The curlews (/ˈkɜːrljuː/) are a group of nine species of birds in the genusNumenius, characterised by their long, slender, downcurved bills and mottled brown plumage. The English name is imitative of the Eurasian curlew's call, but may have been influenced by the Old Frenchcorliu, "messenger", from courir , "to run". It was first recorded in 1377 in Langland'sPiers Plowman "Fissch to lyue in þe flode..Þe corlue by kynde of þe eyre".[1] In Europe, "curlew" usually refers to one species, the Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquata).
They are one of the most ancient lineages of scolopacidwaders, together with the godwits which look similar but have straight bills.[2] Curlews feed on mud or very soft ground,[3][4] searching for worms and other invertebrates with their long bills. They will also take crabs and similar items.
The distribution of curlews has altered considerably in the past hundred years as a result of changing agricultural practices. For instance, Eurasian curlew populations have suffered due to draining of marshes for farmland, whereas long-billed curlews have shown an increase in breeding densities around areas grazed by livestock.[5][6] As of 2019[update], there were only a small number of curlews in Ireland and Britain, raising concerns that the bird will become extinct in those countries.[7]
The stone-curlews are not true curlews (family Scolopacidae) but members of the family Burhinidae, which is in the same order Charadriiformes, but only distantly related within that.
Taxonomyedit
The genus Numenius was erected by the French scientist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in his Ornithologie published in 1760.[8] The type species is the Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquata).[9] The Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus had introduced the genus Numenius in the 6th edition of his Systema Naturae published in 1748,[10] but Linnaeus dropped the genus in the important tenth edition of 1758 and put the curlews together with the woodcocks in the genus Scolopax.[11][12] As the publication date of Linnaeus's sixth edition was before the 1758 starting point of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Brisson and not Linnaeus is considered as the authority for the genus.[13] The name Numenius is from Ancient Greeknoumenios, a bird mentioned by Hesychius. It is associated with the curlews because it appears to be derived from neos, "new" and mene "moon", referring to the crescent-shaped bill.[14]
The Late Eocene (Montmartre Formation, some 35 mya) fossilLimosa gypsorum of France was originally placed in Numenius and may in fact belong there.[19] Apart from that, a Late Pleistocene curlew from San Josecito Cave, Mexico has been described.[20] This fossil was initially placed in a distinct genus, Palnumenius, but was actually a chronospecies or paleosubspecies related to the long-billed curlew.
The upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) is an odd bird which is the closest relative of the curlews.[2] It is distinguished from them by its yellow legs, long tail, and shorter, less curved bill.
^ abThomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A.; Székely, Tamás (2004). "A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny". BMC Evol. Biol.4: 28. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28. PMC515296. PMID 15329156.
^"How local farmers in Roscommon and their community got together to conserve a bog and protect rare birds". independent. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
^"Reared curlews act like wild counterparts after release in Norfolk". BBC News. 2021-08-19. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
^Encyclopedia of the Animal World (1977): Vol.6: 518–519. Bay Books, Sydney.
^Cochrane, J. F.; Anderson, S. H. (1987). "Comparison of habitat attributes at sites of stable and declining Long-billed Curlew populations". Great Basin Naturalist. 47: 459–466.
^Archived at Ghostarchive and the : Christian TV Ireland (29 September 2019). Mary Colwell- Interview on the almost extinct Curlew bird in Ireland. Retrieved 29 September 2019 – via YouTube.
^Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 48, Vol. 5, p. 311.
^Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 260.
^Linnaeus, Carl (1748). Systema Naturae sistens regna tria naturæ, in classes et ordines, genera et species redacta tabulisque aeneis illustrata (in Latin) (6th ed.). Stockholmiae (Stockholm): Godofr, Kiesewetteri. pp. 16, 26.
^Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 145.
^Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335. hdl:2246/678.
^"Article 3". International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (4th ed.). London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. 1999. ISBN978-0-85301-006-7.
^Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 276. ISBN978-1-4081-2501-4.
^Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
^Tan, H.Z.; Jansen, J.J.; Allport, G.A.; Garg, K.M.; Chattopadhyay, B.; Irestedt, M.; Pang, S.E.; Chilton, G.; Gwee, C.Y.; Rheindt, F.E. (2023). "Megafaunal extinctions, not climate change, may explain Holocene genetic diversity declines in Numenius shorebirds". eLife. 12: e85422. doi:10.7554/eLife.85422.
^Olson, Storrs L. (1985): Section X.D.2.b. Scolopacidae. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology8: 174–175. Academic Press, New York.
^Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Johnson, Eileen (2003). (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 20 (1): 79–93. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
Further readingedit
Bodsworth, Fred (1987). Last of the Curlews. Dodd, Mead. ISBN0-396-09187-3. (originally published in 1954)
Colwell, Mary (19 April 2018). Curlew Moon. William Collins. ISBN978-0008241056. OCLC 1035290266.
February 16, 2024
curlew, other, uses, disambiguation, other, uses, numenius, numenius, curlews, ɜːr, group, nine, species, birds, genus, numenius, characterised, their, long, slender, downcurved, bills, mottled, brown, plumage, english, name, imitative, eurasian, curlew, call,. For other uses see Curlew disambiguation For other uses of Numenius see Numenius The curlews ˈ k ɜːr lj uː are a group of nine species of birds in the genus Numenius characterised by their long slender downcurved bills and mottled brown plumage The English name is imitative of the Eurasian curlew s call but may have been influenced by the Old French corliu messenger from courir to run It was first recorded in 1377 in Langland s Piers Plowman Fissch to lyue in the flode THe corlue by kynde of the eyre 1 In Europe curlew usually refers to one species the Eurasian curlew Numenius arquata CurlewLong billed curlew Numenius americanus Fishing Pier Goose Island State Park TexasScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder CharadriiformesFamily ScolopacidaeGenus NumeniusBrisson 1760Type speciesScolopax arquataLinnaeus 1758SpeciesN phaeopusN hudsonicusN tenuirostris N arquataN americanusN madagascariensisN minutus N borealisN tahitiensisSynonymsPalnumenius Miller 1942 Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Taxonomy 4 References 5 Further readingDescription editThey are one of the most ancient lineages of scolopacid waders together with the godwits which look similar but have straight bills 2 Curlews feed on mud or very soft ground 3 4 searching for worms and other invertebrates with their long bills They will also take crabs and similar items Distribution edit nbsp The Eurasian curlew pictured in the coat of arms of Oulunsalo a former municipality of North Ostrobothnia FinlandCurlews enjoy a worldwide distribution Most species exhibit strong migratory habits and consequently one or more species can be encountered at different times of the year in Europe Ireland Britain Iberia Iceland Africa Southeast Asia Siberia North America South America and Australasia The distribution of curlews has altered considerably in the past hundred years as a result of changing agricultural practices For instance Eurasian curlew populations have suffered due to draining of marshes for farmland whereas long billed curlews have shown an increase in breeding densities around areas grazed by livestock 5 6 As of 2019 update there were only a small number of curlews in Ireland and Britain raising concerns that the bird will become extinct in those countries 7 The stone curlews are not true curlews family Scolopacidae but members of the family Burhinidae which is in the same order Charadriiformes but only distantly related within that Taxonomy editThe genus Numenius was erected by the French scientist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in his Ornithologie published in 1760 8 The type species is the Eurasian curlew Numenius arquata 9 The Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus had introduced the genus Numenius in the 6th edition of his Systema Naturae published in 1748 10 but Linnaeus dropped the genus in the important tenth edition of 1758 and put the curlews together with the woodcocks in the genus Scolopax 11 12 As the publication date of Linnaeus s sixth edition was before the 1758 starting point of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Brisson and not Linnaeus is considered as the authority for the genus 13 The name Numenius is from Ancient Greek noumenios a bird mentioned by Hesychius It is associated with the curlews because it appears to be derived from neos new and mene moon referring to the crescent shaped bill 14 The genus contains nine species 15 Eurasian whimbrel Numenius phaeopus Hudsonian whimbrel Numenius hudsonicus Slender billed curlew Numenius tenuirostris Last seen in 1995 16 Eurasian curlew Numenius arquata Long billed curlew Numenius americanus Far Eastern curlew Numenius madagascariensis Little curlew Numenius minutus Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis Last seen in 1987 17 Bristle thighed curlew Numenius tahitiensisThe following cladogram shows the genetic relationships between the species It is based on a study published in 2023 18 Numenius Little curlew N minutus Bristle thighed curlew N tahitiensis Eurasian whimbrel N phaeopus Hudsonian whimbrel N hudsonicus Long billed curlew N americanus Eskimo curlew N borealis Far Eastern curlew N madagascariensis Eurasian curlew N arquata Slender billed curlew N tenuirostris The Late Eocene Montmartre Formation some 35 mya fossil Limosa gypsorum of France was originally placed in Numenius and may in fact belong there 19 Apart from that a Late Pleistocene curlew from San Josecito Cave Mexico has been described 20 This fossil was initially placed in a distinct genus Palnumenius but was actually a chronospecies or paleosubspecies related to the long billed curlew The upland sandpiper Bartramia longicauda is an odd bird which is the closest relative of the curlews 2 It is distinguished from them by its yellow legs long tail and shorter less curved bill References edit Curlew Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required a b Thomas Gavin H Wills Matthew A Szekely Tamas 2004 A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny BMC Evol Biol 4 28 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 4 28 PMC 515296 PMID 15329156 How local farmers in Roscommon and their community got together to conserve a bog and protect rare birds independent Retrieved 2021 08 28 Reared curlews act like wild counterparts after release in Norfolk BBC News 2021 08 19 Retrieved 2021 08 28 Encyclopedia of the Animal World 1977 Vol 6 518 519 Bay Books Sydney Cochrane J F Anderson S H 1987 Comparison of habitat attributes at sites of stable and declining Long billed Curlew populations Great Basin Naturalist 47 459 466 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine Christian TV Ireland 29 September 2019 Mary Colwell Interview on the almost extinct Curlew bird in Ireland Retrieved 29 September 2019 via YouTube Brisson Mathurin Jacques 1760 Ornithologie ou Methode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres sections genres especes amp leurs varietes in French and Latin Vol 1 Paris Jean Baptiste Bauche Vol 1 p 48 Vol 5 p 311 Peters James Lee ed 1934 Check list of Birds of the World Vol 2 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press p 260 Linnaeus Carl 1748 Systema Naturae sistens regna tria naturae in classes et ordines genera et species redacta tabulisque aeneis illustrata in Latin 6th ed Stockholmiae Stockholm Godofr Kiesewetteri pp 16 26 Linnaeus Carl 1758 Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 10th ed Holmiae Stockholm Laurentii Salvii p 145 Allen J A 1910 Collation of Brisson s genera of birds with those of Linnaeus Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 28 317 335 hdl 2246 678 Article 3 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 4th ed London International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999 ISBN 978 0 85301 006 7 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 276 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Gill Frank Donsker David eds 2019 Sandpipers snipes coursers World Bird List Version 9 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 26 June 2019 Magornitho great Alaska department of fish and game Tan H Z Jansen J J Allport G A Garg K M Chattopadhyay B Irestedt M Pang S E Chilton G Gwee C Y Rheindt F E 2023 Megafaunal extinctions not climate change may explain Holocene genetic diversity declines in Numenius shorebirds eLife 12 e85422 doi 10 7554 eLife 85422 Olson Storrs L 1985 Section X D 2 b Scolopacidae In Farner D S King J R amp Parkes Kenneth C eds Avian Biology 8 174 175 Academic Press New York Arroyo Cabrales Joaquin Johnson Eileen 2003 Catalogo de los ejemplares tipo procedentes de la Cueva de San Josecito Nuevo Leon Mexico PDF Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas 20 1 79 93 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 17 Retrieved 2007 04 29 Further reading editBodsworth Fred 1987 Last of the Curlews Dodd Mead ISBN 0 396 09187 3 originally published in 1954 Colwell Mary 19 April 2018 Curlew Moon William Collins ISBN 978 0008241056 OCLC 1035290266 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Curlew amp oldid 1200096370, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
