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Wikipedia

CTGF

January 01, 1970

CTGF, also known as CCN2 or connective tissue growth factor,[5][6] is a matricellular protein of the CCN family of extracellular matrix-associated heparin-binding proteins (see also CCN intercellular signaling protein).[7][8][9] CTGF has important roles in many biological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, angiogenesis, skeletal development, and tissue wound repair, and is critically involved in fibrotic disease and several forms of cancers.[5][6][10]

CCN2
Identifiers
AliasesCCN2, HCS24, IGFBP8, NOV2, connective tissue growth factor, cellular communication network factor 2, CTGF
External IDsOMIM: 121009 MGI: 95537 HomoloGene: 1431 GeneCards: CCN2
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

1490

14219

Ensembl

ENSG00000118523

ENSMUSG00000019997

UniProt

P29279

P29268

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001901

NM_010217

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001892

NP_034347

Location (UCSC)Chr 6: 131.95 – 131.95 MbChr 10: 24.47 – 24.47 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Structure and binding partners edit

Members of the CCN protein family, including CTGF, are structurally characterized by having four conserved, cysteine-rich domains. These domains are, from N- to C-termini, the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) domain, the von Willebrand type C repeats (vWC) domain, the thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR) domain, and a C-terminal domain (CT) with a cysteine knot motif. CTGF exerts its functions by binding to various cell surface receptors in a context-dependent manner, including integrin receptors,[11][12][13] cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs),[14] LRPs,[15] and TrkA.[16] In addition, CTGF also binds growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins. The N-terminal half of CTGF interacts with aggrecan,[17] the TSR domain interacts with VEGF,[18] and the CT domain interacts with members of the TGF-β superfamily, fibronectin, perlecan, fibulin-1, slit, and mucins.[5][6]

Role in development edit

Knockout mice with the Ctgf gene disrupted die at birth due to respiratory stress as a result of severe chondrodysplasia.[19] Ctgf-null mice also show defects in angiogenesis, with impaired interaction between endothelial cells and pericytes and collagen IV deficiency in the endothelial basement membrane.[20] CTGF is also important for pancreatic beta cell development,[21] and is critical for normal ovarian follicle development and ovulation.[22]

Clinical significance edit

CTGF is associated with wound healing and virtually all fibrotic pathology.[9][23] It is thought that CTGF can cooperate with TGF-β to induce sustained fibrosis[24] and to exacerbate extracellular matrix production in association other fibrosis-inducing conditions.[23] Overexpression of CTGF in fibroblasts promotes fibrosis in the dermis, kidney, and lung,[25] and deletion of Ctgf in fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells greatly reduces bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis.[26]

In addition to fibrosis, aberrant CTGF expression is also associated with many types of malignancies, diabetic nephropathy[27] and retinopathy, arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases. Several clinical trials are now ongoing that investigate the therapeutic value of targeting CTGF in fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, and pancreatic cancer.[5]

CTGF (CCN2) has recently been implicated in mood disorders, notably in the postpartum period; these effects may be mediated by its effects on myelination [28]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000118523 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000019997 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ a b c d Jun JI, Lau LF (December 2011). "Taking aim at the extracellular matrix: CCN proteins as emerging therapeutic targets". Nat Rev Drug Discov. 10 (12): 945–63. doi:10.1038/nrd3599. PMC 3663145. PMID 22129992.
  6. ^ a b c Hall-Glenn F, Lyons KM (October 2011). "Roles for CCN2 in normal physiological processes". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68 (19): 3209–17. doi:10.1007/s00018-011-0782-7. PMC 3670951. PMID 21858450.
  7. ^ Chen CC, Lau LF (April 2009). "Functions and mechanisms of action of CCN matricellular proteins". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 41 (4): 771–83. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2008.07.025. PMC 2668982. PMID 18775791.
  8. ^ Holbourn KP, Acharya KR, Perbal B (October 2008). "The CCN family of proteins: structure-function relationships". Trends Biochem. Sci. 33 (10): 461–73. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2008.07.006. PMC 2683937. PMID 18789696.
  9. ^ a b Leask A, Abraham DJ (December 2006). "All in the CCN family: essential matricellular signaling modulators emerge from the bunker". J. Cell Sci. 119 (Pt 23): 4803–10. doi:10.1242/jcs.03270. PMID 17130294.
  10. ^ Kubota S, Takigawa M (August 2011). "The role of CCN2 in cartilage and bone development". J Cell Commun Signal. 5 (3): 209–17. doi:10.1007/s12079-011-0123-5. PMC 3145877. PMID 21484188.
  11. ^ Babic AM, Chen CC, Lau LF (April 1999). "Fisp12/mouse connective tissue growth factor mediates endothelial cell adhesion and migration through integrin αvβ3, promotes endothelial cell survival, and induces angiogenesis in vivo". Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (4): 2958–66. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.4.2958. PMC 84090. PMID 10082563.
  12. ^ Jedsadayanmata A, Chen CC, Kireeva ML, Lau LF, Lam SC (August 1999). "Activation-dependent adhesion of human platelets to Cyr61 and Fisp12/mouse connective tissue growth factor is mediated through integrin αIIbβ3". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (34): 24321–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.34.24321. PMID 10446209.
  13. ^ Schober JM, Chen N, Grzeszkiewicz TM, Jovanovic I, Emeson EE, Ugarova TP, Ye RD, Lau LF, Lam SC (June 2002). "Identification of integrin alpha(M)beta(2) as an adhesion receptor on peripheral blood monocytes for Cyr61 (CCN1) and connective tissue growth factor (CCN2): immediate-early gene products expressed in atherosclerotic lesions". Blood. 99 (12): 4457–65. doi:10.1182/blood.V99.12.4457. PMID 12036876.
  14. ^ Gao R, Brigstock DR (March 2004). "Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) induces adhesion of rat activated hepatic stellate cells by binding of its C-terminal domain to integrin α(v)β(3) and heparan sulfate proteoglycan". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (10): 8848–55. doi:10.1074/jbc.M313204200. PMID 14684735.
  15. ^ Segarini PR, Nesbitt JE, Li D, Hays LG, Yates JR, Carmichael DF (November 2001). "The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/alpha2-macroglobulin receptor is a receptor for connective tissue growth factor". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (44): 40659–67. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105180200. PMID 11518710.
  16. ^ Wahab NA, Weston BS, Mason RM (February 2005). "Connective tissue growth factor CCN2 interacts with and activates the tyrosine kinase receptor TrkA" (PDF). J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (2): 340–51. doi:10.1681/ASN.2003100905. PMID 15601748.
  17. ^ Aoyama E, Hattori T, Hoshijima M, Araki D, Nishida T, Kubota S, Takigawa M (June 2009). "N-terminal domains of CCN family 2/connective tissue growth factor bind to aggrecan". Biochem. J. 420 (3): 413–20. doi:10.1042/BJ20081991. PMID 19298220.
  18. ^ Hashimoto G, Inoki I, Fujii Y, Aoki T, Ikeda E, Okada Y (September 2002). "Matrix metalloproteinases cleave connective tissue growth factor and reactivate angiogenic activity of vascular endothelial growth factor 165". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (39): 36288–95. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201674200. PMID 12114504.
  19. ^ Ivkovic S, Yoon BS, Popoff SN, Safadi FF, Libuda DE, Stephenson RC, Daluiski A, Lyons KM (June 2003). "Connective tissue growth factor coordinates chondrogenesis and angiogenesis during skeletal development". Development. 130 (12): 2779–91. doi:10.1242/dev.00505. PMC 3360973. PMID 12736220.
  20. ^ Hall-Glenn F, De Young RA, Huang BL, van Handel B, Hofmann JJ, Chen TT, Choi A, Ong JR, Benya PD, Mikkola H, Iruela-Arispe ML, Lyons KM (2012). "CCN2/connective tissue growth factor is essential for pericyte adhesion and endothelial basement membrane formation during angiogenesis". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e30562. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730562H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030562. PMC 3282727. PMID 22363445.
  21. ^ Crawford LA, Guney MA, Oh YA, Deyoung RA, Valenzuela DM, Murphy AJ, Yancopoulos GD, Lyons KM, Brigstock DR, Economides A, Gannon M (March 2009). "Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) inactivation leads to defects in islet cell lineage allocation and beta-cell proliferation during embryogenesis". Mol. Endocrinol. 23 (3): 324–36. doi:10.1210/me.2008-0045. PMC 2654514. PMID 19131512.
  22. ^ Nagashima T, Kim J, Li Q, Lydon JP, DeMayo FJ, Lyons KM, Matzuk MM (October 2011). "Connective tissue growth factor is required for normal follicle development and ovulation". Mol. Endocrinol. 25 (10): 1740–59. doi:10.1210/me.2011-1045. PMC 3182424. PMID 21868453.
  23. ^ a b Brigstock DR (March 2010). "Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2, CTGF) and organ fibrosis: lessons from transgenic animals". J Cell Commun Signal. 4 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1007/s12079-009-0071-5. PMC 2821473. PMID 19798591.
  24. ^ Mori T, Kawara S, Shinozaki M, Hayashi N, Kakinuma T, Igarashi A, Takigawa M, Nakanishi T, Takehara K (October 1999). "Role and interaction of connective tissue growth factor with transforming growth factor-beta in persistent fibrosis: A mouse fibrosis model". J. Cell. Physiol. 181 (1): 153–9. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199910)181:1<153::AID-JCP16>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 10457363. S2CID 21284888.
  25. ^ Sonnylal S, Shi-Wen X, Leoni P, Naff K, Van Pelt CS, Nakamura H, Leask A, Abraham D, Bou-Gharios G, de Crombrugghe B (May 2010). "Selective expression of connective tissue growth factor in fibroblasts in vivo promotes systemic tissue fibrosis". Arthritis Rheum. 62 (5): 1523–32. doi:10.1002/art.27382. PMC 3866029. PMID 20213804.
  26. ^ Liu S, Shi-wen X, Abraham DJ, Leask A (January 2011). "CCN2 is required for bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis in mice". Arthritis Rheum. 63 (1): 239–46. doi:10.1002/art.30074. PMID 20936632.
  27. ^ Ellina O, Chatzigeorgiou A, Kouyanou S, et al. (January 2012). "Extracellular matrix-associated (GAGs, CTGF), angiogenic (VEGF) and inflammatory factors (MCP-1, CD40, IFN-γ) in type 1 diabetes mellitus nephropathy". Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 50 (1): 167–74. doi:10.1515/cclm.2011.881. PMID 22505539. S2CID 26045011.
  28. ^ Davies W (Nov 2019). "An analysis of Cellular Communication Network Factor Proteins as candidate mediators of postpartum psychosis risk". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 10: 876. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00876. PMC 6901936. PMID 31849729.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
ctgf, also, known, ccn2, connective, tissue, growth, factor, matricellular, protein, family, extracellular, matrix, associated, heparin, binding, proteins, also, intercellular, signaling, protein, important, roles, many, biological, processes, including, cell,. CTGF also known as CCN2 or connective tissue growth factor 5 6 is a matricellular protein of the CCN family of extracellular matrix associated heparin binding proteins see also CCN intercellular signaling protein 7 8 9 CTGF has important roles in many biological processes including cell adhesion migration proliferation angiogenesis skeletal development and tissue wound repair and is critically involved in fibrotic disease and several forms of cancers 5 6 10 CCN2IdentifiersAliasesCCN2 HCS24 IGFBP8 NOV2 connective tissue growth factor cellular communication network factor 2 CTGFExternal IDsOMIM 121009 MGI 95537 HomoloGene 1431 GeneCards CCN2Gene location Human Chr Chromosome 6 human 1 Band6q23 2Start131 948 176 bp 1 End131 951 372 bp 1 Gene location Mouse Chr Chromosome 10 mouse 2 Band10 A4 10 11 84 cMStart24 471 340 bp 2 End24 474 581 bp 2 RNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse ortholog Top expressed intibiathoracic aortaascending aortasmooth muscle tissuegastric mucosaright coronary arterygallbladderleft coronary arterysaphenous veinsynovial jointTop expressed inascending aortasemi lunar valveankle jointaortic valveankleciliary bodycalvariaintercostal musclebelly cordatrioventricular valveMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular functionfibronectin binding insulin like growth factor binding protein C terminus binding protein binding growth factor activity integrin binding heparin bindingCellular componentcytosol cis Golgi network plasma membrane extracellular region cell cortex perinuclear region of cytoplasm extracellular space extracellular matrix collagen containing extracellular matrixBiological processpositive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process positive regulation of cell activation cell differentiation regulation of chondrocyte differentiation response to amino acid response to estradiol response to anoxia intracellular signal transduction response to mineralocorticoid response to fatty acid DNA biosynthetic process positive regulation of cell death ossification response to organic cyclic compound extracellular matrix constituent secretion lung development response to peptide hormone positive regulation of G0 to G1 transition positive regulation of JNK cascade response to glucose negative regulation of gene expression reactive oxygen species metabolic process fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of cysteine type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process positive regulation of gene expression connective tissue development response to wounding regulation of cell growth angiogenesis tissue homeostasis positive regulation of cell population proliferation chondrocyte proliferation positive regulation of cell differentiation epidermis development positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade positive regulation of protein phosphorylation integrin mediated signaling pathway transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter cell matrix adhesion cell migration cartilage condensation positive regulation of stress fiber assembly human ageing cell adhesion cell cell signaling negative regulation of cell death regulation of signaling receptor activitySources Amigo QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez149014219EnsemblENSG00000118523ENSMUSG00000019997UniProtP29279P29268RefSeq mRNA NM 001901NM 010217RefSeq protein NP 001892NP 034347Location UCSC Chr 6 131 95 131 95 MbChr 10 24 47 24 47 MbPubMed search 3 4 WikidataView Edit HumanView Edit Mouse Contents 1 Structure and binding partners 2 Role in development 3 Clinical significance 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksStructure and binding partners editMembers of the CCN protein family including CTGF are structurally characterized by having four conserved cysteine rich domains These domains are from N to C termini the insulin like growth factor binding protein IGFBP domain the von Willebrand type C repeats vWC domain the thrombospondin type 1 repeat TSR domain and a C terminal domain CT with a cysteine knot motif CTGF exerts its functions by binding to various cell surface receptors in a context dependent manner including integrin receptors 11 12 13 cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans HSPGs 14 LRPs 15 and TrkA 16 In addition CTGF also binds growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins The N terminal half of CTGF interacts with aggrecan 17 the TSR domain interacts with VEGF 18 and the CT domain interacts with members of the TGF b superfamily fibronectin perlecan fibulin 1 slit and mucins 5 6 Role in development editKnockout mice with the Ctgf gene disrupted die at birth due to respiratory stress as a result of severe chondrodysplasia 19 Ctgf null mice also show defects in angiogenesis with impaired interaction between endothelial cells and pericytes and collagen IV deficiency in the endothelial basement membrane 20 CTGF is also important for pancreatic beta cell development 21 and is critical for normal ovarian follicle development and ovulation 22 Clinical significance editCTGF is associated with wound healing and virtually all fibrotic pathology 9 23 It is thought that CTGF can cooperate with TGF b to induce sustained fibrosis 24 and to exacerbate extracellular matrix production in association other fibrosis inducing conditions 23 Overexpression of CTGF in fibroblasts promotes fibrosis in the dermis kidney and lung 25 and deletion of Ctgf in fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells greatly reduces bleomycin induced skin fibrosis 26 In addition to fibrosis aberrant CTGF expression is also associated with many types of malignancies diabetic nephropathy 27 and retinopathy arthritis and cardiovascular diseases Several clinical trials are now ongoing that investigate the therapeutic value of targeting CTGF in fibrosis diabetic nephropathy and pancreatic cancer 5 CTGF CCN2 has recently been implicated in mood disorders notably in the postpartum period these effects may be mediated by its effects on myelination 28 See also editCtgf hcs24 CAESAR CYR61 CCN1 References edit a b c GRCh38 Ensembl release 89 ENSG00000118523 Ensembl May 2017 a b c GRCm38 Ensembl release 89 ENSMUSG00000019997 Ensembl May 2017 Human PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Mouse PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine a b c d Jun JI Lau LF December 2011 Taking aim at the extracellular matrix CCN proteins as emerging therapeutic targets Nat Rev Drug Discov 10 12 945 63 doi 10 1038 nrd3599 PMC 3663145 PMID 22129992 a b c Hall Glenn F Lyons KM October 2011 Roles for CCN2 in normal physiological processes Cell Mol Life Sci 68 19 3209 17 doi 10 1007 s00018 011 0782 7 PMC 3670951 PMID 21858450 Chen CC Lau LF April 2009 Functions and mechanisms of action of CCN matricellular proteins Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41 4 771 83 doi 10 1016 j biocel 2008 07 025 PMC 2668982 PMID 18775791 Holbourn KP Acharya KR Perbal B October 2008 The CCN family of proteins structure function relationships Trends Biochem Sci 33 10 461 73 doi 10 1016 j tibs 2008 07 006 PMC 2683937 PMID 18789696 a b Leask A Abraham DJ December 2006 All in the CCN family essential matricellular signaling modulators emerge from the bunker J Cell Sci 119 Pt 23 4803 10 doi 10 1242 jcs 03270 PMID 17130294 Kubota S Takigawa M August 2011 The role of CCN2 in cartilage and bone development J Cell Commun Signal 5 3 209 17 doi 10 1007 s12079 011 0123 5 PMC 3145877 PMID 21484188 Babic AM Chen CC Lau LF April 1999 Fisp12 mouse connective tissue growth factor mediates endothelial cell adhesion and migration through integrin avb3 promotes endothelial cell survival and induces angiogenesis in vivo Mol Cell Biol 19 4 2958 66 doi 10 1128 mcb 19 4 2958 PMC 84090 PMID 10082563 Jedsadayanmata A Chen CC Kireeva ML Lau LF Lam SC August 1999 Activation dependent adhesion of human platelets to Cyr61 and Fisp12 mouse connective tissue growth factor is mediated through integrin aIIbb3 J Biol Chem 274 34 24321 7 doi 10 1074 jbc 274 34 24321 PMID 10446209 Schober JM Chen N Grzeszkiewicz TM Jovanovic I Emeson EE Ugarova TP Ye RD Lau LF Lam SC June 2002 Identification of integrin alpha M beta 2 as an adhesion receptor on peripheral blood monocytes for Cyr61 CCN1 and connective tissue growth factor CCN2 immediate early gene products expressed in atherosclerotic lesions Blood 99 12 4457 65 doi 10 1182 blood V99 12 4457 PMID 12036876 Gao R Brigstock DR March 2004 Connective tissue growth factor CCN2 induces adhesion of rat activated hepatic stellate cells by binding of its C terminal domain to integrin a v b 3 and heparan sulfate proteoglycan J Biol Chem 279 10 8848 55 doi 10 1074 jbc M313204200 PMID 14684735 Segarini PR Nesbitt JE Li D Hays LG Yates JR Carmichael DF November 2001 The low density lipoprotein receptor related protein alpha2 macroglobulin receptor is a receptor for connective tissue growth factor J Biol Chem 276 44 40659 67 doi 10 1074 jbc M105180200 PMID 11518710 Wahab NA Weston BS Mason RM February 2005 Connective tissue growth factor CCN2 interacts with and activates the tyrosine kinase receptor TrkA PDF J Am Soc Nephrol 16 2 340 51 doi 10 1681 ASN 2003100905 PMID 15601748 Aoyama E Hattori T Hoshijima M Araki D Nishida T Kubota S Takigawa M June 2009 N terminal domains of CCN family 2 connective tissue growth factor bind to aggrecan Biochem J 420 3 413 20 doi 10 1042 BJ20081991 PMID 19298220 Hashimoto G Inoki I Fujii Y Aoki T Ikeda E Okada Y September 2002 Matrix metalloproteinases cleave connective tissue growth factor and reactivate angiogenic activity of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 J Biol Chem 277 39 36288 95 doi 10 1074 jbc M201674200 PMID 12114504 Ivkovic S Yoon BS Popoff SN Safadi FF Libuda DE Stephenson RC Daluiski A Lyons KM June 2003 Connective tissue growth factor coordinates chondrogenesis and angiogenesis during skeletal development Development 130 12 2779 91 doi 10 1242 dev 00505 PMC 3360973 PMID 12736220 Hall Glenn F De Young RA Huang BL van Handel B Hofmann JJ Chen TT Choi A Ong JR Benya PD Mikkola H Iruela Arispe ML Lyons KM 2012 CCN2 connective tissue growth factor is essential for pericyte adhesion and endothelial basement membrane formation during angiogenesis PLOS ONE 7 2 e30562 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 730562H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0030562 PMC 3282727 PMID 22363445 Crawford LA Guney MA Oh YA Deyoung RA Valenzuela DM Murphy AJ Yancopoulos GD Lyons KM Brigstock DR Economides A Gannon M March 2009 Connective tissue growth factor CTGF inactivation leads to defects in islet cell lineage allocation and beta cell proliferation during embryogenesis Mol Endocrinol 23 3 324 36 doi 10 1210 me 2008 0045 PMC 2654514 PMID 19131512 Nagashima T Kim J Li Q Lydon JP DeMayo FJ Lyons KM Matzuk MM October 2011 Connective tissue growth factor is required for normal follicle development and ovulation Mol Endocrinol 25 10 1740 59 doi 10 1210 me 2011 1045 PMC 3182424 PMID 21868453 a b Brigstock DR March 2010 Connective tissue growth factor CCN2 CTGF and organ fibrosis lessons from transgenic animals J Cell Commun Signal 4 1 1 4 doi 10 1007 s12079 009 0071 5 PMC 2821473 PMID 19798591 Mori T Kawara S Shinozaki M Hayashi N Kakinuma T Igarashi A Takigawa M Nakanishi T Takehara K October 1999 Role and interaction of connective tissue growth factor with transforming growth factor beta in persistent fibrosis A mouse fibrosis model J Cell Physiol 181 1 153 9 doi 10 1002 SICI 1097 4652 199910 181 1 lt 153 AID JCP16 gt 3 0 CO 2 K PMID 10457363 S2CID 21284888 Sonnylal S Shi Wen X Leoni P Naff K Van Pelt CS Nakamura H Leask A Abraham D Bou Gharios G de Crombrugghe B May 2010 Selective expression of connective tissue growth factor in fibroblasts in vivo promotes systemic tissue fibrosis Arthritis Rheum 62 5 1523 32 doi 10 1002 art 27382 PMC 3866029 PMID 20213804 Liu S Shi wen X Abraham DJ Leask A January 2011 CCN2 is required for bleomycin induced skin fibrosis in mice Arthritis Rheum 63 1 239 46 doi 10 1002 art 30074 PMID 20936632 Ellina O Chatzigeorgiou A Kouyanou S et al January 2012 Extracellular matrix associated GAGs CTGF angiogenic VEGF and inflammatory factors MCP 1 CD40 IFN g in type 1 diabetes mellitus nephropathy Clin Chem Lab Med 50 1 167 74 doi 10 1515 cclm 2011 881 PMID 22505539 S2CID 26045011 Davies W Nov 2019 An analysis of Cellular Communication Network Factor Proteins as candidate mediators of postpartum psychosis risk Frontiers in Psychiatry 10 876 doi 10 3389 fpsyt 2019 00876 PMC 6901936 PMID 31849729 External links editHuman CTGF genome location and CTGF gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title CTGF amp oldid 1192114266, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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