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Congress of Manastir

March 09, 2023

The Congress of Manastir (Albanian: Kongresi i Manastirit) was an academic conference held in the city of Manastir (now Bitola) from November 14 to 22, 1908, with the goal of standardizing the Albanian alphabet. November 22 is now a commemorative day in Albania, Kosovo [a] and North Macedonia, as well as among the Albanian diaspora, known as Alphabet Day (Albanian: Dita e Alfabetit).[1][2] Prior to the Congress, the Albanian language was represented by a combination of six or more[3] distinct alphabets, plus a number of sub-variants.[4]

The core commission of the Congress:
1. Gjergj Fishta 2. Mid'hat Frashëri 3. Luigj Gurakuqi 4. Gjergj Qiriazi 5. Dom Ndre Mjeda 6. Grigor Cilka 7. Dhimitër Buda 8. Shahin Kolonja 9. Sotir Peci 10. Bajo Topulli 11. Nyz'het Vrioni
Photo by Kel Marubi

Participants

 
Main delegates of the Congress, from top to bottom:
Row 1: Sami Pojani, Zenel Glina, Selman Elbasani, Simon Shuteriqi, Azis Starova, Mati Logoreci, Dhimitër Buda, Adham Shkaba Stratobërdha.
Row 2: Rrok Berisha, Bajo Topulli, Thoma Avrami, Leonidha Naçi, Sotir Peci, Shefqet Frashëri, Luigj Gurakuqi, Shahin Kolonja, Akil Efthim Korça, Zenel Poda.
Row 3: Nyz'het Vrioni, Dhimitër Mole, Gjergj Qiriazi, Gjergj Fishta, Mid'hat Frashëri, Dom Nikoll Kaçorri, Dom Ndre Mjeda, Fehim Zavalani.
Row 4: Refik Toptani, Çerçiz Topulli, Mihal Grameno, Friend of Çerçiz Topulli, Member of Manastir Club.
Notes: Missing in the photo are the following delegates: Hil Mosi, Grigor Cilka, Hafëz Ibrahimi, Emin Beu, Rauf Beu, Selaudin Prizreni. Names in italic are non-delegates.

The congress was held by the Union Association (Albanian language: Bashkimi) literary society[citation needed] at the house of Fehim Zavalani,[5] which served as the headquarters of the union. The participants of the congress were prominent figures of the cultural and political life from Albanian-inhabited territories in the Balkans, as well as throughout the Albanian diaspora. There were fifty delegates, representing twenty-three Albanian-inhabited cities, towns, and cultural and patriotic associations of whom thirty-two had voting rights in the congress, and eighteen were observers.[citation needed] Below is the list of the participants with the right to vote:[5]

  1. Sami Pojani
  2. Zenel Glina
  3. Leonidha Naçi
  4. Simon Shuteriqi
  5. Dhimitër Buda
  6. Azis Starova
  7. Adham Shkaba
  8. Mati Logoreci
  9. Rrok Berisha Gjakova
  10. Bajo Topulli
  11. Grigor Cilka
  12. Sotir Peci
  13. Shefqet Frashëri
  14. Luigj Gurakuqi
  15. Shahin Kolonja
  16. Ahil Eftim Korça
  17. Hilë Mosi
  18. Nyz'het Vrioni
  19. Dhimitër Mole
  20. Gjergj Qiriazi
  21. At Gjergj Fishta
  22. Midhat Frashëri
  23. Nikoll Kaçorri
  24. Ndre Mjeda
  25. Fehim Zavalani
  26. Refik Toptani
  27. Çerçiz Topulli
  28. Mihal Grameno
  29. Parashqevi Qiriazi
  30. Havez Ibrahimi
  31. Rauf Beu
  32. Selahedin Beu

Proceedings

 
The first secular school in the Albanian language, founded in 1887 in Korçë. The picture is from 1899.

The speeches of the first two days with regard to the alphabet were general in character, and helped to create the atmosphere in which to carry out the serious work. The representatives understood the importance of unity, regardless which alphabet was chosen. Gjergj Fishta, who praised the development of the Bashkimi alphabet, declared: “I have not come here to defend any one of the alphabets, but I have come here to unite with you and adopt that alphabet which the Congress decides upon as most useful for uplifting the people”. The audience was deeply moved by Fishta. Hodja Ibrahim Effendi, a Muslim clergyman, rushed to Fishta and embraced him with tears in his eyes.[6]

At the beginning of the Congress, the delegates elected a commission consisting of eleven members (four Muslims, four Orthodox and three Catholics) to make a decision before the other delegates arrived.[7] Gjergj Fishta was elected chairman of the commission, Parashqevi Qiriazi chairwoman and Mit'hat Frashëri its vice-chairman. Luigj Gurakuqi became the secretary of the commission while the other five members of the commission were Bajo Topulli, Ndre Mjeda, Shahin Kolonja, Gjergj Qiriazi and Sotir Peçi. Mit'hat Frashëri was also elected chairman of the congress. The delegates took a besa to accept the decision of the committee. The committee deliberated on the question of a common alphabet for three successive days.[6] They promised, through said besa, that nothing would be known before the ultimate decision.

However, the Congress was unable to choose one single alphabet and instead opted for a compromise solution, using both the Istanbul and Bashkimi alphabets, but with some changes to reduce the differences between them. Usage of the alphabet of Istanbul declined rapidly and it became obsolete over the following years as Albania declared its independence.[6] The Bashkimi alphabet is the predecessor of the official alphabet for the Albanian language in use today. To those who were disappointed that the Congress had chosen two written scripts rather than one, Gjergj Fishta noted that German also had two written scripts. After some discussion, the decision for the use of both the Bashkimi and Istanbul alphabets was accepted by all the delegates. It was also agreed to have every local Albanian authority report to the Union Association, monthly, about developments in their areas. Another agreement resulted in another congress in Ioannina on July 10, 1910.[6]

 
Original letter of the final decision of the Congress with signatures from all the delegates.

On November 20, when the congress was coming to an end, Hodja Vildan, Fazil Pasha and Colonel Riza, three members of the Albanian community of Istanbul, arrived. They were to attend the congress and later advise smaller, similar Albanian societies that operated throughout Albania. At first, the three members sought to protect the writing of Albanian with the use of an Ottoman Turkish alphabet. However, Hodja Vildan nullified his concerns. He denounced Sultan Abdul Hamid and defended the importance of unity among Albanians for self-determination and national spirit. Vildan argued that they had a right to use a Latin script, and that this would be a ‘tool’ for progress. He did not take the same position on the direction of writing and matters of religion, however. Said ideas continued to be defended by him in the other places the three members visited.[8]

Legacy

 
The hotel owned by Fehim Zavalani, where the congress was held in Manastir (Today the Museum of the Albanian Alphabet in Bitola)

The adoption of a Latin character-based Albanian alphabet was considered an important step for Albanian unification.[8][9][10][11] Some Albanian Muslims and clerics, preferring an Arabic-based alphabet, expressed their opposition towards the Latin script due to concerns that it would undermine ties with the Muslim world.[8][9][10] The situation was also alarming for the Ottoman government, as the Albanians were the largest Muslim community in the European part of the empire, apart from the population of Istanbul. The Albanian national movement was regarded as proof that others also felt a relationship to the nation, not just Christians, and that Islam alone could not keep Ottoman Muslims united.[citation needed]

As a result, the Ottoman Empire organised a congress in Debar in 1909, with the intention that Albanians formally declare themselves as Ottomans, promising to defend their territorial sovereignty and adopting an Arabic-based alphabet.[11] They faced strong opposition from nationally minded Albanians, and the Albanian element took total control of the proceedings.[8] While the congress was progressing, members of the CUP in Tirana orchestrated a demonstration, criticising the adoption of a Latin-based alphabet to the local branch of the Union Association. Talat Bey, the interior minister, claimed that the Albanian population supported the use of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet, and not a Latin-based one. The Union Association did not stop the demonstration, instead organizing a congress with 120 attendees in Elbasan.[10]

Due to the alphabet matter and other Young Turk policies, relations among Albanian elites, nationalists, and Ottoman authorities broke down.[11][12] Though at first Albanian nationalist clubs were not curtailed, the demands for political, cultural, and linguistic rights eventually made the Ottomans adopt measures to repress Albanian nationalism, which resulted in two Albanian revolts (1910 and 1912) towards the end of Ottoman rule.[13][14][15]

The Congress of Manastir represents one of the most important events for Albanians,[16] and the most important after the establishment the League of Prizren, not only because of the decisions made, but also because those decisions were to be legally implemented by the Ottoman authorities.[17] In 2008, festivities were organized in Bitola, Tirana and Pristina to celebrate the centenary of the congress. In all schools in Albania, Kosovo and Albanian-majority areas in North Macedonia, the first school hour was dedicated to honouring the Congress and teaching students about it.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The political status of Kosovo is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 out of 193 (52.3%) UN member states (with another 13 recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition), while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own territory.

References

  1. ^ [Alphabet Day celebrated in Macedonia] (in Albanian), portalb.mk, November 22, 2012, archived from the original on September 27, 2013, retrieved September 24, 2013
  2. ^ The message of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kosovo, Hashim Thaci on the event if the 103rd anniversary of the session of the Congress of Manastir on November 14, 1908, Kosovo Prime Minister's Office, November 2011, retrieved September 24, 2013
  3. ^ "Perse u zgjodhen dy alfabete" [Why two alphabets were chosen]. Materiale e Dokumente. Studime Filologjike (in Albanian). No. 4. Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave e RPSSH, Instituti i Gjuhesise dhe i Letersise. 1988. pp. 149–159. ISSN 0563-5780
    Partial publication of the memo of Gjergj Qiriazi to the Austro-Hungarian consulate in Manastir, dated May 25, 1909, 20 pages    {{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  4. ^ Frances Trix (1997), , International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 128: 1–24, doi:10.1515/ijsl.1997.128.1, ISSN 0165-2516, S2CID 143944248, archived from the original on November 22, 2018, retrieved September 24, 2013
  5. ^ a b "14 November 1908, the day of the Congress of Manastir". Albania News. November 14, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ a b c d Gawrych 2006, p. 165
  7. ^ Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. June 13, 2013. p. 504. ISBN 9789004250765.
  8. ^ a b c d Skendi 1967, pp. 370–378
  9. ^ a b Duijzings 2002, p. 163.
  10. ^ a b c Gawrych 2006, p. 182.
  11. ^ a b c Nezir-Akmese 2005, p. 96.
  12. ^ Saunders 2011, p. 97.
  13. ^ Nezir-Akmese 2005, p. 97.
  14. ^ Poulton 1995, p. 66.
  15. ^ ShawShaw 1977, p. 288.
  16. ^ . South Eastern European University. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  17. ^ Mustafa, Avzi (March 19, 2014), Kongresi i dytë i Manastirit [Second Congress of Monastir] (in Albanian), Dielli, Kongresi i parë i Manastirit, pas Lidhjes së Prizrenit, ishte ngjarja më e madhe e popullit shqiptar, që u hapi rrugën jo vetëm të kërkesave legjitime të shqiptarëve, por që edhe ato kërkesa të realizohen në mënyrë legale dhe të jenë të lejuara nga qeveria e Sulltanit përmes rrugës parlamentare. translated
    First Congress of Monastir, after the League of Prizren, was the biggest event for the Albanian people, which not only opened the path to the legitimate demands of the Albanians, but those demands to come implemented pretty soon in a legal way by the Sultan's government through parliamentary channels

Sources

  • Duijzings, Gerlachlus (2002). "Religion and the politics of 'Albanianism': Naim Frasheri's Bektashi writings". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.). Albanian Identities: Myth and History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 60–69. ISBN 9780253341891.
  • Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. ISBN 9781845112875.
  • Lloshi, Xhevat (2008). Rreth Alfabetit te Shqipes [About the Albanian Alphabet]. Logos. ISBN 9789989582684.
  • Nezir-Akmese, Handan (2005). The Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to WWI. London: IB Tauris. ISBN 9781850437970.
  • Osmani, Tomor (1999). "Historia e alfabetit" [History of the Alphabet]. Udha e shkronjave shqipe [The Pathway of the Albanian Letters] (in Albanian). pp. 461–496.
  • Poulton, Hugh (1995). Who are the Macedonians?. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9781850652380.
  • Saunders, Robert A. (2011). Ethnopolitics in Cyberspace: The Internet, Minority Nationalism, and the Web of Identity. Lanham: Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739141946.
  • Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808-1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291668.
  • Skendi, Stavro (1967). The Albanian national awakening. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400847761.

External links

  • Official informational video of the festivities for the 100th anniversary of the Congress of Manastir on YouTube

March 09, 2023
congress, manastir, albanian, kongresi, manastirit, academic, conference, held, city, manastir, bitola, from, november, 1908, with, goal, standardizing, albanian, alphabet, november, commemorative, albania, kosovo, north, macedonia, well, among, albanian, dias. The Congress of Manastir Albanian Kongresi i Manastirit was an academic conference held in the city of Manastir now Bitola from November 14 to 22 1908 with the goal of standardizing the Albanian alphabet November 22 is now a commemorative day in Albania Kosovo a and North Macedonia as well as among the Albanian diaspora known as Alphabet Day Albanian Dita e Alfabetit 1 2 Prior to the Congress the Albanian language was represented by a combination of six or more 3 distinct alphabets plus a number of sub variants 4 The core commission of the Congress 1 Gjergj Fishta 2 Mid hat Frasheri 3 Luigj Gurakuqi 4 Gjergj Qiriazi 5 Dom Ndre Mjeda 6 Grigor Cilka 7 Dhimiter Buda 8 Shahin Kolonja 9 Sotir Peci 10 Bajo Topulli 11 Nyz het Vrioni Photo by Kel Marubi Contents 1 Participants 2 Proceedings 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6 1 Sources 7 External linksParticipants Edit Main delegates of the Congress from top to bottom Row 1 Sami Pojani Zenel Glina Selman Elbasani Simon Shuteriqi Azis Starova Mati Logoreci Dhimiter Buda Adham Shkaba Stratoberdha Row 2 Rrok Berisha Bajo Topulli Thoma Avrami Leonidha Naci Sotir Peci Shefqet Frasheri Luigj Gurakuqi Shahin Kolonja Akil Efthim Korca Zenel Poda Row 3 Nyz het Vrioni Dhimiter Mole Gjergj Qiriazi Gjergj Fishta Mid hat Frasheri Dom Nikoll Kacorri Dom Ndre Mjeda Fehim Zavalani Row 4 Refik Toptani Cerciz Topulli Mihal Grameno Friend of Cerciz Topulli Member of Manastir Club Notes Missing in the photo are the following delegates Hil Mosi Grigor Cilka Hafez Ibrahimi Emin Beu Rauf Beu Selaudin Prizreni Names in italic are non delegates The congress was held by the Union Association Albanian language Bashkimi literary society citation needed at the house of Fehim Zavalani 5 which served as the headquarters of the union The participants of the congress were prominent figures of the cultural and political life from Albanian inhabited territories in the Balkans as well as throughout the Albanian diaspora There were fifty delegates representing twenty three Albanian inhabited cities towns and cultural and patriotic associations of whom thirty two had voting rights in the congress and eighteen were observers citation needed Below is the list of the participants with the right to vote 5 Sami Pojani Zenel Glina Leonidha Naci Simon Shuteriqi Dhimiter Buda Azis Starova Adham Shkaba Mati Logoreci Rrok Berisha Gjakova Bajo Topulli Grigor Cilka Sotir Peci Shefqet Frasheri Luigj Gurakuqi Shahin Kolonja Ahil Eftim Korca Hile Mosi Nyz het Vrioni Dhimiter Mole Gjergj Qiriazi At Gjergj Fishta Midhat Frasheri Nikoll Kacorri Ndre Mjeda Fehim Zavalani Refik Toptani Cerciz Topulli Mihal Grameno Parashqevi Qiriazi Havez Ibrahimi Rauf Beu Selahedin BeuProceedings Edit The first secular school in the Albanian language founded in 1887 in Korce The picture is from 1899 The speeches of the first two days with regard to the alphabet were general in character and helped to create the atmosphere in which to carry out the serious work The representatives understood the importance of unity regardless which alphabet was chosen Gjergj Fishta who praised the development of the Bashkimi alphabet declared I have not come here to defend any one of the alphabets but I have come here to unite with you and adopt that alphabet which the Congress decides upon as most useful for uplifting the people The audience was deeply moved by Fishta Hodja Ibrahim Effendi a Muslim clergyman rushed to Fishta and embraced him with tears in his eyes 6 At the beginning of the Congress the delegates elected a commission consisting of eleven members four Muslims four Orthodox and three Catholics to make a decision before the other delegates arrived 7 Gjergj Fishta was elected chairman of the commission Parashqevi Qiriazi chairwoman and Mit hat Frasheri its vice chairman Luigj Gurakuqi became the secretary of the commission while the other five members of the commission were Bajo Topulli Ndre Mjeda Shahin Kolonja Gjergj Qiriazi and Sotir Peci Mit hat Frasheri was also elected chairman of the congress The delegates took a besa to accept the decision of the committee The committee deliberated on the question of a common alphabet for three successive days 6 They promised through said besa that nothing would be known before the ultimate decision However the Congress was unable to choose one single alphabet and instead opted for a compromise solution using both the Istanbul and Bashkimi alphabets but with some changes to reduce the differences between them Usage of the alphabet of Istanbul declined rapidly and it became obsolete over the following years as Albania declared its independence 6 The Bashkimi alphabet is the predecessor of the official alphabet for the Albanian language in use today To those who were disappointed that the Congress had chosen two written scripts rather than one Gjergj Fishta noted that German also had two written scripts After some discussion the decision for the use of both the Bashkimi and Istanbul alphabets was accepted by all the delegates It was also agreed to have every local Albanian authority report to the Union Association monthly about developments in their areas Another agreement resulted in another congress in Ioannina on July 10 1910 6 Original letter of the final decision of the Congress with signatures from all the delegates On November 20 when the congress was coming to an end Hodja Vildan Fazil Pasha and Colonel Riza three members of the Albanian community of Istanbul arrived They were to attend the congress and later advise smaller similar Albanian societies that operated throughout Albania At first the three members sought to protect the writing of Albanian with the use of an Ottoman Turkish alphabet However Hodja Vildan nullified his concerns He denounced Sultan Abdul Hamid and defended the importance of unity among Albanians for self determination and national spirit Vildan argued that they had a right to use a Latin script and that this would be a tool for progress He did not take the same position on the direction of writing and matters of religion however Said ideas continued to be defended by him in the other places the three members visited 8 Legacy Edit The hotel owned by Fehim Zavalani where the congress was held in Manastir Today the Museum of the Albanian Alphabet in Bitola The adoption of a Latin character based Albanian alphabet was considered an important step for Albanian unification 8 9 10 11 Some Albanian Muslims and clerics preferring an Arabic based alphabet expressed their opposition towards the Latin script due to concerns that it would undermine ties with the Muslim world 8 9 10 The situation was also alarming for the Ottoman government as the Albanians were the largest Muslim community in the European part of the empire apart from the population of Istanbul The Albanian national movement was regarded as proof that others also felt a relationship to the nation not just Christians and that Islam alone could not keep Ottoman Muslims united citation needed As a result the Ottoman Empire organised a congress in Debar in 1909 with the intention that Albanians formally declare themselves as Ottomans promising to defend their territorial sovereignty and adopting an Arabic based alphabet 11 They faced strong opposition from nationally minded Albanians and the Albanian element took total control of the proceedings 8 While the congress was progressing members of the CUP in Tirana orchestrated a demonstration criticising the adoption of a Latin based alphabet to the local branch of the Union Association Talat Bey the interior minister claimed that the Albanian population supported the use of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet and not a Latin based one The Union Association did not stop the demonstration instead organizing a congress with 120 attendees in Elbasan 10 Due to the alphabet matter and other Young Turk policies relations among Albanian elites nationalists and Ottoman authorities broke down 11 12 Though at first Albanian nationalist clubs were not curtailed the demands for political cultural and linguistic rights eventually made the Ottomans adopt measures to repress Albanian nationalism which resulted in two Albanian revolts 1910 and 1912 towards the end of Ottoman rule 13 14 15 The Congress of Manastir represents one of the most important events for Albanians 16 and the most important after the establishment the League of Prizren not only because of the decisions made but also because those decisions were to be legally implemented by the Ottoman authorities 17 In 2008 festivities were organized in Bitola Tirana and Pristina to celebrate the centenary of the congress In all schools in Albania Kosovo and Albanian majority areas in North Macedonia the first school hour was dedicated to honouring the Congress and teaching students about it citation needed See also EditCongress of Elbasan Congress of Dibra Second Congress of ManastirNotes Edit The political status of Kosovo is disputed Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008 Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 out of 193 52 3 UN member states with another 13 recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own territory References Edit Ne Maqedoni festohet Dita e Alfabetit Alphabet Day celebrated in Macedonia in Albanian portalb mk November 22 2012 archived from the original on September 27 2013 retrieved September 24 2013 The message of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kosovo Hashim Thaci on the event if the 103rd anniversary of the session of the Congress of Manastir on November 14 1908 Kosovo Prime Minister s Office November 2011 retrieved September 24 2013 Perse u zgjodhen dy alfabete Why two alphabets were chosen Materiale e Dokumente Studime Filologjike in Albanian No 4 Tirana Akademia e Shkencave e RPSSH Instituti i Gjuhesise dhe i Letersise 1988 pp 149 159 ISSN 0563 5780Partial publication of the memo of Gjergj Qiriazi to the Austro Hungarian consulate in Manastir dated May 25 1909 20 pages a href Template Cite magazine html title Template Cite magazine cite magazine a CS1 maint postscript link Frances Trix 1997 Alphabet conflict in the Balkans Albanian and the Congress of Monastir International Journal of the Sociology of Language 128 1 24 doi 10 1515 ijsl 1997 128 1 ISSN 0165 2516 S2CID 143944248 archived from the original on November 22 2018 retrieved September 24 2013 a b 14 November 1908 the day of the Congress of Manastir Albania News November 14 2019 Retrieved November 22 2019 permanent dead link a b c d Gawrych 2006 p 165 Entangled Histories of the Balkans Volume One National Ideologies and Language Policies June 13 2013 p 504 ISBN 9789004250765 a b c d Skendi 1967 pp 370 378 a b Duijzings 2002 p 163 a b c Gawrych 2006 p 182 a b c Nezir Akmese 2005 p 96 Saunders 2011 p 97 Nezir Akmese 2005 p 97 Poulton 1995 p 66 ShawShaw 1977 p 288 Six successful years of SEEU South Eastern European University Archived from the original on May 27 2008 Retrieved November 20 2008 Mustafa Avzi March 19 2014 Kongresi i dyte i Manastirit Second Congress of Monastir in Albanian Dielli Kongresi i pare i Manastirit pas Lidhjes se Prizrenit ishte ngjarja me e madhe e popullit shqiptar qe u hapi rrugen jo vetem te kerkesave legjitime te shqiptareve por qe edhe ato kerkesa te realizohen ne menyre legale dhe te jene te lejuara nga qeveria e Sulltanit permes rruges parlamentare translated First Congress of Monastir after the League of Prizren was the biggest event for the Albanian people which not only opened the path to the legitimate demands of the Albanians but those demands to come implemented pretty soon in a legal way by the Sultan s government through parliamentary channels Sources Edit Duijzings Gerlachlus 2002 Religion and the politics of Albanianism Naim Frasheri s Bektashi writings In Schwanders Sievers Stephanie Fischer Bernd J eds Albanian Identities Myth and History Bloomington Indiana University Press pp 60 69 ISBN 9780253341891 Gawrych George 2006 The Crescent and the Eagle Ottoman rule Islam and the Albanians 1874 1913 London IB Tauris ISBN 9781845112875 Lloshi Xhevat 2008 Rreth Alfabetit te Shqipes About the Albanian Alphabet Logos ISBN 9789989582684 Nezir Akmese Handan 2005 The Birth of Modern Turkey The Ottoman Military and the March to WWI London IB Tauris ISBN 9781850437970 Osmani Tomor 1999 Historia e alfabetit History of the Alphabet Udha e shkronjave shqipe The Pathway of the Albanian Letters in Albanian pp 461 496 Poulton Hugh 1995 Who are the Macedonians Bloomington Indiana University Press ISBN 9781850652380 Saunders Robert A 2011 Ethnopolitics in Cyberspace The Internet Minority Nationalism and the Web of Identity Lanham Lexington Books ISBN 9780739141946 Shaw Stanford J Shaw Ezel Kural 1977 History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey Volume 2 Reform Revolution and Republic The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808 1975 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521291668 Skendi Stavro 1967 The Albanian national awakening Princeton Princeton University Press ISBN 9781400847761 External links EditOfficial informational video of the festivities for the 100th anniversary of the Congress of Manastir on YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Congress of Manastir amp oldid 1078496433, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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