Middle of the road (music)

Middle of the road (also known by its acronym MOR) is a commercial radio format and popular music genre.^[1] Music associated with this term is strongly melodic and uses techniques of vocal harmony and light orchestral arrangements. The format was eventually rebranded as soft adult contemporary.

Etymology and usage

According to music academic Norman Abjorensen, "middle of the road" has referred to a commercial radio format more often than a music genre, although "it has been used to describe a broad type of music" of numerous styles, usually characterized by vocal harmony techniques, prominent melodies, and subtle orchestral arrangements. MOR is somewhat often used as a derogatory term for this type of music.^{[citation needed]} Radio stations that played beautiful music during the 1960s and 1970s were marketed as "MOR radio" in order to differentiate them from related soft adult contemporary and smooth jazz stations.^[2]

Soft rock groups like the Association, the 5th Dimension, the Johnny Mann Singers and Simon & Garfunkel infiltrated the MOR market in the late 1960s.^[3] In the early 1970s, Bread, The Carpenters and John Denver were notable performers in the middle of the road genre. Writing in Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s (1990), Robert Christgau said MOR "applied to radio formats that shun or put stringent tempo and volume restrictions on rock, although 'lite' and 'adult contemporary' are now the preferred evasions."^[4]

Traditional format

The middle of the road music category has traditionally included these genres:

• Easy listening^[5]
• Traditional pop music of the pre-rock and roll era; and, later, revivalist recordings of the style^[6][7]
• Orchestral ballads
• Show tunes
• Smooth jazz melodies
• Soft rock songs and melodies
• Countrypolitan ballads

Peak

As an AM radio format in the United States and Canada, MOR's heyday was the 1960s and the 1970s.^[8] The 50,000-watt AM radio stations WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio; WJR in Detroit, Michigan; WNEW in New York City, New York; WCCO in Minneapolis, Minnesota; KMPC in Los Angeles, California; KIRO and KOMO in Seattle, Washington; WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut; and Canadian stations CFRB in Toronto, Ontario and CKNW in Vancouver, British Columbia, were known as "full-service MOR" stations with scheduled programming other than the MOR music. Even though it was not a 50,000-watt station, WMAL in Washington DC achieved some of the highest ratings and revenue of all radio stations in the country by programming MOR music, news, sports, and very popular announcers. In time, as the listener demographic groups aged and popular music migrated to FM radio, MOR stations found themselves competing with adult contemporary FM stations and AM stations broadcasting the Music of Your Life and adult standards formats. In response, most eliminated music and transmitted only news and talk programs; some continued to play MOR music until the early 1990s. MOR (or at least formats bearing a strong resemblance to MOR) were still available as late as 2013; the Memories/Unforgettable Favorites network, a nationwide MOR satellite service, was available until 2006. Many of the styles and genres of music that had traditionally been heard on MOR formatted stations are currently heard on adult standards-formatted stations.^[9]

Contemporary format

In recent years, the term "middle of the road" has been used pejoratively by genre-specific music aficionados to describe musicians who avoid "edgy" (innovative) material, and who calibrate their musical appeal to commercial, popular musical taste.^[10] Artists such as Westlife (pop),^[11] Kenny Rogers (country)^[12] and Train (rock)^[13] are considered middle-of-the-road.

Moreover, MOR has been used to pejoratively describe a musical band's creative and commercial progress from the innovative path to the tried-and-true-pop-catalogue path. For example, Pitchfork Media's review of Duran Duran's Rio states: "The band peppered the 80s with a number of hot singles (most of which can be found on the unstoppable side A of Rio) before departing for MOR country.",^[14] while on a later review of Coldplay's X&Y, Pitchfork writes that: "U2 recorded I Will Follow, New Year's Day, Bad, and The Joshua Tree, among others, before they wandered off into the MOR wilderness.".^[15]

See also

• Full service radio
• Traditional pop music
• Album-oriented rock (AOR)
• Adult contemporary
• Middlebrow
• MOR Music TV, a defunct music video channel with a home shopping element that mainly carried MOR artists

References

1. Russo, Alexander (2018). "Radio in the Television Era: 1950s-2000s". In Bodroghkozy, Aniko (ed.). A Companion to the History of American Broadcasting. John Wiley & Sons. p. 138. ISBN 978-1118646052.
2. Abjorensen, Norman (2017). Historical Dictionary of Popular Music. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 337. ISBN 978-1538102152.
3. Christgau, Robert (September 19, 1977). "Pazz and Jop Diary". The Village Voice. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
4. CG 80s: Glossary. Robert Christgau. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
5. Sterling, Christopher H (2004). Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume Set. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 1135456496.
6. Music for Middlebrows: Defining the Easy Listening Era, 1946-1966 on JSTOR
7. MOR/Nostalgia/Vintage
8. Simpson, Kate (2011). Early '70s Radio: The American Format Revolution. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 62. ISBN 978-1441129680.
9. Adult Contemporary-COM 418 Radio Programming and Production
10. Frere-Jones, Sasha. "On Top". New Yorker, 3 April 2006, pp. 76-77.
11. Lynskey, Dorian (3 December 2003). "Christmas in Popworld" – via The Guardian.
12. Tell it all brother: Why you should dig the groovy music of Kenny Rogers and the First Edition-Medium
13. "Train : She's On Fire - NME". NME. 12 September 2005.
14. Top 100 Albums of the 1980s. Pitchfork.
15. Review of X&Y - Coldplay. Pitchfork.

Further reading

• Engstrom, Erika (2004). "Middle of the Road Format". In Sterling, Christopher H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Radio. Routledge. ISBN 1135456496.