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Cross pattée

November 12, 2023

Not to be confused with Bolnisi cross.
For the German variation, see Iron Cross.

A cross pattée, cross patty, or cross paty, also known as a cross formy or cross formée (French: croix pattée, German: Tatzenkreuz), is a type of Christian cross with arms that are narrow at the centre, and often flared in a curve or straight line shape, to be broader at the perimeter. The form appears very early in medieval art, for example in a metalwork treasure binding given to Monza Cathedral by Queen Theodelinda (died 628), and the 8th-century lower cover of the Lindau Gospels in the Morgan Library. An early English example from the start of the age of heraldry proper (i.e. about 1200) is found in the arms of Baron Berkeley.

Standard form of the cross pattée

Etymology edit

The word pattée is a French adjective in the feminine form used in its full context as la croix pattée, meaning literally "footed cross", from the noun patte, meaning literally foot, generally that of an animal.[1] The cross has four splayed feet, each akin to the foot, for example, of a chalice or candelabrum. In German it is called Tatzenkreuz from Tatze, foot, paw. Planché provides a dubious suggestion that the term comes from the Latin verb pateo, to lie open, be spread. He states it to be discernible on the standard of King Stephen (1135–1154).[2]

Variants edit

Several variants exist as follows:

A sample of variants of the cross pattée
Image Description
 
 With the edges of the arms concave throughout. Best known for its use as the Iron Cross, based on the Leechkirche [de] of the Teutonic Order (image), used as a symbol of the German Empire that was present in its War Ensign and war materiel, including on Luftstreitkräfte aircraft until April 1918 when the Balkenkreuz was introduced.
 
 A cross pattée with a sharp point added to the lower limb, as if for use in staking into the ground, but used to represent a sword in the Cross of Saint James (also known as "sword cross"). [3]
 
 With less curvature, used on Luftstreitkräfte aircraft until April 1918, and the basis for the similar cross used by the armed forces of modern Germany, the Bundeswehr.
 
 Bolnisi cross, official national symbol of the republic of Georgia, used on flag, coat of arms and various official and unofficial organizations of this country.
 
 With the ends of the arms convex and curved; sometimes called cross alisée (French: croix pattée alésée arrondie, lit. 'rounded reamed patté[4] cross').
 
[dubious – discuss]		 With triangular arms which come close to filling a square.
 
[dubious – discuss]		 With triangular arms that do not fill the square, used on flag, coat of arms and various medals, also known as the Saint George's Cross in Sweden and the Cossack cross in Ukraine.
 
 With straight parallel lines at the centre, it still fits the general definition of "having branches that widen by curving at their ends",[4] and is considered pattée in Rudolf Koch's The Book of Signs[5] (German: Das Zeichenbuch).

Use in crowns edit

Many crowns worn by monarchs have jewelled crosses pattées mounted atop the band. Most crowns possess at least four such crosses, from which the half arches rise. Some crowns are designed so that the half-arches can be detached, allowing the circlet to be worn separately on occasion.

A cross pattée is particularly associated with crowns in Christian countries. It is often heavily jewelled, with diamonds and precious stones. The Koh-i-Noor diamond is set in a cross pattée on the Crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother. The British Imperial State Crown has a base of four crosses pattée alternating with four fleurs-de-lis. A cross pattée on the Imperial State Crown holds the Black Prince's Ruby. The cross pattée also features in many of the other British Crowns including the St Edward's Crown, used for coronations, and the Imperial Crown of India created for George V as Emperor of India to wear at the Delhi Durbar of 1911.

Use by Crusaders, Prussia, and Germany edit

Teutonic Knights edit

This cross is often associated with the Crusades. The heraldic cross pattée was sometimes used by the Teutonic Knights, a Crusader order, though their more usual emblem was a plain straight black cross on white field.[citation needed].

Iron Cross edit

In 1813, King Frederick William III of Prussia established the Iron Cross as a decoration for military valor, and it remained in use, in various forms, by Prussia and later Germany until 1945. A stylized version of the Iron Cross is used to date by the German army (Bundeswehr) as its symbol of nationality, and is found on vehicles, aircraft and publications.

Prussian and Imperial German Landwehr and Landsturm troops used a Cross Pattée cap badge to distinguish them from regular army troops. A stylized version of the Cross Pattée is used by the modern German military (Bundeswehr) as its symbol of nationality, and is found on vehicles, aircraft and publications, with no border of any kind at the ends of each arm (as was the case with the Balkenkreuz used on German aircraft in 1918-1945).

Modern usage edit

Belarus edit

The cross pattée is adopted in several municipal coats of arms of Belarus.

Canada edit

The cross pattée, a traditional Royal symbol in Canada,[6] has been incorporated into official national symbols, provincial symbols and the insignia of various national armed forces. The Arms of Canada, numerous provincial coat of arms and the badges of the Canadian Forces feature St Edward's Crown; that displays four cross pattée and four fleur-de-lys, supporting two dipped arches topped by a monde and another cross pattée.[7] Numerous orders, decorations, and medals of Canada are designed with a cross pattée, including the nation's highest civilian honour, the Order of Merit and the Victoria Cross of Canada the highest military honour that is derived from that of the British original Victoria Cross.[8]

  •  

    Arms of Canada (1957 rendition)

  •  

    Coat of arms of Québec

  •  

    Badge of the Canadian Forces

  •  

    Order of Merit

France edit

The cross pattée can be found on coats of arms of various French communes.

Georgia edit

Main article: Bolnisi cross

The Bolnisi cross (Georgian: ბოლნისის ჯვარი bolnisis ǰvari) is a cross symbol, taken from a 5th-century ornament at the Bolnisi Sioni church, which came to be used as one of the oldest national symbol of Georgia. It was used on the flags and coat of arms of the Kingdom of Georgia and the current Republic of Georgia, with its various organizations and administrative divisions.

Latvia edit

Montenegro edit

Main article: Flag of Montenegro

The Montenegrin cross-flag (Krstaš-barjak) has been used in Montenegro since medieval times to represent the state, and lately its military divisions. Use of this flag was first recorded in 1687.[9][better source needed] During the 1990s, it was used as a symbol of Montenegrin independence movement, most notably by the Liberal Alliance of Montenegro. Nowadays, Montenegro's Royal Capital City Cetinje uses krstaš flag as its flag. It is also used as an unofficial alternate Montenegrin flag, as well as by local trademarks and societies related to Montenegro.

Poland edit

 
Guards at Poland's Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw. Behind them, the Virtuti Militari emblem.

Portugal edit

Main article: Order of Christ Cross

The Portuguese heraldry makes a very common use of three variants of the cross pattée, the standard form (also as a variant of the Maltese cross proper, associated with the Knights Hospitaller), the Alisee form (associated with the Knights Templar) and the Order of Christ cross (associated with this order of chivalry and also used as one of main the National symbols of Portugal). These crosses are often present on the arms of the municipalities located in former domains of these orders.

Russia edit

Spain edit

Sweden edit

In Sweden, the term "Saint George's Cross" sometimes refers to the cross pattée used by Swedish Freemasons.[10] For example, the cross of the Swedish Order of Freemasons was defined by the King of Sweden in 1928 to be a "red St George's cross with triangular arms".[11]

Ukraine edit

In Ukraine, the "cossack cross" was used historically in banners by cossacks, installed on their graves, and nowadays part of emblems of a number of Ukrainian state bodies connected with security, including the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Military edit

Volhynia edit

See also: Volhynia

Eastern Podolia edit

Poltava (Myrhorod [Cossack] Cross) edit

United Kingdom edit

University of Durham edit

United States edit

Other uses edit

The cross pattée is also placed before the name of the bishop who issues a Catholic imprimatur, and is occasionally found as a map symbol indicating the location of a Christian site.

It appears in the emblem of:

Firefighters, especially in the United States, commonly use a version with triangular arms for patches and medals, though the cross pattée and the cross of St. Florian are both commonly mistaken for the Maltese cross. The cross pattée is used on the Marksmanship Badge in the United States Army, and United States Marine Corps.

Encoding edit

In Unicode, a Cross pattée character is encoded under the name "Maltese Cross" in the Dingbats range at code point U+2720 (✠).

The character "X" is rendered as a cross pattée in the Microsoft Wingdings font.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Francaise Lexis, Paris, 1993, p.1356
  2. ^ Planché, J.R. The Pursuivant of Arms; or Heraldry Founded upon Facts. London, 1859, p.29
  3. ^ Davies, Nikolas; Jokiniemi, Erkki (2012). Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction. Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 9781136410253.
  4. ^ a b "PATTÉ : Définition de PATTÉ". Centre National de Ressources Textualles et Lexicales. 2012. from the original on 2023-08-11. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
  5. ^ Koch, Rudolf (1955). The book of signs. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486201627. OCLC 509534.
  6. ^ Healey, T. (1977). The Symbolism of the Cross in Sacred and Secular Art. Leonardo, 10(4), 289-294. doi:10.2307/1573764
  7. ^ "Arms & Badges - Royal Arms of Canada, A Brief History". www.heraldry.ca.
  8. ^ Defence, National (November 2, 2018). "Canadian Medals Chart". aem.
  9. ^ Cetinje, Official website (English). "Symbols". Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  10. ^ Nationalencyklopedin, "Georgskors", retrieved 12 August 2010. Swedish.
  11. ^ Norrgård, Leif (2009-02-18), "Frimurarkorset – symbol med dunkelt ursprung", Frimuraren (in Swedish), Swedish Order of Freemasons, no. 1, pp. 31–32, 1651-35766, from the original on 2016-08-18, retrieved 3 February 2015.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cross pattée.

November 12, 2023
cross, pattée, confused, with, bolnisi, cross, german, variation, iron, cross, cross, pattée, cross, patty, cross, paty, also, known, cross, formy, cross, formée, french, croix, pattée, german, tatzenkreuz, type, christian, cross, with, arms, that, narrow, cen. Not to be confused with Bolnisi cross For the German variation see Iron Cross A cross pattee cross patty or cross paty also known as a cross formy or cross formee French croix pattee German Tatzenkreuz is a type of Christian cross with arms that are narrow at the centre and often flared in a curve or straight line shape to be broader at the perimeter The form appears very early in medieval art for example in a metalwork treasure binding given to Monza Cathedral by Queen Theodelinda died 628 and the 8th century lower cover of the Lindau Gospels in the Morgan Library An early English example from the start of the age of heraldry proper i e about 1200 is found in the arms of Baron Berkeley Standard form of the cross pattee Contents 1 Etymology 2 Variants 3 Use in crowns 4 Use by Crusaders Prussia and Germany 4 1 Teutonic Knights 4 2 Iron Cross 5 Modern usage 5 1 Belarus 5 2 Canada 5 3 France 5 4 Georgia 5 5 Latvia 5 6 Montenegro 5 7 Poland 5 8 Portugal 5 9 Russia 5 10 Spain 5 11 Sweden 5 12 Ukraine 5 12 1 Military 5 12 2 Volhynia 5 12 3 Eastern Podolia 5 12 4 Poltava Myrhorod Cossack Cross 5 13 United Kingdom 5 13 1 University of Durham 5 14 United States 6 Other uses 7 Encoding 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksEtymology editThe word pattee is a French adjective in the feminine form used in its full context as la croix pattee meaning literally footed cross from the noun patte meaning literally foot generally that of an animal 1 The cross has four splayed feet each akin to the foot for example of a chalice or candelabrum In German it is called Tatzenkreuz from Tatze foot paw Planche provides a dubious suggestion that the term comes from the Latin verb pateo to lie open be spread He states it to be discernible on the standard of King Stephen 1135 1154 2 Variants editSeveral variants exist as follows A sample of variants of the cross pattee Image Description nbsp With the edges of the arms concave throughout Best known for its use as the Iron Cross based on the Leechkirche de of the Teutonic Order image used as a symbol of the German Empire that was present in its War Ensign and war materiel including on Luftstreitkrafte aircraft until April 1918 when the Balkenkreuz was introduced nbsp A cross pattee with a sharp point added to the lower limb as if for use in staking into the ground but used to represent a sword in the Cross of Saint James also known as sword cross 3 nbsp With less curvature used on Luftstreitkrafte aircraft until April 1918 and the basis for the similar cross used by the armed forces of modern Germany the Bundeswehr nbsp Bolnisi cross official national symbol of the republic of Georgia used on flag coat of arms and various official and unofficial organizations of this country nbsp With the ends of the arms convex and curved sometimes called cross alisee French croix pattee alesee arrondie lit rounded reamed patte 4 cross nbsp dubious discuss With triangular arms which come close to filling a square nbsp dubious discuss With triangular arms that do not fill the square used on flag coat of arms and various medals also known as the Saint George s Cross in Sweden and the Cossack cross in Ukraine nbsp With straight parallel lines at the centre it still fits the general definition of having branches that widen by curving at their ends 4 and is considered pattee in Rudolf Koch s The Book of Signs 5 German Das Zeichenbuch Use in crowns editMany crowns worn by monarchs have jewelled crosses pattees mounted atop the band Most crowns possess at least four such crosses from which the half arches rise Some crowns are designed so that the half arches can be detached allowing the circlet to be worn separately on occasion A cross pattee is particularly associated with crowns in Christian countries It is often heavily jewelled with diamonds and precious stones The Koh i Noor diamond is set in a cross pattee on the Crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother The British Imperial State Crown has a base of four crosses pattee alternating with four fleurs de lis A cross pattee on the Imperial State Crown holds the Black Prince s Ruby The cross pattee also features in many of the other British Crowns including the St Edward s Crown used for coronations and the Imperial Crown of India created for George V as Emperor of India to wear at the Delhi Durbar of 1911 Use by Crusaders Prussia and Germany editTeutonic Knights edit This cross is often associated with the Crusades The heraldic cross pattee was sometimes used by the Teutonic Knights a Crusader order though their more usual emblem was a plain straight black cross on white field citation needed nbsp Emblem of the Teutonic OrderIron Cross edit In 1813 King Frederick William III of Prussia established the Iron Cross as a decoration for military valor and it remained in use in various forms by Prussia and later Germany until 1945 A stylized version of the Iron Cross is used to date by the German army Bundeswehr as its symbol of nationality and is found on vehicles aircraft and publications Prussian and Imperial German Landwehr and Landsturm troops used a Cross Pattee cap badge to distinguish them from regular army troops A stylized version of the Cross Pattee is used by the modern German military Bundeswehr as its symbol of nationality and is found on vehicles aircraft and publications with no border of any kind at the ends of each arm as was the case with the Balkenkreuz used on German aircraft in 1918 1945 nbsp German Iron Cross World War I nbsp Modern Bundeswehr emblemModern usage editBelarus edit The cross pattee is adopted in several municipal coats of arms of Belarus nbsp Coat of arms of Klichaw nbsp Coat of arms of Kruhlaye nbsp Coat of arms of Krychaw nbsp Coat of arms of OrshaCanada edit The cross pattee a traditional Royal symbol in Canada 6 has been incorporated into official national symbols provincial symbols and the insignia of various national armed forces The Arms of Canada numerous provincial coat of arms and the badges of the Canadian Forces feature St Edward s Crown that displays four cross pattee and four fleur de lys supporting two dipped arches topped by a monde and another cross pattee 7 Numerous orders decorations and medals of Canada are designed with a cross pattee including the nation s highest civilian honour the Order of Merit and the Victoria Cross of Canada the highest military honour that is derived from that of the British original Victoria Cross 8 nbsp Arms of Canada 1957 rendition nbsp Coat of arms of Quebec nbsp Badge of the Canadian Forces nbsp Order of MeritFrance edit The cross pattee can be found on coats of arms of various French communes nbsp Coat of arms of Ambacourt nbsp Coat of arms of Damouzy nbsp Coat of arms of Fontaine les Luxeuil nbsp Coat of arms of Fontaines Saint Martin nbsp Coat of arms of Saint GondonGeorgia edit Main article Bolnisi cross The Bolnisi cross Georgian ბოლნისის ჯვარი bolnisis ǰvari is a cross symbol taken from a 5th century ornament at the Bolnisi Sioni church which came to be used as one of the oldest national symbol of Georgia It was used on the flags and coat of arms of the Kingdom of Georgia and the current Republic of Georgia with its various organizations and administrative divisions nbsp Bolnisi Sioni inscriptions Oldest Georgian inscription that uses the Asomtavruli script predating the modern Mkhedruli script inside Georgia nbsp Flag of Georgia nbsp Coat of arms of Georgia nbsp Roundel of the Georgian Defense Forces nbsp Coat of arms of the city of BolnisiLatvia edit nbsp Coat of arms of Riga nbsp Coat of arms of VentspilsMontenegro edit Main article Flag of Montenegro The Montenegrin cross flag Krstas barjak has been used in Montenegro since medieval times to represent the state and lately its military divisions Use of this flag was first recorded in 1687 9 better source needed During the 1990s it was used as a symbol of Montenegrin independence movement most notably by the Liberal Alliance of Montenegro Nowadays Montenegro s Royal Capital City Cetinje uses krstas flag as its flag It is also used as an unofficial alternate Montenegrin flag as well as by local trademarks and societies related to Montenegro nbsp Flag of the Prince Bishopric of Montenegro nbsp Montenegrin flag used in the Battle of Vucji Do The N I initials indicate Prince Nicholas I One of the most important historical Montenegrin flags nbsp Flag of Old Royal Capital Cetinje nbsp Coat of arms of Niksic Municipality nbsp Modern Montenegrin Air Force roundel nbsp Montenegrin Police Special Counter Terrorist Unit Insignia nbsp Flag of Montenegrins of Serbia nbsp Order of Prince Danilo IPoland edit nbsp Guards at Poland s Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Warsaw Behind them the Virtuti Militari emblem nbsp Coat of arms of Podkarpackie Voivodeship nbsp Coat of arms of Przemysl nbsp Coat of arms of Rzeszow nbsp Coat of arms of Skierniewice Portugal edit Main article Order of Christ Cross The Portuguese heraldry makes a very common use of three variants of the cross pattee the standard form also as a variant of the Maltese cross proper associated with the Knights Hospitaller the Alisee form associated with the Knights Templar and the Order of Christ cross associated with this order of chivalry and also used as one of main the National symbols of Portugal These crosses are often present on the arms of the municipalities located in former domains of these orders nbsp Coat of arms of Pacos de Ferreira nbsp Coat of arms of Madeira nbsp Roundel of the Portuguese Air Force Russia edit nbsp Emblem of the Border Service nbsp Coat of arms of Kaliningrad nbsp Coat of arms of Kirov Oblast nbsp Coat of Arms of Perm Krai nbsp Coat of arms of Borisovka Belgorod OblastSpain edit nbsp Coat of arms of El Bierzo nbsp Coat of arms of Mondonedo nbsp Coat of arms of Morcin nbsp Coat of arms of Oviedo nbsp Coat of arms of Priorat nbsp Coat of arms of Sabinanigo nbsp Coat of arms of Sitges nbsp Coat of arms of VillafafilaSweden edit In Sweden the term Saint George s Cross sometimes refers to the cross pattee used by Swedish Freemasons 10 For example the cross of the Swedish Order of Freemasons was defined by the King of Sweden in 1928 to be a red St George s cross with triangular arms 11 nbsp Flag of the Swedish Order of Freemasons nbsp Coat of arms of the Swedish Order of FreemasonsUkraine edit In Ukraine the cossack cross was used historically in banners by cossacks installed on their graves and nowadays part of emblems of a number of Ukrainian state bodies connected with security including the Armed Forces of Ukraine Military edit nbsp Flag of the Zaporizhian Sich 16th 18th century and Danubian Sich 17th 18th century nbsp Coat of arms of the Myrhorod regiment of the Cossack Hetmanate 1625 1782 nbsp Coat of arms of the Borzna regiment of the Cossack Hetmanate 1648 1649 nbsp Coat of arms of the Ichnia regiment of the Cossack Hetmanate 1648 1649 nbsp Coat of arms of the Braclav regiment of the Cossack Hetmanate 1648 1667 nbsp Coat of arms of the Kropyvna regiment of the Cossack Hetmanate 1649 1658 nbsp Coat of arms of the Zinkiv regiment of the Cossack Hetmanate 1671 1782 nbsp Coat of arms of the Bohuslav regiment of the Cossack Hetmanate 1685 1712 nbsp Cossack flags preserved from the time of the Khmelnytsky uprising 1651 nbsp flag of the Kharkiv regiment of the Sloboda Cossacks 1651 1765 nbsp flag of the Izium regiment of the Sloboda Cossacks 1688 1765 nbsp Flags and banners of the Black Sea Cossacks 1 military banner of 1788 2 banner of 1803 given by Alexander I 3 kurin badges of 1788 donated by Catherine II nbsp Portrait of the Otaman Yakiv Kukharenko featuring Black Sea Cossack banners nbsp Emblem of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine nbsp Emblem of the General Staff nbsp Emblem of the Defence Intelligence nbsp Emblem of the Ukrainian Armed Forces nbsp Emblem of the Ukrainian Ground Forces nbsp Emblem of the Ukrainian Navy nbsp Emblem of the Ukrainian Air Force nbsp Emblem of the State Border Guard Service nbsp Emblem of the Security Service of UkraineVolhynia edit See also Volhynia nbsp Coat of arms of the Volhynian Duchy Principality nbsp Coat of arms of Volhynia with the Muscovite Monomakh s Cap nbsp Volhynian Voivodeship in the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth nbsp Coat of arms of the Russian Volhynian Vice royaly Namestnichestvo nbsp Coat of arms of Volhynian Governorate nbsp Volhynian Voivodeship in Poland 1920 1939 nbsp Coat of arms of Rivne Oblast nbsp Coat of arms of Zhytomyr OblastEastern Podolia edit nbsp Braclaw Voivodeship nbsp Vinnytsia OblastPoltava Myrhorod Cossack Cross edit nbsp Flag of Poltava Oblast nbsp Myrhorod city nbsp Poltava OblastUnited Kingdom edit University of Durham edit nbsp Coat of arms of the University of Durham nbsp Coat of arms of St Mary s College Durham nbsp Coat of arms of St John s College Durham nbsp Coat of arms of Ustinov College Durham nbsp Coat of arms of the former College of St Hild Durham nbsp Coat of arms of the College of SS Hild and Bede Durham nbsp Coat of arms of John Snow College Durham nbsp Coat of arms of South College DurhamUnited States edit nbsp Southern Cross of Honor used to honor Confederate VeteransOther uses editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message The cross pattee is also placed before the name of the bishop who issues a Catholic imprimatur and is occasionally found as a map symbol indicating the location of a Christian site It appears in the emblem of The Victoria Cross The Distinguished Flying Cross United States The Bundeswehr Cross of Honour for Valour The Badge of Honour of the Bundeswehr The Order of St George The Order For Merit to the Fatherland The Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky The Portuguese Football Federation F C Pacos de Ferreira a Portuguese football club C F Os Belenenses a Lisboeta football club Casa Pia A C a Portuguese sports association Mira Mar SC a Portuguese football club Flag of Asturias a Spanish Principality Toulouse FC a French football club The Sir Knight Geneva Glen Camp s Highest rank in the orders The Knights of Columbus designed in 1883 and called a cross formee Independent Truck Company a manufacturer of skating equipment in the alisee form with the ends of the arms in the shape of arcs of an enclosing circle The Crossmen Drum and Bugle Corps Schneider Cams a speed equipment manufacturer Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama a South African sports club Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama a Brazilian sports club Neath RFC a Welsh rugby club The Eaton House Group of Schools FC Volyn Lutsk a Ukrainian football club Black Label Society a heavy metal band Flag of the Hispanic People The Fifth Corps a unit of the Union Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War from 1862 1865 Firefighters especially in the United States commonly use a version with triangular arms for patches and medals though the cross pattee and the cross of St Florian are both commonly mistaken for the Maltese cross The cross pattee is used on the Marksmanship Badge in the United States Army and United States Marine Corps Encoding editIn Unicode a Cross pattee character is encoded under the name Maltese Cross in the Dingbats range at code point U 2720 The character X is rendered as a cross pattee in the Microsoft Wingdings font See also editCrosses in heraldryReferences edit Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Francaise Lexis Paris 1993 p 1356 Planche J R The Pursuivant of Arms or Heraldry Founded upon Facts London 1859 p 29 Davies Nikolas Jokiniemi Erkki 2012 Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction Routledge p 104 ISBN 9781136410253 a b PATTE Definition de PATTE Centre National de Ressources Textualles et Lexicales 2012 Archived from the original on 2023 08 11 Retrieved 2023 08 11 Koch Rudolf 1955 The book of signs New York Dover Publications ISBN 9780486201627 OCLC 509534 Healey T 1977 The Symbolism of the Cross in Sacred and Secular Art Leonardo 10 4 289 294 doi 10 2307 1573764 Arms amp Badges Royal Arms of Canada A Brief History www heraldry ca Defence National November 2 2018 Canadian Medals Chart aem Cetinje Official website English Symbols Retrieved 18 April 2014 Nationalencyklopedin Georgskors retrieved 12 August 2010 Swedish Norrgard Leif 2009 02 18 Frimurarkorset symbol med dunkelt ursprung Frimuraren in Swedish Swedish Order of Freemasons no 1 pp 31 32 1651 35766 archived from the original on 2016 08 18 retrieved 3 February 2015 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cross pattee Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cross pattee amp oldid 1184478852, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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