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Politics of Cuba

March 25, 2023

Cuba has had a socialist political system since 1959 based on the "one state – one party" principle. Cuba is constitutionally defined as a Marxist–Leninist state.[1][2] The present Constitution of Cuba, which was passed in a 2019 referendum,[3][4] also describes the role of the Communist Party of Cuba to be the "leading force of society and of the state" and as having the capability of setting national policy, and First Secretary of the Communist Party is the most powerful position in Cuba.[3][4] The 2019 Constitution of Cuba identifies the ideals represented by Cuban independence hero José Martí and revolutionary leader Fidel Castro as the primary foundation of Cuba's political system, while also stressing the importance of the influence of the ideas of Marx, Engels, and Lenin.[5]

The President of Cuba is Miguel Díaz-Canel, who succeeded Raúl Castro as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, the supreme leader position in 2021. Díaz-Canel is the first ruler of Communist Cuba to not hail from the family of Fidel or Raúl Castro.[6] Executive power is exercised by the government, which is represented by the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister of Cuba. Legislative power is exercised through the unicameral National Assembly of People's Power, which is constituted as the maximum authority of the state. With effect from 10 October 2019, Miguel Díaz-Canel is the president and Manuel Marrero is the Prime Minister of Cuba. The previous president of the State Council was Raúl Castro, brother of former leader Fidel Castro; Raúl Castro remained First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, and Commander-in-Chief of the Revolutionary Armed Forces until 19 April 2021. Fidel Castro ruled from 1959 to 2006, before illness forced him to hand power to his brother. Esteban Lazo Hernández is the president of the National Assembly.

Political scientists characterize the political system of Cuba as a single-party authoritarian regime where political opposition is not permitted.[7][8][9] There are elections in Cuba, but they are not considered democratic.[10][11] Censorship of information (including limits to internet access) is extensive,[12][13][14] and independent journalism is repressed in Cuba;[15] Reporters Without Borders has characterized Cuba as one of the worst countries in the world for press freedom.[16][17]

Executive

Executive power is exercised by the government. From February 1959 until February 2008, Cuba was led by revolutionary leader Fidel Castro, who was Head of State, Head of Government, First Secretary of the Communist Party, and Commander in Chief of the Cuban armed forces. The Ministry of Interior is the principal organ of state security and control.

According to the Constitution of Cuba, Article 94, the First Vice President of the Council of State assumes presidential duties upon the illness or death of the President. On July 31, 2006, during the 2006 Cuban transfer of duties, Fidel Castro delegated his duties as President of the Council of state, first secretary of the Cuban Communist Party and the post of commander in chief of the armed forces to first Vice President Raúl Castro. Since 2019, the President of Cuba is also limited to two five year terms.[3][18][19][20][21][22]

Legislature

Cuba has an elected national legislature, the National Assembly of People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular), which has 612 members, elected every 5 years and holds brief sessions to ratify decisions by the executive branch. The National Assembly convenes twice a year in ordinary periods of sessions. However, it has permanent commissions to look after issues of legislative interest. Among its permanent or temporary commissions are those in charge of issues concerning the economy, sugar industry, industries, transportation and communications, constructions, foreign affairs, public health, defense and interior order. The National Assembly also has permanent departments that oversee the work of the Commissions, Local Assemblies of the People's Power, International Relations, Judicial Affairs and the Administration.[23]

Article 88(h) of the Constitution of Cuba, adopted in 1976, provides for citizen proposals of law, prerequisite that the proposal be made by at least 10,000 citizens who are eligible to vote. In 2002 supporters of a movement known as the Varela Project submitted a citizen proposal of law with 11,000 signatures calling for a national referendum on political and economic reforms. The Government response was to collect 8.1 million signatures to request that Cuba's National Assembly enact a constitutional amendment making socialism an unalterable feature of Cuban government.[24]

Committees for the Defense of the Revolution

 
A CDR in Old Havana on Paseo de Martí facing Parque Central

The Committees for the Defense of the Revolution is a network of neighborhood organizations across Cuba of which most Cubans are members.[25] The organizations are designed to put medical, educational or other campaigns into national effect, and to report "counter-revolutionary" activity. It is the duty of the CDR officials to know the political activities of each person in their respective blocks.

Political parties and elections

Main articles: List of political parties in Cuba and Elections in Cuba

Suffrage is non-compulsory and is afforded to Cuban citizens who have resided for two years on the island. Such citizens must be aged over sixteen years, must not have been found guilty of a criminal offense, and cannot be mentally handicapped. Cubans living abroad are denied the right to vote.[citation needed] The national elections for the 612 members[26] of the National Assembly of People's Power are held according to this system and the precepts of the 1976 Constitution.

Under the system,[27] neighbors meet to propose the candidates to the Municipal Assemblies in a public, show of hands vote.[28] The candidates do not present a political platform, but only their resumes. No political party, not even the Communist Party of Cuba, is permitted to nominate or campaign for any candidate. The municipal candidates elected in each neighborhood then elect the Municipal Assembly members. In turn, the Municipal Assembly members elect the Provincial Assembly members, who in turn elect the national Assembly members. A direct vote is then cast to decide whether the decanted members that appear in the final step need to be ratified.[29]

Summary of the 19 January 2003 Cuban Parliament election results
Members Seats
609 candidates (one candidate per seat). Up to 50% of the candidates must be chosen by the Municipal Assemblies. The candidates are otherwise proposed by nominating assemblies, which comprise representatives of workers, youth, women, students and farmers as well as members of the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution, after initial mass meetings soliciting a first list of names. The final list of candidates is drawn up by the National Candidature Commission taking into account criteria such as candidates' merit, patriotism, ethical values and revolutionary history.[30][31] 609
Total elected 609

State leaders

Communist Party of Cuba

Main article: Communist Party of Cuba
 
Ministry of the Interior building on the Plaza de la Revolución, Havana

Council of State

Council of Ministers

National Assembly of People's Power

  • President: Esteban Lazo Hernández
  • Vice President: Jaime Alberto Crombet Hernández-Baquero
  • Secretary: Miriam Brito Sarroca

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Cuba

Cuba's foreign policy has been scaled back and redirected as a result of economic hardship after the collapse of the Soviet bloc. Without massive Soviet subsidies and its primary trading partner Cuba was comparatively isolated in the 1990s, but has since entered bilateral co-operation with several South American countries, most notably Venezuela and Bolivia. Cuba has normal diplomatic and economic relations with every country in the Western hemisphere except El Salvador and the United States. El Salvador, under the new government of Mauricio Funes, is expected to institute both in June, 2009.[32] The United States continues an embargo "so long as [Cuba] continues to refuse to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights."[33] The European Union accuses Cuba of "continuing flagrant violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms", but also "Reiterates its condemnation of the US embargo on Cuba, and calls for it to be lifted forthwith, as the UN General Assembly has repeatedly demanded."[34]

Cuba has developed a growing relationship with the People's Republic of China and Russia. In all, Cuba continues to have formal relations with 160 nations, and provided civilian assistance workers – principally medical – in more than 20 nations.[35] More than two million exiles have escaped to foreign countries. Cuba's present foreign minister is Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla.

 
Poster urging citizens to vote to make the socialist system permanent and irrevocable by amending the constitution
 
Candidates of the 2008 elections of the national and provincial parliaments in Santiago de Cuba

Authoritarianism

Main article: Cuba and democracy
Further information: International rankings of Cuba

Political scientists characterize the political system of Cuba as non-democratic and authoritarian.[36][37][38][39][40][41][42] It is a single-party authoritarian regime where political opposition is not permitted.[39][41] There are elections in Cuba but critics challenge whether they are democratic.[43][44] Censorship of information (including limits to internet access) is extensive,[45][46] and independent journalism is repressed in Cuba;[47] Reporters Without Borders has characterized Cuba as one of the worst countries in the world for press freedom.[48][49]

Officially, Cuba frames itself as a "people's democracy", as opposed to the "liberal democracy" of Western states. Cuba thus rejects criticism of its political system as a lack of appreciation for different forms of democracy other than those in capitalist states.[50] It alludes to the grass roots elements in the nomination of candidates at neighborhood level (in the so-called circunscripciones).[51]

Opposition groups inside and outside the country as well as a summary published by Human Rights Watch[52] and certain foreign governments have described the Cuban political system as undemocratic. The United States Government has initiated various policy measures; these have been ostensibly designed to urge Cuba to undertake political change towards a multi-party electoral system. These plans have been condemned by the Cuban Government, who accuses the United States of meddling in Cuba's affairs.[53]

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Cuba

According to Human Rights Watch, Castro constructed a "repressive machinery" that continues to deprive Cubans of their basic rights.[54] The Cuban government has been accused of numerous human rights abuses, including torture, arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial executions (a.k.a. "El Paredón").[55] Human Rights Watch reports that the government represses nearly all forms of political dissent. There are many restrictions on leaving the country.[citation needed]

The country's first ever transgender municipal delegate was elected in the province of Villa Clara in early 2013. Adela Hernández is a resident of the town of Caibarién and works as a nurse electrocardiogram specialist. In Cuba, delegates are not professional politicians and, therefore, do not receive a government salary.[56]

Corruption

Main article: Corruption in Cuba

The 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ranked the Cuba 58th out of 176 countries, tied with Jordan and Namibia.[57] and has lower levels than most of the other countries in the Caribbean and Central America. In 2006, it was ranked in 112th place, tied with India.

References

  1. ^ "Fidel Castro, Loyal Follower of Jose Marti – Escambray". en.escambray.cu. November 30, 2017.
  2. ^ Whitney, W. T. Jr. (January 22, 2018). "José Martí, soul of the Cuban Revolution".
  3. ^ a b c . Washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Cuba ditches aim of building communism from draft constitution". Theguardian.com. 22 July 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  5. ^ "Cuban Constitution of 2019". 11 April 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  6. ^ Patrick Oppmann (19 April 2021). "Meet the new leader of Cuba's Communist Party". CNN. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
  7. ^ Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (2010-08-16). Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–363. ISBN 978-1-139-49148-8.
  8. ^ Lachapelle, Jean; Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A.; Casey, Adam E. (2020). "Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability". World Politics. 72 (4): 557–600. doi:10.1017/S0043887120000106. ISSN 0043-8871. S2CID 225096277.
  9. ^ Hawkins, Darren (2001). "Democratization Theory and Nontransitions: Insights from Cuba". Comparative Politics. 33 (4): 441–461. doi:10.2307/422443. ISSN 0010-4159. JSTOR 422443.
  10. ^ Galvis, Ángela Fonseca; Superti, Chiara (2019-10-03). "Who wins the most when everybody wins? Predicting candidate performance in an authoritarian election". Democratization. 26 (7): 1278–1298. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1629420. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 197727359.
  11. ^ Domínguez, Jorge I.; Galvis, Ángela Fonseca; Superti, Chiara (2017). "Authoritarian Regimes and Their Permitted Oppositions: Election Day Outcomes in Cuba". Latin American Politics and Society. 59 (2): 27–52. doi:10.1111/laps.12017. ISSN 1531-426X. S2CID 157677498.
  12. ^ Stein, Elizabeth Ann (2016). "Information and Civil Unrest in Dictatorships". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.35. ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7.
  13. ^ Impediments to Human rights in Cuban Law (Part III). Cuba's Repressive Machinery: Human Rights Forty Years After the Revolution. Human Rights Watch. June 1999. ISBN 1-56432-234-3. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  14. ^ Moynihan, Michael C. (22 February 2008). "Still Stuck on Castro - How the press handled a tyrant's farewell". Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2009.
  15. ^ "62nd General Assembly Reports: Cuba". Inter American Press Association. 3 October 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  16. ^ , Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 12 November 2015
  17. ^ (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-03.
  18. ^ "Cuba sets out new constitutional reforms". BBC News. 15 July 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  19. ^ Marc Frank (21 February 2019). "Explainer: What is old and new in Cuba's proposed constitution". Reuters. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  20. ^ Antonio Recio (21 August 2018). "Some Traps in Cuba's New Constitution". The Havana Times.
  21. ^ "Cuba expands rights but rejects radical change in updated constitution". UPI. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
  22. ^ Mega, Emiliano Rodríguez (2019-03-08). "Cuba acknowledges climate change threats in its constitution". Nature. 567 (7747): 155. Bibcode:2019Natur.567..155M. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00760-3. PMID 30862928.
  23. ^ Cuban Political system Cuba education tools.
  24. ^ "Cuba's Parliament Seeks to Approve Constitutional Change Ratifying Socialism". Associated Press. June 21, 2002. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  25. ^ . 2013-04-10. Archived from the original on 2013-04-10. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
  26. ^ "IPU PARLINE database: CUBA (Asamblea nacional del Poder popular), General information". archive.ipu.org.
  27. ^ El sistema político y electoral cubano 2009-01-30 at the Wayback Machine. Cubasocialista.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.
  28. ^ "Ley No. 127, Artículo 93.1" (PDF). August 19, 2019.
  29. ^ Cuban Solidarity Campaign. "Cuban Democracy Fact Sheet" (PDF). Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  30. ^ Cuba. Asamblea nacional del Poder popular (National Assembly of the People's Power). Electoral System. Inter-Parliamentary Union
  31. ^ Lijphart Elections Archive. UC San Diego
  32. ^ "US Lawmakers Say Normalize Cuba Relations" 2009-09-03 at the Wayback Machine, lataminfo.org, April 2009.
  33. ^ "Cuban Democracy Act of 1992". State Department.
  34. ^ "EU-Cuba relations". Official Journal of the European Union. 4 September 2003.
  35. ^ Cuba (09/01) US Department of State report
  36. ^ Hoffmann, Bert (2015-10-01). "The international dimension of authoritarian regime legitimation: insights from the Cuban case". Journal of International Relations and Development. 18 (4): 556–574. doi:10.1057/jird.2014.9. ISSN 1581-1980. S2CID 144107918.
  37. ^ Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (2010-08-16). Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–363. ISBN 978-1-139-49148-8.
  38. ^ Lachapelle, Jean; Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A.; Casey, Adam E. (2020). "Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability". World Politics. 72 (4): 557–600. doi:10.1017/S0043887120000106. ISSN 0043-8871. S2CID 225096277.
  39. ^ a b Miller, Nicola (2003-01-01). "The Absolution of History: Uses of the Past in Castro's Cuba". Journal of Contemporary History. 38 (1): 147–162. doi:10.1177/0022009403038001969. ISSN 0022-0094. S2CID 153348631.
  40. ^ Geoffray, Marie Laure (2015). "Transnational Dynamics of Contention in Contemporary Cuba". Journal of Latin American Studies. 47 (2): 223–249. doi:10.1017/S0022216X15000048. ISSN 0022-216X. S2CID 146318186.
  41. ^ a b Schedler, Andreas; Hoffmann, Bert (2015). "Communicating authoritarian elite cohesion". Democratization. 23: 93–117. doi:10.1080/13510347.2015.1095181. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 146645252.
  42. ^ Hawkins, Darren (2001). "Democratization Theory and Nontransitions: Insights from Cuba". Comparative Politics. 33 (4): 441–461. doi:10.2307/422443. ISSN 0010-4159. JSTOR 422443.
  43. ^ Galvis, Ángela Fonseca; Superti, Chiara (2019-10-03). "Who wins the most when everybody wins? Predicting candidate performance in an authoritarian election". Democratization. 26 (7): 1278–1298. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1629420. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 197727359.
  44. ^ Domínguez, Jorge I.; Galvis, Ángela Fonseca; Superti, Chiara (2017). "Authoritarian Regimes and Their Permitted Oppositions: Election Day Outcomes in Cuba". Latin American Politics and Society. 59 (2): 27–52. doi:10.1111/laps.12017. ISSN 1531-426X. S2CID 157677498.
  45. ^ Impediments to Human rights in Cuban Law (Part III). Cuba's Repressive Machinery: Human Rights Forty Years After the Revolution. Human Rights Watch. June 1999. ISBN 1-56432-234-3. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  46. ^ Moynihan, Michael C. (22 February 2008). "Still Stuck on Castro - How the press handled a tyrant's farewell". Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2009.
  47. ^ "62nd General Assembly Reports: Cuba". Inter American Press Association. 3 October 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  48. ^ "Press Freedom Index 2015", Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 12 November 2015
  49. ^ (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-03.
  50. ^ Roman, Peter. "Electing Cuba's National Assembly Deputies: Proposals, Selections, Nominations, and Campaigns" (PDF). Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  51. ^ Mendoza, Juan. "Elecciones en Cuba - un proceso democrático". Cubadebate. Cubadebate. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  52. ^ Human Rights Watch. "Country Summary: Cuba" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  53. ^ "Cuban official discounts US action". Television New Zealand. Reuters. 14 July 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  54. ^ "Cuba: Fidel Castro's Abusive Machinery Remains Intact". Human Rights Watch.
  55. ^ "Information about human rights in Cuba" (in Spanish). Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. April 7, 1967. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
  56. ^ Fernando Ravsberg (8 January 2014). "Cuba's First Transsexual Politician". Havana Times. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  57. ^ "Transparency International - the global coalition against corruption". Transparency International. 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.

Further reading

  • Erikson, Daniel P. (2005). "Charting Castro's Possible Successors". SAIS Review 25.1, 89–103.
  • Evenson, Debra (1994). Revolution in the balance: Law and society in contemporary Cuba. Westview Press, Boulder. ISBN 0-8133-8466-4.
  • Grenier, Yvon (2017), Culture and the Cuban State; Participation, Recognition, and Dissonance under Communism (Lexington Books)
  • (fr) Danielle Bleitrach and Jean-François Bonaldi, Cuba, Fidel et le Che ou l'aventure du socialisme, Editions Le Temps des Cerises, 2009 ISBN 978-2-8410-9671-8.

External links

  • Cubaweb – Official Cuban Web Portal
  • Gobierno de la República de Cuba – Government of the Republic of Cuba
  • Cuban Parliament
  • People's Supreme Court

March 25, 2023
politics, cuba, political, neutrality, this, article, disputed, this, article, contain, biased, partisan, political, opinions, about, political, party, event, person, government, stated, facts, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, remove, this, mes. The political neutrality of this article is disputed This article may contain biased or partisan political opinions about a political party event person or government stated as facts Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met June 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Cuba has had a socialist political system since 1959 based on the one state one party principle Cuba is constitutionally defined as a Marxist Leninist state 1 2 The present Constitution of Cuba which was passed in a 2019 referendum 3 4 also describes the role of the Communist Party of Cuba to be the leading force of society and of the state and as having the capability of setting national policy and First Secretary of the Communist Party is the most powerful position in Cuba 3 4 The 2019 Constitution of Cuba identifies the ideals represented by Cuban independence hero Jose Marti and revolutionary leader Fidel Castro as the primary foundation of Cuba s political system while also stressing the importance of the influence of the ideas of Marx Engels and Lenin 5 The President of Cuba is Miguel Diaz Canel who succeeded Raul Castro as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba the supreme leader position in 2021 Diaz Canel is the first ruler of Communist Cuba to not hail from the family of Fidel or Raul Castro 6 Executive power is exercised by the government which is represented by the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister of Cuba Legislative power is exercised through the unicameral National Assembly of People s Power which is constituted as the maximum authority of the state With effect from 10 October 2019 Miguel Diaz Canel is the president and Manuel Marrero is the Prime Minister of Cuba The previous president of the State Council was Raul Castro brother of former leader Fidel Castro Raul Castro remained First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba and Commander in Chief of the Revolutionary Armed Forces until 19 April 2021 Fidel Castro ruled from 1959 to 2006 before illness forced him to hand power to his brother Esteban Lazo Hernandez is the president of the National Assembly Political scientists characterize the political system of Cuba as a single party authoritarian regime where political opposition is not permitted 7 8 9 There are elections in Cuba but they are not considered democratic 10 11 Censorship of information including limits to internet access is extensive 12 13 14 and independent journalism is repressed in Cuba 15 Reporters Without Borders has characterized Cuba as one of the worst countries in the world for press freedom 16 17 Contents 1 Executive 2 Legislature 3 Committees for the Defense of the Revolution 4 Political parties and elections 5 State leaders 5 1 Communist Party of Cuba 5 2 Council of State 5 3 Council of Ministers 5 4 National Assembly of People s Power 6 Foreign relations 7 Authoritarianism 8 Human rights 9 Corruption 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksExecutive EditExecutive power is exercised by the government From February 1959 until February 2008 Cuba was led by revolutionary leader Fidel Castro who was Head of State Head of Government First Secretary of the Communist Party and Commander in Chief of the Cuban armed forces The Ministry of Interior is the principal organ of state security and control According to the Constitution of Cuba Article 94 the First Vice President of the Council of State assumes presidential duties upon the illness or death of the President On July 31 2006 during the 2006 Cuban transfer of duties Fidel Castro delegated his duties as President of the Council of state first secretary of the Cuban Communist Party and the post of commander in chief of the armed forces to first Vice President Raul Castro Since 2019 the President of Cuba is also limited to two five year terms 3 18 19 20 21 22 Legislature Edit El Capitolio former seat of the National Assembly of People s Power Cuba has an elected national legislature the National Assembly of People s Power Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular which has 612 members elected every 5 years and holds brief sessions to ratify decisions by the executive branch The National Assembly convenes twice a year in ordinary periods of sessions However it has permanent commissions to look after issues of legislative interest Among its permanent or temporary commissions are those in charge of issues concerning the economy sugar industry industries transportation and communications constructions foreign affairs public health defense and interior order The National Assembly also has permanent departments that oversee the work of the Commissions Local Assemblies of the People s Power International Relations Judicial Affairs and the Administration 23 Article 88 h of the Constitution of Cuba adopted in 1976 provides for citizen proposals of law prerequisite that the proposal be made by at least 10 000 citizens who are eligible to vote In 2002 supporters of a movement known as the Varela Project submitted a citizen proposal of law with 11 000 signatures calling for a national referendum on political and economic reforms The Government response was to collect 8 1 million signatures to request that Cuba s National Assembly enact a constitutional amendment making socialism an unalterable feature of Cuban government 24 Committees for the Defense of the Revolution Edit A CDR in Old Havana on Paseo de Marti facing Parque Central The Committees for the Defense of the Revolution is a network of neighborhood organizations across Cuba of which most Cubans are members 25 The organizations are designed to put medical educational or other campaigns into national effect and to report counter revolutionary activity It is the duty of the CDR officials to know the political activities of each person in their respective blocks Political parties and elections EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main articles List of political parties in Cuba and Elections in Cuba Suffrage is non compulsory and is afforded to Cuban citizens who have resided for two years on the island Such citizens must be aged over sixteen years must not have been found guilty of a criminal offense and cannot be mentally handicapped Cubans living abroad are denied the right to vote citation needed The national elections for the 612 members 26 of the National Assembly of People s Power are held according to this system and the precepts of the 1976 Constitution Under the system 27 neighbors meet to propose the candidates to the Municipal Assemblies in a public show of hands vote 28 The candidates do not present a political platform but only their resumes No political party not even the Communist Party of Cuba is permitted to nominate or campaign for any candidate The municipal candidates elected in each neighborhood then elect the Municipal Assembly members In turn the Municipal Assembly members elect the Provincial Assembly members who in turn elect the national Assembly members A direct vote is then cast to decide whether the decanted members that appear in the final step need to be ratified 29 Summary of the 19 January 2003 Cuban Parliament election results Members Seats609 candidates one candidate per seat Up to 50 of the candidates must be chosen by the Municipal Assemblies The candidates are otherwise proposed by nominating assemblies which comprise representatives of workers youth women students and farmers as well as members of the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution after initial mass meetings soliciting a first list of names The final list of candidates is drawn up by the National Candidature Commission taking into account criteria such as candidates merit patriotism ethical values and revolutionary history 30 31 609Total elected 609State leaders EditCommunist Party of Cuba Edit Main article Communist Party of Cuba First Secretary Miguel Diaz Canel Bermudez Second Secretary Jose Ramon Machado Ventura Members of Politburo Miguel Mario Diaz Canel Bermudez Juan Esteban Lazo Hernandez Salvador Valdes Mesa Jose Ramon Machado Ventura Roberto Morales Ojeda Alvaro Lopez Miera Bruno Rodriguez Parrilla Abelardo Alvarez Gil Ulises Guilarte de Nacimiento Teresa Maria Amarelle Bue Marta Ayala Avila Manuel Marrero Cruz Jose Amado Ricardo Guerra Luis Alberto Rodriguez Lopez Calleja Lazaro Alberto Alvarez Casas Gladys Martinez Verdecia Members of Secretariat Miguel Diaz Canel Jose Ramon Machado Ventura Abelardo Alvarez Gil Roberto Morales Ojeda Rogelio Polanco Fuentes Joel Queipo Ruiz Jose Ramon Monteagudo Ruiz Felix Duarte Ortega Jorge Luis Broche Lorenzo Ministry of the Interior building on the Plaza de la Revolucion Havana Council of State Edit President Juan Esteban Lazo Hernandez First Vice President Ana Maria Mari Machado Vice Presidents Juan Esteban Lazo Hernandez Gladys Maria Bejerano Portela Jose Ramon Machado Ventura Secretary Homero Acosta AlvarezCouncil of Ministers Edit Prime Minister Manuel Marrero First Deputy Prime Minister Salvador Valdes Mesa Deputy Prime Ministers Marino Alberto Murillo Jorge Ulises Rosales del Toro Ramiro Valdes Menendez Ricardo Cabrisas Ruiz Antonio Enrique Lusson Batlle Minister of Interior Lazaro Alberto Alvarez Casas Minister of the Armed Forces Alvaro Lopez MieraNational Assembly of People s Power Edit President Esteban Lazo Hernandez Vice President Jaime Alberto Crombet Hernandez Baquero Secretary Miriam Brito SarrocaForeign relations Edit Vladimir Putin and Fidel Castro in 2000 Main article Foreign relations of Cuba Cuba s foreign policy has been scaled back and redirected as a result of economic hardship after the collapse of the Soviet bloc Without massive Soviet subsidies and its primary trading partner Cuba was comparatively isolated in the 1990s but has since entered bilateral co operation with several South American countries most notably Venezuela and Bolivia Cuba has normal diplomatic and economic relations with every country in the Western hemisphere except El Salvador and the United States El Salvador under the new government of Mauricio Funes is expected to institute both in June 2009 32 The United States continues an embargo so long as Cuba continues to refuse to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights 33 The European Union accuses Cuba of continuing flagrant violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms but also Reiterates its condemnation of the US embargo on Cuba and calls for it to be lifted forthwith as the UN General Assembly has repeatedly demanded 34 Cuba has developed a growing relationship with the People s Republic of China and Russia In all Cuba continues to have formal relations with 160 nations and provided civilian assistance workers principally medical in more than 20 nations 35 More than two million exiles have escaped to foreign countries Cuba s present foreign minister is Bruno Rodriguez Parrilla Poster urging citizens to vote to make the socialist system permanent and irrevocable by amending the constitution Candidates of the 2008 elections of the national and provincial parliaments in Santiago de CubaAuthoritarianism EditMain article Cuba and democracy Further information International rankings of Cuba Political scientists characterize the political system of Cuba as non democratic and authoritarian 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 It is a single party authoritarian regime where political opposition is not permitted 39 41 There are elections in Cuba but critics challenge whether they are democratic 43 44 Censorship of information including limits to internet access is extensive 45 46 and independent journalism is repressed in Cuba 47 Reporters Without Borders has characterized Cuba as one of the worst countries in the world for press freedom 48 49 Officially Cuba frames itself as a people s democracy as opposed to the liberal democracy of Western states Cuba thus rejects criticism of its political system as a lack of appreciation for different forms of democracy other than those in capitalist states 50 It alludes to the grass roots elements in the nomination of candidates at neighborhood level in the so called circunscripciones 51 Opposition groups inside and outside the country as well as a summary published by Human Rights Watch 52 and certain foreign governments have described the Cuban political system as undemocratic The United States Government has initiated various policy measures these have been ostensibly designed to urge Cuba to undertake political change towards a multi party electoral system These plans have been condemned by the Cuban Government who accuses the United States of meddling in Cuba s affairs 53 Human rights EditMain article Human rights in Cuba According to Human Rights Watch Castro constructed a repressive machinery that continues to deprive Cubans of their basic rights 54 The Cuban government has been accused of numerous human rights abuses including torture arbitrary imprisonment unfair trials and extrajudicial executions a k a El Paredon 55 Human Rights Watch reports that the government represses nearly all forms of political dissent There are many restrictions on leaving the country citation needed The country s first ever transgender municipal delegate was elected in the province of Villa Clara in early 2013 Adela Hernandez is a resident of the town of Caibarien and works as a nurse electrocardiogram specialist In Cuba delegates are not professional politicians and therefore do not receive a government salary 56 Corruption EditMain article Corruption in Cuba The 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ranked the Cuba 58th out of 176 countries tied with Jordan and Namibia 57 and has lower levels than most of the other countries in the Caribbean and Central America In 2006 it was ranked in 112th place tied with India References Edit Fidel Castro Loyal Follower of Jose Marti Escambray en escambray cu November 30 2017 Whitney W T Jr January 22 2018 Jose Marti soul of the Cuban Revolution a b c Cuba to reshape government with new constitution Washingtonpost com Archived from the original on 15 July 2018 Retrieved 9 January 2020 a b Cuba ditches aim of building communism from draft constitution Theguardian com 22 July 2018 Retrieved 9 January 2020 Cuban Constitution of 2019 11 April 2019 Retrieved 9 January 2020 Patrick Oppmann 19 April 2021 Meet the new leader of Cuba s Communist Party CNN Retrieved 2021 05 19 Levitsky Steven Way Lucan A 2010 08 16 Competitive Authoritarianism Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War Cambridge University Press pp 361 363 ISBN 978 1 139 49148 8 Lachapelle Jean Levitsky Steven Way Lucan A Casey Adam E 2020 Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability World Politics 72 4 557 600 doi 10 1017 S0043887120000106 ISSN 0043 8871 S2CID 225096277 Hawkins Darren 2001 Democratization Theory and Nontransitions Insights from Cuba Comparative Politics 33 4 441 461 doi 10 2307 422443 ISSN 0010 4159 JSTOR 422443 Galvis Angela Fonseca Superti Chiara 2019 10 03 Who wins the most when everybody wins Predicting candidate performance in an authoritarian election Democratization 26 7 1278 1298 doi 10 1080 13510347 2019 1629420 ISSN 1351 0347 S2CID 197727359 Dominguez Jorge I Galvis Angela Fonseca Superti Chiara 2017 Authoritarian Regimes and Their Permitted Oppositions Election Day Outcomes in Cuba Latin American Politics and Society 59 2 27 52 doi 10 1111 laps 12017 ISSN 1531 426X S2CID 157677498 Stein Elizabeth Ann 2016 Information and Civil Unrest in Dictatorships Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics doi 10 1093 acrefore 9780190228637 013 35 ISBN 978 0 19 022863 7 Impediments to Human rights in Cuban Law Part III Cuba s Repressive Machinery Human Rights Forty Years After the Revolution Human Rights Watch June 1999 ISBN 1 56432 234 3 Retrieved 7 August 2012 Moynihan Michael C 22 February 2008 Still Stuck on Castro How the press handled a tyrant s farewell Archived from the original on 20 September 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2009 62nd General Assembly Reports Cuba Inter American Press Association 3 October 2006 Retrieved 6 August 2012 Press Freedom Index 2015 Reporters Without Borders Retrieved 12 November 2015 Press Freedom Index 2008 PDF Reporters Without Borders 2008 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 03 03 Cuba sets out new constitutional reforms BBC News 15 July 2018 Retrieved 2020 01 09 Marc Frank 21 February 2019 Explainer What is old and new in Cuba s proposed constitution Reuters Retrieved 9 January 2020 Antonio Recio 21 August 2018 Some Traps in Cuba s New Constitution The Havana Times Cuba expands rights but rejects radical change in updated constitution UPI Retrieved 2019 01 09 Mega Emiliano Rodriguez 2019 03 08 Cuba acknowledges climate change threats in its constitution Nature 567 7747 155 Bibcode 2019Natur 567 155M doi 10 1038 d41586 019 00760 3 PMID 30862928 Cuban Political system Cuba education tools Cuba s Parliament Seeks to Approve Constitutional Change Ratifying Socialism Associated Press June 21 2002 Retrieved January 21 2016 AFP Cuba s neighborhood watches 50 years of eyes ears 2013 04 10 Archived from the original on 2013 04 10 Retrieved 2019 03 06 IPU PARLINE database CUBA Asamblea nacional del Poder popular General information archive ipu org El sistema politico y electoral cubano Archived 2009 01 30 at the Wayback Machine Cubasocialista com Retrieved on 2011 09 30 Ley No 127 Articulo 93 1 PDF August 19 2019 Cuban Solidarity Campaign Cuban Democracy Fact Sheet PDF Retrieved 27 June 2022 Cuba Asamblea nacional del Poder popular National Assembly of the People s Power Electoral System Inter Parliamentary Union Lijphart Elections Archive UC San Diego US Lawmakers Say Normalize Cuba Relations Archived 2009 09 03 at the Wayback Machine lataminfo org April 2009 Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 State Department EU Cuba relations Official Journal of the European Union 4 September 2003 Cuba 09 01 US Department of State report Hoffmann Bert 2015 10 01 The international dimension of authoritarian regime legitimation insights from the Cuban case Journal of International Relations and Development 18 4 556 574 doi 10 1057 jird 2014 9 ISSN 1581 1980 S2CID 144107918 Levitsky Steven Way Lucan A 2010 08 16 Competitive Authoritarianism Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War Cambridge University Press pp 361 363 ISBN 978 1 139 49148 8 Lachapelle Jean Levitsky Steven Way Lucan A Casey Adam E 2020 Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability World Politics 72 4 557 600 doi 10 1017 S0043887120000106 ISSN 0043 8871 S2CID 225096277 a b Miller Nicola 2003 01 01 The Absolution of History Uses of the Past in Castro s Cuba Journal of Contemporary History 38 1 147 162 doi 10 1177 0022009403038001969 ISSN 0022 0094 S2CID 153348631 Geoffray Marie Laure 2015 Transnational Dynamics of Contention in Contemporary Cuba Journal of Latin American Studies 47 2 223 249 doi 10 1017 S0022216X15000048 ISSN 0022 216X S2CID 146318186 a b Schedler Andreas Hoffmann Bert 2015 Communicating authoritarian elite cohesion Democratization 23 93 117 doi 10 1080 13510347 2015 1095181 ISSN 1351 0347 S2CID 146645252 Hawkins Darren 2001 Democratization Theory and Nontransitions Insights from Cuba Comparative Politics 33 4 441 461 doi 10 2307 422443 ISSN 0010 4159 JSTOR 422443 Galvis Angela Fonseca Superti Chiara 2019 10 03 Who wins the most when everybody wins Predicting candidate performance in an authoritarian election Democratization 26 7 1278 1298 doi 10 1080 13510347 2019 1629420 ISSN 1351 0347 S2CID 197727359 Dominguez Jorge I Galvis Angela Fonseca Superti Chiara 2017 Authoritarian Regimes and Their Permitted Oppositions Election Day Outcomes in Cuba Latin American Politics and Society 59 2 27 52 doi 10 1111 laps 12017 ISSN 1531 426X S2CID 157677498 Impediments to Human rights in Cuban Law Part III Cuba s Repressive Machinery Human Rights Forty Years After the Revolution Human Rights Watch June 1999 ISBN 1 56432 234 3 Retrieved 7 August 2012 Moynihan Michael C 22 February 2008 Still Stuck on Castro How the press handled a tyrant s farewell Archived from the original on 20 September 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2009 62nd General Assembly Reports Cuba Inter American Press Association 3 October 2006 Retrieved 6 August 2012 Press Freedom Index 2015 Reporters Without Borders Retrieved 12 November 2015 Press Freedom Index 2008 PDF Reporters Without Borders 2008 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 03 03 Roman Peter Electing Cuba s National Assembly Deputies Proposals Selections Nominations and Campaigns PDF Retrieved 2 January 2015 Mendoza Juan Elecciones en Cuba un proceso democratico Cubadebate Cubadebate Retrieved 2 January 2015 Human Rights Watch Country Summary Cuba PDF Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch Retrieved 2 January 2015 Cuban official discounts US action Television New Zealand Reuters 14 July 2006 Retrieved 3 November 2011 Cuba Fidel Castro s Abusive Machinery Remains Intact Human Rights Watch Information about human rights in Cuba in Spanish Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos April 7 1967 Retrieved 2006 07 09 Fernando Ravsberg 8 January 2014 Cuba s First Transsexual Politician Havana Times Retrieved 9 January 2014 Transparency International the global coalition against corruption Transparency International 2012 Retrieved 24 March 2012 Further reading EditErikson Daniel P 2005 Charting Castro s Possible Successors SAIS Review 25 1 89 103 Evenson Debra 1994 Revolution in the balance Law and society in contemporary Cuba Westview Press Boulder ISBN 0 8133 8466 4 Grenier Yvon 2017 Culture and the Cuban State Participation Recognition and Dissonance under Communism Lexington Books fr Danielle Bleitrach and Jean Francois Bonaldi Cuba Fidel et le Che ou l aventure du socialisme Editions Le Temps des Cerises 2009 ISBN 978 2 8410 9671 8 External links Edit Cuba portalCubaweb Official Cuban Web Portal Gobierno de la Republica de Cuba Government of the Republic of Cuba Cuban Parliament People s Supreme Court Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Politics of Cuba amp oldid 1145697272, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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