or often hairy the hairs sometimes forming a conspicuous margin to discs Fruit bodies typically occur in troops or swarms sometimes packed closely together Better known cyphelloid genera include Calyptella with stalked cup or bell like fruit bodies Lachnella with conspicuous hairy margined disc like fruit bodies Flagelloscypha with smaller but equally hairy cup like fruit bodies Henningsomyces with tube like fruit bodies and Merismodes with clustered hairy cup like fruit bodies Habitat and distribution editMost cyphelloid species are wood rotting fungi growing on dead attached branches on old bark of living trees or on fallen wood Some are found on dead or decaying herbaceous stems or on ferns Two species are marine fungi the salt tolerant Calathella mangrovei and Halocyphina villosa occurring on mangroves 10 As a group the cyphelloid fungi are cosmopolitan though as with most fungi better studied and better known in north temperate regions References edit a b Index Fungorum Search Page Cooke W B 1961 The cyphellaceous fungi Sydowia Beihefte 4 1 144 Donk M A 1959 Notes on Cyphellaceae I Persoonia 1 25 110 Donk MA 1962 Notes on Cyphellaceae II Persoonia 2 331 348 a b Donk MA 1966 A reassessment of the Cyphellaceae Acta Botanica Neerlandica 15 95 107 Reid DA 1964 Notes on some fungi of Michigan I Cyphellaceae Persoonia 3 97 154 Agerer R 1973 Rectipilus Eine neue Gattung cyphelloider Pilze Persoonia 7 389 436 Agerer R 1975 Flagelloscypha Studien an cyphelloiden Basidiomyceten Sydowia 27 131 265 a b c Bodensteiner P et al 2004 Phylogenetic relationships of cyphelloid homobasidiomycetes Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33 501 515 http clarku tv faculty dhibbett Reprints 20PDFs Bodensteiner 20et 20al 202004 20MPE pdf permanent dead link Hibbett DS Binder M 2001 Evolution of marine mushrooms Biological Bulletin 201 319 322 http www biolbull org cgi content full 201 3 319 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cyphelloid fungi amp oldid 1074161294, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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