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Pre-ejaculate

March 13, 2024

Not to be confused with Premature ejaculation.

Pre-ejaculate (also known as pre-ejaculatory fluid, pre-seminal fluid or Cowper's fluid, and colloquially as pre-cum) is a clear, colorless, viscous fluid that is emitted from the urethra of the penis during sexual arousal. It is similar in composition to semen but has distinct chemical differences. The presence of sperm in the fluid is variable from low to absent. Pre-ejaculate functions as a lubricant and an acid neutralizer.

Pre-ejaculate on the glans of the penis

Origin and composition edit

The fluid is discharged from the urethra of the penis during arousal, masturbation, foreplay or at an early stage during sexual intercourse, some time before the individual fully reaches orgasm and semen is ejaculated. It is primarily produced by the bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands), with the glands of Littré (the mucus-secreting urethral glands) also contributing.[1][2] The amount of fluid that is issued varies widely among individuals. Some individuals do not produce any pre-ejaculate fluid,[3] while others emit as much as 5 ml (0.18 imp fl oz; 0.17 US fl oz).[1][4]

Pre-ejaculate fluid contains chemicals associated with semen, such as acid phosphatase, but other semen markers, such as gamma-glutamyltransferase, are absent.[5]

Function and risks edit

Pre-ejaculate neutralizes acidity in the urethra caused by residual urine, creating a more favorable environment for the passage of sperm.[2] The vagina is normally acidic, so the deposit of pre-ejaculate before the emission of semen may change the vaginal environment to promote sperm survival.[1] Pre-ejaculate also acts as a lubricant during sexual activity,[1] and plays a role in semen coagulation.[1]

Low levels or no sperm exists in pre-ejaculate, although studies examined small samples of men.[4][6] Two contrary studies found mixed evidence, including individual cases of a high sperm concentration.[7][8] Popular belief – dating to a 1966 Masters and Johnson study[9] – stated that pre-ejaculate may contain sperm that can cause pregnancy, which is a common basis of argument against the use of coitus interruptus (withdrawal) as a contraceptive method.[4][6]

Studies have demonstrated the presence of HIV in most pre-ejaculate samples from infected men.[6][10][11]

Overproduction edit

In rare cases, an individual may produce an excessive amount of pre-ejaculate fluid, which may be treatable by a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, such as finasteride.[1]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Chudnovsky, A.; Niederberger, C.S. (2007). "Copious Pre-Ejaculation: Small Glands—Major Headaches". Journal of Andrology. 28 (3): 374–5. doi:10.2164/jandrol.107.002576. PMID 17251594.
  2. ^ a b Chughtai B, Sawas A, O'Malley RL, Naik RR, Ali Khan S, Pentyala S (April 2005). "A neglected gland: a review of Cowper's gland". Int. J. Androl. 28 (2): 74–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00499.x. PMID 15811067. S2CID 32553227.
  3. ^ Vazquez E (1997). "Is it safe to suck?". Posit Aware. 8 (4): 15. PMID 11364482.
  4. ^ a b c Zukerman Z.; Weiss D.B.; Orvieto R. (April 2003). "Short Communication: Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper's Gland Contain Sperm?". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 20 (4): 157–159. doi:10.1023/A:1022933320700. PMC 3455634. PMID 12762415.
  5. ^ Gohara WF (1 February 1980). "Rate of decrease of glutamyltransferase and acid phosphatase activities in the human vagina after coitus". Clinical Chemistry. 26 (2): 254–7. doi:10.1093/clinchem/26.2.254. PMID 6101549.
  6. ^ a b c "Researchers find no sperm in pre-ejaculate fluid". Contraceptive Technology Update. 14 (10): 154–156. October 1993. PMID 12286905.
  7. ^ Killick SR, Leary C, Trussell J, Guthrie KA (2011). "Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid". Human Fertility. 14 (1): 48–52. doi:10.3109/14647273.2010.520798. PMC 3564677. PMID 21155689.
  8. ^ Kovavisarach, E.; Lorthanawanich, S.; Muangsamran, P. (2016). "Presence of Sperm in Pre-Ejaculatory Fluid of Healthy Males". J Med Assoc Thai. 99 Suppl 2: S38–41. ISSN 0125-2208. PMID 27266214.
  9. ^ Masters, W.H. (1966). Johnson, V.E. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. p. 211.
  10. ^ Pudney J, Oneta M, Mayer K, Seage G, Anderson D (1992). "Pre-ejaculatory fluid as potential vector for sexual transmission of HIV-1". Lancet. 340 (8833): 1470. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92659-4. PMID 1360584. S2CID 7106584.
  11. ^ Ilaria G, Jacobs JL, Polsky B, et al. (1992). "Detection of HIV-1 DNA sequences in pre-ejaculatory fluid". Lancet. 340 (8833): 1469. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92658-3. PMID 1360583. S2CID 43112865.

March 13, 2024
ejaculate, confused, with, premature, ejaculation, also, known, ejaculatory, fluid, seminal, fluid, cowper, fluid, colloquially, clear, colorless, viscous, fluid, that, emitted, from, urethra, penis, during, sexual, arousal, similar, composition, semen, distin. Not to be confused with Premature ejaculation Pre ejaculate also known as pre ejaculatory fluid pre seminal fluid or Cowper s fluid and colloquially as pre cum is a clear colorless viscous fluid that is emitted from the urethra of the penis during sexual arousal It is similar in composition to semen but has distinct chemical differences The presence of sperm in the fluid is variable from low to absent Pre ejaculate functions as a lubricant and an acid neutralizer Pre ejaculate on the glans of the penisContents 1 Origin and composition 2 Function and risks 3 Overproduction 4 See also 5 ReferencesOrigin and composition editThe fluid is discharged from the urethra of the penis during arousal masturbation foreplay or at an early stage during sexual intercourse some time before the individual fully reaches orgasm and semen is ejaculated It is primarily produced by the bulbourethral glands Cowper s glands with the glands of Littre the mucus secreting urethral glands also contributing 1 2 The amount of fluid that is issued varies widely among individuals Some individuals do not produce any pre ejaculate fluid 3 while others emit as much as 5 ml 0 18 imp fl oz 0 17 US fl oz 1 4 Pre ejaculate fluid contains chemicals associated with semen such as acid phosphatase but other semen markers such as gamma glutamyltransferase are absent 5 Function and risks editPre ejaculate neutralizes acidity in the urethra caused by residual urine creating a more favorable environment for the passage of sperm 2 The vagina is normally acidic so the deposit of pre ejaculate before the emission of semen may change the vaginal environment to promote sperm survival 1 Pre ejaculate also acts as a lubricant during sexual activity 1 and plays a role in semen coagulation 1 Low levels or no sperm exists in pre ejaculate although studies examined small samples of men 4 6 Two contrary studies found mixed evidence including individual cases of a high sperm concentration 7 8 Popular belief dating to a 1966 Masters and Johnson study 9 stated that pre ejaculate may contain sperm that can cause pregnancy which is a common basis of argument against the use of coitus interruptus withdrawal as a contraceptive method 4 6 Studies have demonstrated the presence of HIV in most pre ejaculate samples from infected men 6 10 11 Overproduction editIn rare cases an individual may produce an excessive amount of pre ejaculate fluid which may be treatable by a 5 alpha reductase inhibitor such as finasteride 1 See also editVaginal lubricationReferences edit a b c d e f Chudnovsky A Niederberger C S 2007 Copious Pre Ejaculation Small Glands Major Headaches Journal of Andrology 28 3 374 5 doi 10 2164 jandrol 107 002576 PMID 17251594 a b Chughtai B Sawas A O Malley RL Naik RR Ali Khan S Pentyala S April 2005 A neglected gland a review of Cowper s gland Int J Androl 28 2 74 7 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2605 2005 00499 x PMID 15811067 S2CID 32553227 Vazquez E 1997 Is it safe to suck Posit Aware 8 4 15 PMID 11364482 a b c Zukerman Z Weiss D B Orvieto R April 2003 Short Communication Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper s Gland Contain Sperm Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 20 4 157 159 doi 10 1023 A 1022933320700 PMC 3455634 PMID 12762415 Gohara WF 1 February 1980 Rate of decrease of glutamyltransferase and acid phosphatase activities in the human vagina after coitus Clinical Chemistry 26 2 254 7 doi 10 1093 clinchem 26 2 254 PMID 6101549 a b c Researchers find no sperm in pre ejaculate fluid Contraceptive Technology Update 14 10 154 156 October 1993 PMID 12286905 Killick SR Leary C Trussell J Guthrie KA 2011 Sperm content of pre ejaculatory fluid Human Fertility 14 1 48 52 doi 10 3109 14647273 2010 520798 PMC 3564677 PMID 21155689 Kovavisarach E Lorthanawanich S Muangsamran P 2016 Presence of Sperm in Pre Ejaculatory Fluid of Healthy Males J Med Assoc Thai 99 Suppl 2 S38 41 ISSN 0125 2208 PMID 27266214 Masters W H 1966 Johnson V E Boston MA Little Brown and Company p 211 Pudney J Oneta M Mayer K Seage G Anderson D 1992 Pre ejaculatory fluid as potential vector for sexual transmission of HIV 1 Lancet 340 8833 1470 doi 10 1016 0140 6736 92 92659 4 PMID 1360584 S2CID 7106584 Ilaria G Jacobs JL Polsky B et al 1992 Detection of HIV 1 DNA sequences in pre ejaculatory fluid Lancet 340 8833 1469 doi 10 1016 0140 6736 92 92658 3 PMID 1360583 S2CID 43112865 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pre ejaculate amp oldid 1213315361, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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