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Works of Aristotle

January 01, 1970

The works of Aristotle, sometimes referred to by modern scholars with the Latin phrase Corpus Aristotelicum, is the collection of Aristotle's works that have survived from antiquity.

The end of Sophistical Refutations and beginning of Physics on page 184 of Bekker's 1831 edition.

According to a distinction that originates with Aristotle himself,[citation needed] his writings are divisible into two groups: the "exoteric" and the "esoteric".[1] Most scholars have understood this as a distinction between works Aristotle intended for the public (exoteric), and the more technical works intended for use within the Lyceum course / school (esoteric).[2] Modern scholars commonly assume these latter to be Aristotle's own (unpolished) lecture notes (or in some cases possible notes by his students).[3] However, one classic scholar offers an alternative interpretation. The 5th century neoplatonist Ammonius Hermiae writes that Aristotle's writing style is deliberately obscurantist so that "good people may for that reason stretch their mind even more, whereas empty minds that are lost through carelessness will be put to flight by the obscurity when they encounter sentences like these."[4]

Not all of these works are considered genuine, but differ with respect to their connection to Aristotle, his associates and his views. Some are regarded by most scholars as products of Aristotle's "school" and compiled under his direction or supervision. Other works, such as On Colors, may have been products of Aristotle's successors at the Lyceum, e.g., Theophrastus and Strato of Lampsacus. Still others acquired Aristotle's name through similarities in doctrine or content, such as the De Plantis, possibly by Nicolaus of Damascus. A final category, omitted here, includes medieval palmistries, astrological and magical texts whose connection to Aristotle is purely fanciful and self-promotional.

In several of the treatises, there are references to other works in the corpus. Based on such references, some scholars have suggested a possible chronological order for a number of Aristotle's writings. W. D. Ross, for instance, suggested the following broad chronology (which of course leaves out much): Categories, Topics, Sophistici Elenchi, Analytics, Metaphysics Δ, the physical works, the Ethics, and the rest of the Metaphysics.[5] Many modern scholars however, based simply on lack of evidence, are skeptical of such attempts to determine the chronological order of Aristotle's writings.[6]

History of the works edit

According to Strabo and Plutarch, after Aristotle's death, his library of writings went to Theophrastus (Aristotle's successor as head of the Lyceum and the Peripatetic school).[7] After the death of Theophrastus, the peripatetic library went to Neleus of Scepsis.[8]: 5 

Some time later, the Kingdom of Pergamon began conscripting books for a royal library, and the heirs of Neleus hid their collection in a cellar to prevent it from being seized for that purpose. The library was stored there for about a century and a half, in conditions that were not ideal for document preservation. On the death of Attalus III, which also ended the royal library ambitions, the existence of Aristotelian library was disclosed, and it was purchased by Apellicon and returned to Athens in about 100 BCE.[8]: 5–6 

Apellicon sought to recover the texts, many of which were seriously degraded at this point due to the conditions in which they were stored. He had them copied out into new manuscripts, and used his best guesswork to fill in the gaps where the originals were unreadable.[8]: 5–6 

When Sulla seized Athens in 86 BCE, he seized the library and transferred it to Rome. There, Andronicus of Rhodes organized the texts into the first complete edition of Aristotle's works (and works attributed to him).[9] The Aristotelian texts we have today are based on these.[8]: 6–8 

Diogenes Laërtius lists, in his Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers (c. 230 CE), works of Aristotle comprising 156 titles divided into approximately 400 books, which he reports as totaling 445,270 lines of writing;[10] however, many of these are lost or only survive in fragments, and some may have been incorrectly attributed.[8]: 9–11 

Aristotle's works by Bekker numbers edit

See also: Bekker numbering

Bekker numbers, the standard form of reference to works in the Corpus Aristotelicum, are based on the page numbers used in the Prussian Academy of Sciences edition of the complete works of Aristotle (Aristotelis Opera edidit Academia Regia Borussica, Berlin, 1831–1870). They take their name from the editor of that edition, the classical philologist August Immanuel Bekker (1785–1871).

Key
*Authenticity disputed.
[ ]Generally agreed to be spurious.
Bekker
number 		Work Latin name
Logic
Organon
1a Categories Categoriae
16a On Interpretation De Interpretatione
24a Prior Analytics Analytica Priora
71a Posterior Analytics Analytica Posteriora
100a Topics Topica
164a On Sophistical Refutations De Sophisticis Elenchis
Physics (natural philosophy)
184a Physics Physica
268a On the Heavens De Caelo
314a On Generation and Corruption De Generatione et Corruptione
338a Meteorology Meteorologica
391a [On the Universe] [De Mundo]
402a On the Soul De Anima
 
Parva Naturalia  ("Little Physical Treatises")
436a Sense and Sensibilia De Sensu et Sensibilibus
449b On Memory De Memoria et Reminiscentia
453b On Sleep De Somno et Vigilia
458a On Dreams De Insomniis
462b On Divination in Sleep De Divinatione per Somnum
464b On Length and Shortness
of Life 		De Longitudine et Brevitate Vitae
467b On Youth, Old Age, Life
and Death, and Respiration 		De Juventute et Senectute, De
Vita et Morte, De Respiratione
 
481a [On Breath] [De Spiritu]
 
486a History of Animals Historia Animalium
639a Parts of Animals De Partibus Animalium
698a Movement of Animals De Motu Animalium
704a Progression of Animals De Incessu Animalium
715a Generation of Animals De Generatione Animalium
 
791a [On Colors] [De Coloribus]
800a [On Things Heard] [De audibilibus]
805a [Physiognomonics] [Physiognomonica]
815a [On Plants] [De Plantis]
830a [On Marvellous Things Heard] [De mirabilibus auscultationibus]
847a [Mechanics] [Mechanica]
859a Problems* Problemata*
968a [On Indivisible Lines] [De Lineis Insecabilibus]
973a [The Situations and Names
of Winds] 		[Ventorum Situs]
974a [On Melissus, Xenophanes,
and Gorgias] 		[De Melisso, Xenophane, Gorgia]
Metaphysics
980a Metaphysics Metaphysica
Ethics and politics
1094a Nicomachean Ethics Ethica Nicomachea
1181a Great Ethics* Magna Moralia*
1214a Eudemian Ethics Ethica Eudemia
1249a [On Virtues and Vices] [De Virtutibus et Vitiis Libellus]
1252a Politics Politica
1343a Economics* Oeconomica*
Rhetoric and poetics
1354a Rhetoric Ars Rhetorica
1420a [Rhetoric to Alexander] [Rhetorica ad Alexandrum]
1447a Poetics Ars Poetica

Fragments edit

Surviving fragments of the many lost works of Aristotle were included in the fifth volume of Bekker's edition, edited by Valentin Rose. These are not cited by Bekker numbers, however, but according to fragment numbers. Rose's first edition of the fragments of Aristotle was Aristoteles Pseudepigraphus (1863). As the title suggests, Rose considered these all to be spurious. The numeration of the fragments in a revised edition by Rose, published in the Teubner series, Aristotelis qui ferebantur librorum fragmenta, Leipzig, 1886, is still commonly used (indicated by R3), although there is a more current edition with a different numeration by Olof Gigon (published in 1987 as a new vol. 3 in Walter de Gruyter's reprint of the Bekker edition), and a new de Gruyter edition by Eckart Schütrumpf is in preparation.[11]

For a selection of the fragments in English translation, see W. D. Ross, Select Fragments (Oxford 1952), and Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, vol. 2, Princeton 1984, pp. 2384–2465. A new translation exists of the fragments of Aristotle's Protrepticus, by Hutchinson and Johnson (2015).[12]

The works surviving only in fragments include the dialogues On Philosophy (or On the Good), Eudemus (or On the Soul), On Justice, and On Good Birth. The possibly spurious work, On Ideas survives in quotations by Alexander of Aphrodisias in his commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics. For the dialogues, see also the editions of Richard Rudolf Walzer, Aristotelis Dialogorum fragmenta, in usum scholarum (Florence 1934), and Renato Laurenti, Aristotele: I frammenti dei dialoghi (2 vols.), Naples: Luigi Loffredo, 1987.

Printed editions edit

Aristotle's works have been published in many printed editions, either as complete editions of all surviving writings or as partial collections. English complete editions include:

  • W. D. Ross translation, 12 vols. (Oxford University Press, 1955)
  • Jonathan Barnes translation, 2 vols., 1984

Notes edit

  1. ^ Barnes 1995, p. 12; Aristotle himself: Nicomachean Ethics 1102a26–27. Aristotle himself never uses the term "esoteric" or "acroamatic". For other passages where Aristotle speaks of exōterikoi logoi, see W. D. Ross, Aristotle's Metaphysics (1953), vol. 2, pp. 408–410. Ross defends an interpretation according to which the phrase, at least in Aristotle's own works, usually refers generally to "discussions not peculiar to the Peripatetic school", rather than to specific works of Aristotle's own.
  2. ^ House, Humphry (1956). Aristotles Poetics. p. 35.
  3. ^ Barnes 1995, p. 12.
  4. ^ Ammonius (1991). On Aristotle's Categories. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2688-X. p. 15
  5. ^ W. D. Ross, Aristotle's Metaphysics (1953), vol. 1, p. lxxxii. By the "physical works", Ross means the Physics, On the Heavens, On Generation and Corruption, and the Meteorology; see Ross, Aristotle's Physics (1936), p. 3.
  6. ^ E.g., Barnes 1995, pp. 18–22.
  7. ^ Strabo. Historical Sketches. Vol. XIII.
  8. ^ a b c d e Aristotle (1885). "On the Nicomachean Ethics, in relation to the other Ethical Writings included among the Works of Aristotle". In Grant, Alexander (ed.). The Ethics of Aristotle, Illustrated with Essays and Notes. Vol. 1 (4th ed.). Longmans, Green & Co.
  9. ^ Porphyry. The Life of Plotinus. 24.
  10. ^ Laërtius, Diogenes. "V. Aristotle". The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.
  11. ^ "CU-Boulder Expert Wins $75,000 Award For Research On Aristotle," 2016-04-18 at the Wayback Machine University of Colorado Office of News Services, December 14, 2005.
  12. ^ D. S. Hutchinson & Monte Ransome Johnson (25 January 2015). "New Reconstruction, includes Greek text".

Sources edit

Works cited
  • Barnes, Jonathan (1995). "Life and Work". The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle.
  • Lynch, John Patrick (1972). Aristotle's School: a Study of a Greek Educational Institution. University of California Press.
  • Novak, Joseph A. (2001). "Abduction and Aristotle's Library" (PDF). Scholarship at Uwindsor.
  • Watson, Walter (2012). The Lost Second Book of Aristotle's Poetics. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226875101.

External links edit

 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Works of Aristotle
 
Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Αριστοτέλης
  • Aristotle's theory of state
  • The Ancient Catalogues of Aristotle's Writings. A Survey of Current Research
  • The Rediscovery of the Corpus Aristotelicum with an annotated bibliography
  • Bekker's Prussian Academy of Sciences edition of the complete works of Aristotle at Archive.org
    • vol. 1
    • vol. 2
    • vol. 3
    • vol. 4
    • vol. 5
  • Lazaris, S. "L’image paradigmatique: des 'Schémas anatomiques' d’Aristote au 'De materia medica' de Dioscoride", Pallas, 93 (2013), p. 131-164 ext. link
  • Oxford Translation of The Works of Aristo

tle at Archive.org

    • vol. 1
    • vol. 2
    • vol. 3
    • vol. 4
    • vol. 5
    • vol. 6
    • vol. 7
    • vol. 8
    • vol. 9
    • vol. 10
    • vol. 11
    • vol. 12

January 01, 1970
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The works of Aristotle sometimes referred to by modern scholars with the Latin phrase Corpus Aristotelicum is the collection of Aristotle s works that have survived from antiquity The end of Sophistical Refutations and beginning of Physics on page 184 of Bekker s 1831 edition According to a distinction that originates with Aristotle himself citation needed his writings are divisible into two groups the exoteric and the esoteric 1 Most scholars have understood this as a distinction between works Aristotle intended for the public exoteric and the more technical works intended for use within the Lyceum course school esoteric 2 Modern scholars commonly assume these latter to be Aristotle s own unpolished lecture notes or in some cases possible notes by his students 3 However one classic scholar offers an alternative interpretation The 5th century neoplatonist Ammonius Hermiae writes that Aristotle s writing style is deliberately obscurantist so that good people may for that reason stretch their mind even more whereas empty minds that are lost through carelessness will be put to flight by the obscurity when they encounter sentences like these 4 Not all of these works are considered genuine but differ with respect to their connection to Aristotle his associates and his views Some are regarded by most scholars as products of Aristotle s school and compiled under his direction or supervision Other works such as On Colors may have been products of Aristotle s successors at the Lyceum e g Theophrastus and Strato of Lampsacus Still others acquired Aristotle s name through similarities in doctrine or content such as the De Plantis possibly by Nicolaus of Damascus A final category omitted here includes medieval palmistries astrological and magical texts whose connection to Aristotle is purely fanciful and self promotional In several of the treatises there are references to other works in the corpus Based on such references some scholars have suggested a possible chronological order for a number of Aristotle s writings W D Ross for instance suggested the following broad chronology which of course leaves out much Categories Topics Sophistici Elenchi Analytics Metaphysics D the physical works the Ethics and the rest of the Metaphysics 5 Many modern scholars however based simply on lack of evidence are skeptical of such attempts to determine the chronological order of Aristotle s writings 6 Contents 1 History of the works 2 Aristotle s works by Bekker numbers 2 1 Fragments 2 2 Printed editions 3 Notes 4 Sources 5 External linksHistory of the works editAccording to Strabo and Plutarch after Aristotle s death his library of writings went to Theophrastus Aristotle s successor as head of the Lyceum and the Peripatetic school 7 After the death of Theophrastus the peripatetic library went to Neleus of Scepsis 8 5 Some time later the Kingdom of Pergamon began conscripting books for a royal library and the heirs of Neleus hid their collection in a cellar to prevent it from being seized for that purpose The library was stored there for about a century and a half in conditions that were not ideal for document preservation On the death of Attalus III which also ended the royal library ambitions the existence of Aristotelian library was disclosed and it was purchased by Apellicon and returned to Athens in about 100 BCE 8 5 6 Apellicon sought to recover the texts many of which were seriously degraded at this point due to the conditions in which they were stored He had them copied out into new manuscripts and used his best guesswork to fill in the gaps where the originals were unreadable 8 5 6 When Sulla seized Athens in 86 BCE he seized the library and transferred it to Rome There Andronicus of Rhodes organized the texts into the first complete edition of Aristotle s works and works attributed to him 9 The Aristotelian texts we have today are based on these 8 6 8 Diogenes Laertius lists in his Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers c 230 CE works of Aristotle comprising 156 titles divided into approximately 400 books which he reports as totaling 445 270 lines of writing 10 however many of these are lost or only survive in fragments and some may have been incorrectly attributed 8 9 11 Aristotle s works by Bekker numbers editSee also Bekker numbering Bekker numbers the standard form of reference to works in the Corpus Aristotelicum are based on the page numbers used in the Prussian Academy of Sciences edition of the complete works of Aristotle Aristotelis Opera edidit Academia Regia Borussica Berlin 1831 1870 They take their name from the editor of that edition the classical philologist August Immanuel Bekker 1785 1871 Key Authenticity disputed Generally agreed to be spurious Bekkernumber Work Latin name Logic Organon 1a Categories Categoriae 16a On Interpretation De Interpretatione 24a Prior Analytics Analytica Priora 71a Posterior Analytics Analytica Posteriora 100a Topics Topica 164a On Sophistical Refutations De Sophisticis Elenchis Physics natural philosophy 184a Physics Physica 268a On the Heavens De Caelo 314a On Generation and Corruption De Generatione et Corruptione 338a Meteorology Meteorologica 391a On the Universe De Mundo 402a On the Soul De Anima Parva Naturalia Little Physical Treatises 436a Sense and Sensibilia De Sensu et Sensibilibus 449b On Memory De Memoria et Reminiscentia 453b On Sleep De Somno et Vigilia 458a On Dreams De Insomniis 462b On Divination in Sleep De Divinatione per Somnum 464b On Length and Shortnessof Life De Longitudine et Brevitate Vitae 467b On Youth Old Age Lifeand Death and Respiration De Juventute et Senectute DeVita et Morte De Respiratione 481a On Breath De Spiritu 486a History of Animals Historia Animalium 639a Parts of Animals De Partibus Animalium 698a Movement of Animals De Motu Animalium 704a Progression of Animals De Incessu Animalium 715a Generation of Animals De Generatione Animalium 791a On Colors De Coloribus 800a On Things Heard De audibilibus 805a Physiognomonics Physiognomonica 815a On Plants De Plantis 830a On Marvellous Things Heard De mirabilibus auscultationibus 847a Mechanics Mechanica 859a Problems Problemata 968a On Indivisible Lines De Lineis Insecabilibus 973a The Situations and Namesof Winds Ventorum Situs 974a On Melissus Xenophanes and Gorgias De Melisso Xenophane Gorgia Metaphysics 980a Metaphysics Metaphysica Ethics and politics 1094a Nicomachean Ethics Ethica Nicomachea 1181a Great Ethics Magna Moralia 1214a Eudemian Ethics Ethica Eudemia 1249a On Virtues and Vices De Virtutibus et Vitiis Libellus 1252a Politics Politica 1343a Economics Oeconomica Rhetoric and poetics 1354a Rhetoric Ars Rhetorica 1420a Rhetoric to Alexander Rhetorica ad Alexandrum 1447a Poetics Ars Poetica Fragments edit Surviving fragments of the many lost works of Aristotle were included in the fifth volume of Bekker s edition edited by Valentin Rose These are not cited by Bekker numbers however but according to fragment numbers Rose s first edition of the fragments of Aristotle was Aristoteles Pseudepigraphus 1863 As the title suggests Rose considered these all to be spurious The numeration of the fragments in a revised edition by Rose published in the Teubner series Aristotelis qui ferebantur librorum fragmenta Leipzig 1886 is still commonly used indicated by R3 although there is a more current edition with a different numeration by Olof Gigon published in 1987 as a new vol 3 in Walter de Gruyter s reprint of the Bekker edition and a new de Gruyter edition by Eckart Schutrumpf is in preparation 11 For a selection of the fragments in English translation see W D Ross Select Fragments Oxford 1952 and Jonathan Barnes ed The Complete Works of Aristotle The Revised Oxford Translation vol 2 Princeton 1984 pp 2384 2465 A new translation exists of the fragments of Aristotle s Protrepticus by Hutchinson and Johnson 2015 12 The works surviving only in fragments include the dialogues On Philosophy or On the Good Eudemus or On the Soul On Justice and On Good Birth The possibly spurious work On Ideas survives in quotations by Alexander of Aphrodisias in his commentary on Aristotle s Metaphysics For the dialogues see also the editions of Richard Rudolf Walzer Aristotelis Dialogorum fragmenta in usum scholarum Florence 1934 and Renato Laurenti Aristotele I frammenti dei dialoghi 2 vols Naples Luigi Loffredo 1987 Printed editions edit Aristotle s works have been published in many printed editions either as complete editions of all surviving writings or as partial collections English complete editions include W D Ross translation 12 vols Oxford University Press 1955 Jonathan Barnes translation 2 vols 1984Notes edit Barnes 1995 p 12 Aristotle himself Nicomachean Ethics 1102a26 27 Aristotle himself never uses the term esoteric or acroamatic For other passages where Aristotle speaks of exōterikoi logoi see W D Ross Aristotle s Metaphysics 1953 vol 2 pp 408 410 Ross defends an interpretation according to which the phrase at least in Aristotle s own works usually refers generally to discussions not peculiar to the Peripatetic school rather than to specific works of Aristotle s own House Humphry 1956 Aristotles Poetics p 35 Barnes 1995 p 12 Ammonius 1991 On Aristotle s Categories Ithaca NY Cornell University Press ISBN 0 8014 2688 X p 15 W D Ross Aristotle s Metaphysics 1953 vol 1 p lxxxii By the physical works Ross means the Physics On the Heavens On Generation and Corruption and the Meteorology see Ross Aristotle s Physics 1936 p 3 E g Barnes 1995 pp 18 22 Strabo Historical Sketches Vol XIII Plutarch Life of Sulla Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans a b c d e Aristotle 1885 On the Nicomachean Ethics in relation to the other Ethical Writings included among the Works of Aristotle In Grant Alexander ed The Ethics of Aristotle Illustrated with Essays and Notes Vol 1 4th ed Longmans Green amp Co Porphyry The Life of Plotinus 24 Laertius Diogenes V Aristotle The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers CU Boulder Expert Wins 75 000 Award For Research On Aristotle Archived 2016 04 18 at the Wayback Machine University of Colorado Office of News Services December 14 2005 D S Hutchinson amp Monte Ransome Johnson 25 January 2015 New Reconstruction includes Greek text Sources editWorks cited Barnes Jonathan 1995 Life and Work The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle Lynch John Patrick 1972 Aristotle s School a Study of a Greek Educational Institution University of California Press Novak Joseph A 2001 Abduction and Aristotle s Library PDF Scholarship at Uwindsor Watson Walter 2012 The Lost Second Book of Aristotle s Poetics University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226875101 External links edit nbsp Wikisource has original text related to this article Works of Aristotle nbsp Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article Aristotelhs Aristotle s theory of state The Ancient Catalogues of Aristotle s Writings A Survey of Current Research The Rediscovery of the Corpus Aristotelicum with an annotated bibliography Bekker s Prussian Academy of Sciences edition of the complete works of Aristotle at Archive org vol 1vol 2vol 3vol 4vol 5 Lazaris S L image paradigmatique des Schemas anatomiques d Aristote au De materia medica de Dioscoride Pallas 93 2013 p 131 164 ext link Oxford Translation of The Works of Aristo tle at Archive org vol 1vol 2vol 3vol 4vol 5vol 6vol 7vol 8vol 9vol 10vol 11vol 12 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Works of Aristotle amp oldid 1202833453, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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