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Conditional access

January 01, 1970

Conditional access (CA) is a term commonly used in relation to software and to digital television systems. Conditional access is that ‘just-in-time’ evaluation to ensure the person who is seeking access to content is authorized to access the content. Said another way, conditional access is a type of access management. Access is managed by requiring certain criteria to be met before granting access to the content.

In software edit

Conditional access is a function that lets you manage people’s access to the software in question, such as email, applications, and documents. It is usually offered as SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) and deployed in organizations to keep company data safe. By setting conditions on the access to this data, the organization has more control over who accesses the data and where and in what way the information is accessed.

When setting up conditional access, access can be limited to or prevented based on the policy defined by the system administrator. For example, a policy might require access is available from certain networks, or access is blocked when a specific web browser is requesting the access.

In digital television edit

Under the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) standard, conditional access system (CAS) standards are defined in the specification documents for DVB-CA (conditional access), DVB-CSA (the common scrambling algorithm) and DVB-CI (the Common Interface).[1] These standards define a method by which one can obfuscate a digital-television stream, with access provided only to those with valid decryption smart-cards. The DVB specifications for conditional access are available from the .

This is achieved by a combination of scrambling and encryption. The data stream is scrambled with a 48-bit secret key, called the control word. Knowing the value of the control word at a given moment is of relatively little value, as under normal conditions, content providers will change the control word several times per minute. The control word is generated automatically in such a way that successive values are not usually predictable; the DVB specification recommends using a physical process for that.

In order for the receiver to unscramble the data stream, it must be permanently informed about the current value of the control word. In practice, it must be informed slightly in advance, so that no viewing interruption occurs. Encryption is used to protect the control word during transmission to the receiver: the control word is encrypted as an entitlement control message (ECM). The CA subsystem in the receiver will decrypt the control word only when authorised to do so; that authority is sent to the receiver in the form of an entitlement management message (EMM). The EMMs are specific to each subscriber, as identified by the smart card in his receiver, or to groups of subscribers, and are issued much less frequently than ECMs, usually at monthly intervals. This being apparently not sufficient to prevent unauthorized viewing, TPS has lowered this interval down to about 12 minutes. This can be different for every provider, BSkyB uses a term of 6 weeks. When Nagravision 2 was hacked, Digital+ started sending a new EMM every three days to make unauthorized viewing more cumbersome.

The contents of ECMs and EMMs are not standardized and as such they depend on the conditional access system being used.[2]

The control word can be transmitted through different ECMs at once. This allows the use of several conditional access systems at the same time, a DVB feature called simulcrypt, which saves bandwidth and encourages multiplex operators to cooperate. is widespread in Europe; some channels, like the CNN International Europe from the Hot Bird satellites, can use 7 different CA systems in parallel.

The decryption cards are read, and sometimes updated with specific access rights, either through a conditional-access module (CAM), a PC card-format card reader meeting DVB-CI standards, or through a built-in ISO/IEC 7816 card reader, such as that in the Sky Digibox.

Several companies provide competing CA systems; ABV, VideoGuard, Irdeto, Nagravision, Conax, Viaccess, Synamedia, Mediaguard (a.k.a. SECA) are among the most commonly used CA systems.

Due to the common usage of CA in DVB systems, many tools to aid in or even directly circumvent encryption exist. CAM emulators and multiple-format CAMs exist which can either read several card formats or even directly decrypt a compromised encryption scheme. Most multiple format CAMs and all CAMs that directly decrypt a signal are based on reverse engineering of the CA systems. A large proportion of the systems currently in use for DVB encryption have been opened to full decryption at some point, including Nagravision, Conax, Viaccess, Mediaguard (v1) as well as the first version of VideoGuard.

Conditional access in North America edit

In Canada and United States, the standard for conditional access is provided with CableCARDs whose specification was developed by the cable company consortium CableLabs.

Cable companies in the United States are required by the Federal Communications Commission to support CableCARDs. Standards exist for two-way communication (M-card), but satellite television has separate standards. Next-generation approaches in the United States eschew such physical cards and employ schemes using downloadable software for conditional access such as DCAS.

The main appeal of such approaches is that the access control may be upgraded dynamically in response to security breaches without requiring expensive exchanges of physical conditional-access modules. Another appeal is that it may be inexpensively incorporated into non-traditional media display devices such as portable media players.

Conditional access systems edit

Conditional access systems include:

Analog systems edit

Digital systems edit

CA ID Name Developed by Introduced (year) Security Notes
0x4AEB Abel Quintic Abel DRM Systems 2009 Secure
0x4AF0, 0x4AF2, 0x4B4B ABV CAS ABV International Pte. Ltd 2006 Secure (Farncombe Certified) CA, DRM, Middleware & Turnkey Solution Provider For DTH, DVBT/T2, DVBC, OTT, IPTV, VOD, Catchup TV, Audience Measurement System, EAD etc.
0x4AFC Panaccess Panaccess Systems GmbH 2010 Secure (Farncombe Certified) CA for DVB-S/S2, DVB-T/T2, DVB-C, DVB-IP, OTT, VOD, Catchup etc.
0x4B19 RCAS or RIDSYS cas RIDSYS, INDIA 2012 Secure CA for DVB-C, IPTV, OTT, VOD, Catchup etc.
0x4B30, 0x4B31 ViCAS Vietnam Multimedia Corporation (VTC) Unknown Secure (Farncombe Certified)
0x4800 Accessgate Telemann Unknown
0x4A20 AlphaCrypt AlphaCrypt Unknown
N/A B-CAS ARIB STD-B25 (Multi-2) Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) 2000 CA for ISDB. Used in Japan only
0x1702, 0x1722, 0x1762 reserved for various non-BetaResearch CA systems Formally owned by BetaTechnik/Beta Research (subsidiary of KirchMedia). Handed over to TV operators to handle with their CA systems. Unknown
0x1700 – 0x1701, 0x1703 – 0x1721, 0x1723 – 0x1761, 0x1763 – 0x17ff, 0x5601 – 0x5604 VCAS DVB Verimatrix Inc. 2010
0x2600

0x2610

BISS

BISS-E

European Broadcasting Union 2002

2018

Compromised, BISS-E secure
0x27A0-0x27A4 ICAS (Indian CAS) ByDesign India Private Limited 2015 Advanced Embedded Secure
0x4900 China Crypt CrytoWorks (China) (Irdeto) Unknown
0x22F0 Codicrypt Scopus Network Technologies (now part of Harmonic) Unknown Secure
0x4AEA Cryptoguard Cryptoguard AB 2008 Secure
0x0B00 Conax Contego Conax AS Unknown Secure
0x0B00 Conax CAS 5 Conax AS Unknown Compromised Pirate cards has existed
0x0B00 Conax CAS 7.5 Conax AS Unknown Secure
0x0B00, 0x0B01, 0x0B02, 0x0BAA Conax CAS 7 Conax AS Unknown Compromised Cardsharing
0x0B01, 0x0B02, 0x0B03, 0x0B04, 0x0B05, 0x0B06, 0x0B07 Conax CAS 3 Conax AS Unknown Compromised Pirate cards has existed
0x4AE4 CoreCrypt CoreTrust(Korea) 2000 S/W & H/W Security CA for IPTV, Satellite, Cable TV and Mobile TV
0x4347 CryptOn CryptOn Unknown
0x0D00, 0x0D02, 0x0D03, 0x0D05, 0x0D07, 0x0D20 Cryptoworks Philips CryptoTec Unknown Partly compromised (older smartcards)
0x4ABF CTI-CAS Beijing Compunicate Technology Inc. Unknown
0x0700 DigiCipher and DigiCipher II Jerrold/GI/Motorola 4DTV 1997 Compromised DVB-S2 compatible, used for retail BUD dish service and for commercial operations as source programming for cable operators.

Despite the Programming Center shut down its consumer usage of DigiCipher 2 (as 4DTV) on August 24, 2016, it is still being used for cable headends across the United States, as well as on Shaw Direct in Canada.

0x4A70 DreamCrypt Dream Multimedia 2004 Proposed conditional access system used for Dreambox receivers.
0x4A10 EasyCas Easycas Unknown
0x2719,0xEAD0 InCrypt Cas S-Curious Research & Technology Pvt. Ltd., Equality Consultancy Services Unknown
0x0464 EuroDec Eurodec Unknown
0x5448 Gospell VisionCrypt GOSPELL DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. Unknown Secure
0x5501 Griffin Nucleus Systems, Ltd. Unknown
0x5581 Bulcrypt Bulcrypt 2009 Used in Bulgaria and Serbia
0x0606 Irdeto 1 Irdeto 1995 Compromised
0x0602, 0x0604, 0x0606, 0x0608, 0x0622, 0x0626, 0x0664, 0x0614 Irdeto 2 Irdeto 2000
0x0692 Irdeto 3 Irdeto 2010 Secure
0x4AA1 KeyFly SIDSA 2006 Partly compromised (v. 1.0)
0x0100 Seca Mediaguard 1 SECA 1995 Compromised
0x0100 Seca Mediaguard 2 (v1+) SECA 2002 Partly compromised (MOSC available)
0x0100 Seca Mediaguard 3 SECA 2008
0x1800, 0x1801, 0x1810, 0x1830 Nagravision Nagravision 2003 Compromised
0x1801 Nagravision Carmageddon Nagravision Unknown Combination of Nagravision with BetaCrypt
0x1702, 0x1722, 0x1762, 0x1801 Nagravision Aladin Nagravision Unknown
0x1801 Nagravision 3 - Merlin Nagravision 2007 Secure
0x1801 Nagravision - ELK Nagravision Circa 2008 IPTV
0x4A02 Tongfang Tsinghua Tongfang Company 2007 Secure
0x4AD4 OmniCrypt Widevine Technologies 2004
0x0E00 PowerVu Scientific Atlanta 1998 Compromised Professional system widely used by cable operators for source programming
0x0E00 PowerVu+ Scientific Atlanta 2009
0x1000 RAS (Remote Authorisation System) Tandberg Television Unknown Professional system, not intended for consumers.
0x4AC1 Latens Systems Latens 2002
0xA101 NIIR 2006
0x4A60, 0x4A61, 0x4A63 SkyCrypt/Neotioncrypt/Neotion SHL AtSky/Neotion[3] 2003
Unknown T-crypt Tecsys Unknown
0x4A80 ThalesCrypt Thales Broadcast & Multimedia[4] Unknown Viaccess modification. Was developed after TPS-Crypt was compromised.[5]
0x0500 TPS-Crypt France Telecom Unknown Compromised Viaccess modification used with Viaccess 2.3
0x0500 Viaccess PC2.3, or Viaccess 1 France Telecom 1996
0x0500 Viaccess PC2.4, or Viaccess 2 France Telecom 2002
0x0500 Viaccess PC2.5, or Viaccess 2 France Telecom 2003
0x0500 Viaccess PC2.6, or Viaccess 3 France Telecom 2005
0x0500 Viaccess PC3.0 France Telecom 2007
0x0500 Viaccess PC4.0 France Telecom 2008
Unknown Viaccess PC5.0 France Telecom 2011 Secure
Unknown Viaccess PC6.0 France Telecom 2015
0x0930, 0x0942 Synamedia VideoGuard 1 NDS (now part of Synamedia) 1994 Partly compromised (older smartcards)
0x0911, 0x0960 Synamedia VideoGuard 2 NDS (now part of Synamedia) 1999 Secure
0x0919, 0x0961, 0x09AC Synamedia VideoGuard 3 NDS (now part of Synamedia) 2004 Secure
0x0927, 0x0963, 0x093b, 0x09CD Synamedia VideoGuard 4 NDS (now part of Synamedia) 2009 Secure
0x56D0 Onnet CA/DRM Onnet Systems India Pvt. Ltd. 2021 Secure CA/DRM, IPTV Middleware, OTT, Interactive Services, STB Middleware, AR/VR
0x4AD0, 0x4AD1 X-Crypt XCrypt Inc. 2010 Secure
0x4AE0, 0x4AE1, 0x7be1 DRE-Crypt Cifra 2004 Secure
Unknown PHI CAS RSCRYPTO 2016 Secure

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Security". DVB. from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  2. ^ Conditional-access systems for digital broadcasting 2016-10 2023-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "Skycrypt". 2008-01-17. from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  4. ^ "What means ThalesCrypt? - AfterDawn". www.afterdawn.com. from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  5. ^ "TPSCrypt". 2008-01-17. from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2008-08-28.

External links edit

  • in Spanish
  • CA ID list on dvbservices.com

January 01, 1970
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This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article may contain unverified or indiscriminate information in embedded lists Please help clean up the lists by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article January 2015 This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed January 2015 Learn how and when to remove this message The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate January 2015 Learn how and when to remove this message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Conditional access news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2008 Learn how and when to remove this message Learn how and when to remove this message Conditional access CA is a term commonly used in relation to software and to digital television systems Conditional access is that just in time evaluation to ensure the person who is seeking access to content is authorized to access the content Said another way conditional access is a type of access management Access is managed by requiring certain criteria to be met before granting access to the content Contents 1 In software 2 In digital television 2 1 Conditional access in North America 2 2 Conditional access systems 2 2 1 Analog systems 2 2 2 Digital systems 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksIn software editConditional access is a function that lets you manage people s access to the software in question such as email applications and documents It is usually offered as SaaS Software as a Service and deployed in organizations to keep company data safe By setting conditions on the access to this data the organization has more control over who accesses the data and where and in what way the information is accessed When setting up conditional access access can be limited to or prevented based on the policy defined by the system administrator For example a policy might require access is available from certain networks or access is blocked when a specific web browser is requesting the access In digital television editUnder the Digital Video Broadcasting DVB standard conditional access system CAS standards are defined in the specification documents for DVB CA conditional access DVB CSA the common scrambling algorithm and DVB CI the Common Interface 1 These standards define a method by which one can obfuscate a digital television stream with access provided only to those with valid decryption smart cards The DVB specifications for conditional access are available from the standards page on the DVB website This is achieved by a combination of scrambling and encryption The data stream is scrambled with a 48 bit secret key called the control word Knowing the value of the control word at a given moment is of relatively little value as under normal conditions content providers will change the control word several times per minute The control word is generated automatically in such a way that successive values are not usually predictable the DVB specification recommends using a physical process for that In order for the receiver to unscramble the data stream it must be permanently informed about the current value of the control word In practice it must be informed slightly in advance so that no viewing interruption occurs Encryption is used to protect the control word during transmission to the receiver the control word is encrypted as an entitlement control message ECM The CA subsystem in the receiver will decrypt the control word only when authorised to do so that authority is sent to the receiver in the form of an entitlement management message EMM The EMMs are specific to each subscriber as identified by the smart card in his receiver or to groups of subscribers and are issued much less frequently than ECMs usually at monthly intervals This being apparently not sufficient to prevent unauthorized viewing TPS has lowered this interval down to about 12 minutes This can be different for every provider BSkyB uses a term of 6 weeks When Nagravision 2 was hacked Digital started sending a new EMM every three days to make unauthorized viewing more cumbersome The contents of ECMs and EMMs are not standardized and as such they depend on the conditional access system being used 2 The control word can be transmitted through different ECMs at once This allows the use of several conditional access systems at the same time a DVB feature called simulcrypt which saves bandwidth and encourages multiplex operators to cooperate DVB Simulcrypt is widespread in Europe some channels like the CNN International Europe from the Hot Bird satellites can use 7 different CA systems in parallel The decryption cards are read and sometimes updated with specific access rights either through a conditional access module CAM a PC card format card reader meeting DVB CI standards or through a built in ISO IEC 7816 card reader such as that in the Sky Digibox Several companies provide competing CA systems ABV VideoGuard Irdeto Nagravision Conax Viaccess Synamedia Mediaguard a k a SECA are among the most commonly used CA systems Due to the common usage of CA in DVB systems many tools to aid in or even directly circumvent encryption exist CAM emulators and multiple format CAMs exist which can either read several card formats or even directly decrypt a compromised encryption scheme Most multiple format CAMs and all CAMs that directly decrypt a signal are based on reverse engineering of the CA systems A large proportion of the systems currently in use for DVB encryption have been opened to full decryption at some point including Nagravision Conax Viaccess Mediaguard v1 as well as the first version of VideoGuard Conditional access in North America edit In Canada and United States the standard for conditional access is provided with CableCARDs whose specification was developed by the cable company consortium CableLabs Cable companies in the United States are required by the Federal Communications Commission to support CableCARDs Standards exist for two way communication M card but satellite television has separate standards Next generation approaches in the United States eschew such physical cards and employ schemes using downloadable software for conditional access such as DCAS The main appeal of such approaches is that the access control may be upgraded dynamically in response to security breaches without requiring expensive exchanges of physical conditional access modules Another appeal is that it may be inexpensively incorporated into non traditional media display devices such as portable media players Conditional access systems edit Conditional access systems include Analog systems edit EuroCrypt Nagravision Videocipher VideoCrypt Digital systems edit CA ID Name Developed by Introduced year Security Notes 0x4AEB Abel Quintic Abel DRM Systems 2009 Secure 0x4AF0 0x4AF2 0x4B4B ABV CAS ABV International Pte Ltd 2006 Secure Farncombe Certified CA DRM Middleware amp Turnkey Solution Provider For DTH DVBT T2 DVBC OTT IPTV VOD Catchup TV Audience Measurement System EAD etc 0x4AFC Panaccess Panaccess Systems GmbH 2010 Secure Farncombe Certified CA for DVB S S2 DVB T T2 DVB C DVB IP OTT VOD Catchup etc 0x4B19 RCAS or RIDSYS cas RIDSYS INDIA 2012 Secure CA for DVB C IPTV OTT VOD Catchup etc 0x4B30 0x4B31 ViCAS Vietnam Multimedia Corporation VTC Unknown Secure Farncombe Certified 0x4800 Accessgate Telemann Unknown 0x4A20 AlphaCrypt AlphaCrypt Unknown N A B CAS ARIB STD B25 Multi 2 Association of Radio Industries and Businesses ARIB 2000 CA for ISDB Used in Japan only 0x1702 0x1722 0x1762 reserved for various non BetaResearch CA systems Formally owned by BetaTechnik Beta Research subsidiary of KirchMedia Handed over to TV operators to handle with their CA systems Unknown 0x1700 0x1701 0x1703 0x1721 0x1723 0x1761 0x1763 0x17ff 0x5601 0x5604 VCAS DVB Verimatrix Inc 2010 0x2600 0x2610 BISS BISS E European Broadcasting Union 2002 2018 Compromised BISS E secure 0x27A0 0x27A4 ICAS Indian CAS ByDesign India Private Limited 2015 Advanced Embedded Secure 0x4900 China Crypt CrytoWorks China Irdeto Unknown 0x22F0 Codicrypt Scopus Network Technologies now part of Harmonic Unknown Secure 0x4AEA Cryptoguard Cryptoguard AB 2008 Secure 0x0B00 Conax Contego Conax AS Unknown Secure 0x0B00 Conax CAS 5 Conax AS Unknown Compromised Pirate cards has existed 0x0B00 Conax CAS 7 5 Conax AS Unknown Secure 0x0B00 0x0B01 0x0B02 0x0BAA Conax CAS 7 Conax AS Unknown Compromised Cardsharing 0x0B01 0x0B02 0x0B03 0x0B04 0x0B05 0x0B06 0x0B07 Conax CAS 3 Conax AS Unknown Compromised Pirate cards has existed 0x4AE4 CoreCrypt CoreTrust Korea 2000 S W amp H W Security CA for IPTV Satellite Cable TV and Mobile TV 0x4347 CryptOn CryptOn Unknown 0x0D00 0x0D02 0x0D03 0x0D05 0x0D07 0x0D20 Cryptoworks Philips CryptoTec Unknown Partly compromised older smartcards 0x4ABF CTI CAS Beijing Compunicate Technology Inc Unknown 0x0700 DigiCipher and DigiCipher II Jerrold GI Motorola 4DTV 1997 Compromised DVB S2 compatible used for retail BUD dish service and for commercial operations as source programming for cable operators Despite the Programming Center shut down its consumer usage of DigiCipher 2 as 4DTV on August 24 2016 it is still being used for cable headends across the United States as well as on Shaw Direct in Canada 0x4A70 DreamCrypt Dream Multimedia 2004 Proposed conditional access system used for Dreambox receivers 0x4A10 EasyCas Easycas Unknown 0x2719 0xEAD0 InCrypt Cas S Curious Research amp Technology Pvt Ltd Equality Consultancy Services Unknown 0x0464 EuroDec Eurodec Unknown 0x5448 Gospell VisionCrypt GOSPELL DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY CO LTD Unknown Secure 0x5501 Griffin Nucleus Systems Ltd Unknown 0x5581 Bulcrypt Bulcrypt 2009 Used in Bulgaria and Serbia 0x0606 Irdeto 1 Irdeto 1995 Compromised 0x0602 0x0604 0x0606 0x0608 0x0622 0x0626 0x0664 0x0614 Irdeto 2 Irdeto 2000 0x0692 Irdeto 3 Irdeto 2010 Secure 0x4AA1 KeyFly SIDSA 2006 Partly compromised v 1 0 0x0100 Seca Mediaguard 1 SECA 1995 Compromised 0x0100 Seca Mediaguard 2 v1 SECA 2002 Partly compromised MOSC available 0x0100 Seca Mediaguard 3 SECA 2008 0x1800 0x1801 0x1810 0x1830 Nagravision Nagravision 2003 Compromised 0x1801 Nagravision Carmageddon Nagravision Unknown Combination of Nagravision with BetaCrypt 0x1702 0x1722 0x1762 0x1801 Nagravision Aladin Nagravision Unknown 0x1801 Nagravision 3 Merlin Nagravision 2007 Secure 0x1801 Nagravision ELK Nagravision Circa 2008 IPTV 0x4A02 Tongfang Tsinghua Tongfang Company 2007 Secure 0x4AD4 OmniCrypt Widevine Technologies 2004 0x0E00 PowerVu Scientific Atlanta 1998 Compromised Professional system widely used by cable operators for source programming 0x0E00 PowerVu Scientific Atlanta 2009 0x1000 RAS Remote Authorisation System Tandberg Television Unknown Professional system not intended for consumers 0x4AC1 Latens Systems Latens 2002 0xA101 RosCrypt M NIIR 2006 0x4A60 0x4A61 0x4A63 SkyCrypt Neotioncrypt Neotion SHL AtSky Neotion 3 2003 Unknown T crypt Tecsys Unknown 0x4A80 ThalesCrypt Thales Broadcast amp Multimedia 4 Unknown Viaccess modification Was developed after TPS Crypt was compromised 5 0x0500 TPS Crypt France Telecom Unknown Compromised Viaccess modification used with Viaccess 2 3 0x0500 Viaccess PC2 3 or Viaccess 1 France Telecom 1996 0x0500 Viaccess PC2 4 or Viaccess 2 France Telecom 2002 0x0500 Viaccess PC2 5 or Viaccess 2 France Telecom 2003 0x0500 Viaccess PC2 6 or Viaccess 3 France Telecom 2005 0x0500 Viaccess PC3 0 France Telecom 2007 0x0500 Viaccess PC4 0 France Telecom 2008 Unknown Viaccess PC5 0 France Telecom 2011 Secure Unknown Viaccess PC6 0 France Telecom 2015 0x0930 0x0942 Synamedia VideoGuard 1 NDS now part of Synamedia 1994 Partly compromised older smartcards 0x0911 0x0960 Synamedia VideoGuard 2 NDS now part of Synamedia 1999 Secure 0x0919 0x0961 0x09AC Synamedia VideoGuard 3 NDS now part of Synamedia 2004 Secure 0x0927 0x0963 0x093b 0x09CD Synamedia VideoGuard 4 NDS now part of Synamedia 2009 Secure 0x56D0 Onnet CA DRM Onnet Systems India Pvt Ltd 2021 Secure CA DRM IPTV Middleware OTT Interactive Services STB Middleware AR VR 0x4AD0 0x4AD1 X Crypt XCrypt Inc 2010 Secure 0x4AE0 0x4AE1 0x7be1 DRE Crypt Cifra 2004 Secure Unknown PHI CAS RSCRYPTO 2016 SecureSee also editAccess control the same principle applied outside of television B CAS CableCARD Card sharing Compression Networks Conditional access module DigiCipher 2 Digital rights management Pirate decryption PowerVu Smart card Television encryption Viaccess Videocipher VideoGuard Pairing SmartcardReferences edit Security DVB Archived from the original on 2022 12 05 Retrieved 2022 12 05 Conditional access systems for digital broadcasting 2016 10 Archived 2023 03 01 at the Wayback Machine Skycrypt 2008 01 17 Archived from the original on 2022 11 26 Retrieved 2008 08 28 What means ThalesCrypt AfterDawn www afterdawn com Archived from the original on 2023 06 19 Retrieved 2020 02 14 TPSCrypt 2008 01 17 Archived from the original on 2022 11 26 Retrieved 2008 08 28 External links editCAS history in Spanish CA ID list on dvbservices com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Conditional access amp oldid 1211712032, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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