Anthony Comstock
Anthony Comstock (March 7, 1844 – September 21, 1915) was an American anti-vice activist, United States Postal Inspector, and secretary of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (NYSSV), who was dedicated to upholding Christian morality. He opposed obscene literature, abortion, contraception, masturbation, gambling, prostitution, and patent medicine. The terms comstockery and comstockism refer to his extensive censorship campaign of materials that he considered obscene, including birth control advertised or sent by mail. He used his positions in the U.S. Postal Service and the NYSSV (in association with the New York police) to make numerous arrests for obscenity and gambling. Besides these pursuits, he was also involved in efforts to suppress fraudulent banking schemes, mail swindles, and medical quackery.[2]
Anthony Comstock | |
|---|---|
From Anthony Comstock, Fighter (1913) by Charles Gallaudet Trumbull | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | March 7, 1844 New Canaan, Connecticut, US |
| Died | September 21, 1915 (aged 71) Summit, New Jersey, United States |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Margaret Hamilton[1] |
| Children | Lillie (died as infant); Adele (adopted)[1] |
| Occupation | United States Postal Inspector |
| Known for | Creation of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice Comstock law |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | U.S. Army (Union Army) |
| Rank | Private |
| Unit | 17th Connecticut Infantry Regiment |
Life and work edit
Comstock was born in New Canaan, Connecticut, the son of Polly Ann (née Lockwood) and Thomas Anthony Comstock.[3][4] As a young man, he enlisted and fought for the Union in the American Civil War from December 1863 to September 1865.[3] He served without incident in Company H, 17th Connecticut Infantry,[3] but he objected to the profanity used by his fellow soldiers.[5]
In 1867, he moved to New York City, where he worked as a porter, a stock clerk, and a wholesale dry goods salesman.[3] He also worked for the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in New York City.[6] On March 5, 1873, he was appointed a special agent of the U.S. Postal Service, a position he held until January 1907.[3]
Comstock lived in Summit, New Jersey, from 1880 to 1915.[7] In 1892, he built a house at 35 Beekman Road, where he lived until he died there in 1915.[8]
Anthony Comstock authored several books focused on the theme of vice suppression, including Frauds Exposed; or, How the People Are Deceived and Robbed, and Youth Corrupted (New York: J. Howard Brown, 1880), Traps for the Young (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1883), and Morals versus Art (New York: J. S. Ogilvie and Company, 1877). These works explore various aspects of societal corruption and the perceived moral degradation of the youth.[9]
Efforts for censorship edit
Christian religiosity edit
Motivated by first-hand experience with what he saw as a constant barrage of debauchery among fellow Union soldiers during the Civil War, when he gained power it was not long before Comstock aroused intense loathing from early civil liberties groups and strong support from church-based groups that were worried about public morals.[6] Comstock, the self-styled "weeder in God's garden", arrested D. M. Bennett for publishing "An Open Letter to Jesus Christ" and later had the editor charged for mailing a free-love pamphlet. Bennett was prosecuted, subjected to a widely publicized trial, and imprisoned in the Albany Penitentiary.[10]
During his career, Comstock made many and diverse enemies, such as Emma Goldman and Margaret Sanger. In her autobiography, Goldman referred to Comstock as the leader of America's "moral eunuchs."
In later years his health was affected by a severe blow to the head. On the second of July 1873, Comstock was assaulted during an argument with a Dr. Selden, who "struck him over the forehead with a heavy seal ring" after being punched in the ribs by an umbrella (Selden accused Comstock of being "sneak") [11] The following year, Comstock was stabbed in the head by a "dirk with a blade about three inches long" by Charles Conroy.[12] Conroy, long a foil for Comstock dating back to 1868, was "an unrepentant two-bit pornographer—whose name even the New York Times couldn't get right, mistakenly reporting him as John or James Conroy in his arrest notices—inadvertently kick-started Anthony Comstock's career as the most influential moralizer in American history".[13] He later lectured to college audiences and wrote newspaper articles to sustain his causes. Before his death, Comstock attracted the interest of a young law student, J. Edgar Hoover, who showed interest in his causes and methods.[14]
U.S. government services edit
In 1873, Comstock created the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, an institution dedicated to moral supervision of the American public.[6] Later that year, Comstock successfully influenced the United States Congress to pass the Comstock Laws, which made illegal the delivery by U.S. mail, or by other modes of transportation, of "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" material, as well as prohibiting any methods of production or publication of information pertaining to the procurement of abortion, the prevention of conception and the prevention of venereal disease.[15]
Some of Comstock's ideas of what were "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" could be seen by many modern Westerners as quite broad; during his time of greatest power, some anatomy textbooks were prohibited from being sent to medical students by the United States Postal Service.[5][6]
He was a savvy political insider in New York City and was made a special agent of the United States Postal Service with police-level powers, including the right to carry a weapon. With this power, he prosecuted those that he suspected of either public distribution of pornography or commercial fraud. He was also involved in shutting down the Louisiana Lottery, which was the only legal lottery in the United States at the time and was notorious for corruption.[6]
Anthony Comstock's enforcement of his namesake laws often led him into significant legal battles with various advocates of free expression. Notably, Comstock clashed with organizations and individuals who viewed his actions as an overreach. For example, his prosecution of D. M. Bennett, the publisher of the freethought periodical The Truth Seeker, highlighted the contentious nature of the Comstock laws. Bennett's conviction for mailing 'obscene' literature sparked widespread debate about the limits of censorship and freedom of speech. [16]
Opposing suffragettes edit
Comstock was also opposed to woman suffragists, notably Victoria Claflin Woodhull and her sister Tennessee Celeste Claflin. The men's journal The Days' Doings popularized images of the sisters for three years and was instructed by its editor (while Comstock was present) to stop producing lewd images. Comstock also took legal action against the paper for advertising contraceptives. After the sisters published an exposé of an adulterous affair between the Reverend Henry Ward Beecher and Elizabeth Tilton, he had the sisters arrested under laws forbidding the use of the postal service to distribute "obscene material", specifically citing a mangled quotation from the Bible that Comstock found obscene. They were later acquitted of the charges.[17]
Less fortunate was Ida Craddock, who died by suicide on the eve of reporting to federal prison for distributing via the U.S. mail various sexually explicit marriage manuals that she had written.[17] Her final work was a lengthy public suicide note specifically condemning Comstock.
Comstock also arrested the prominent abortion provider Madame Restell. In 1878, he posed as a customer seeking birth control for his wife. Restell provided him with pills and he returned the next day with the police, and arrested her. Rather than face the resulting trial, she committed suicide soon after it began.[18]
Destruction of books edit
Through his various campaigns, he destroyed 15 tons of books, 284,000 pounds of plates for printing "objectionable" books, and nearly 4,000,000 pictures.[5] He claimed that "books are feeders for brothels."[19]
Comstock boasted that he was responsible for 4,000 arrests[20] and claimed he drove 15 persons to suicide in his "fight for the young".[21]
Death edit
On September 21, 1915, Comstock died of pneumonia at the age of 71 at his home in Summit, New Jersey.[22]
Works edit
- Frauds Exposed (1880)
- Traps for the Young (1883)
- Gambling Outrages (1887)
- Morals Versus Art (1887)
He wrote numerous magazine articles relating to similar subjects.
Legacy edit
The term "comstockery", meaning "censorship because of perceived obscenity or immorality", was coined in an editorial in The New York Times in 1895.[23] George Bernard Shaw used the term in 1905 after Comstock had alerted the New York City police to the content of Shaw's play Mrs. Warren's Profession. Shaw remarked that "Comstockery is the world's standing joke at the expense of the United States. Europe likes to hear of such things. It confirms the deep-seated conviction of the Old World that America is a provincial place, a second-rate country-town civilization after all."[6] Comstock thought of Shaw as an "Irish smut dealer."[24] He is thought to be a major influence for the main antagonist of BioShock Infinite, Zachary Hale Comstock, as they share the same last names and have numerous ideological similarities.[25]
Biographies edit
Anthony Comstock: Roundsman of the Lord (1927), Heywood Broun and Margaret Leech of the Algonquin Round Table, examines Comstock's personal history and his investigative, surveillance, and law enforcement techniques.
Lust on Trial: Censorship and the Rise of American Obscenity in the Age of Anthony Comstock (2018), Columbia University Press, by Amy B. Werbel,[26] presents a colorful journey through Comstock's career that doubles as a new history of post–Civil War America's risqué visual and sexual culture.[27]
The Man Who Hated Women: Sex, Censorship, And Civil Liberties In The Gilded Age (2021), Farrar, Straus and Giroux,[28] by Amy Sohn, focuses on Comstock's impacts on society, the Comstock Laws, and eight women charged with violating the law.[29]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Malladi, Lakshmeeramya (2017-05-23). "Anthony Comstock (1844–1915)". Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Arizona State University. School of Life Sciences. Center for Biology and Society. ISSN 1940-5030. from the original on 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
- ^ "Anthony Comstock | American social reformer | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
- ^ a b c d e "Anthony Comstock, Vice Fighter, Dead: Famous Crusader Against Obscene Literature Passes Away at 71 2022-09-05 at the Wayback Machine". The Sun (New York, New York). September 22, 1915. p. 1.
- ^ Comstock, C. B. (Cyrus Ballou) (May 15, 2018). "A Comstock genealogy: Descendants of William Comstock of New London, Conn., who died after 1662: Ten Generations". New York: The Knickerbocker Press. Retrieved May 15, 2018 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b c Buchanan, Paul D, The American Women's Rights Movement, p. 75.
- ^ a b c d e f Leonard, Devin (2016). "Chapter 3: Comstockery: The Life and Times of a True American Moral Hysteric". Neither Snow Nor Rain: A History of the United States Postal Service. New York, NY: Grove Atlantic, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8021-2458-6. from the original on 2019-09-22. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
- ^ Morgan, Garner, , Central Presbyterian Church, archived from the original on 2011-07-25, retrieved February 18, 2011,
Interestingly, Summit from about 1880 to 1915 was the home of Anthony Comstock, world-famous crusader against immorality, real and imagined.
- ^ Gray, Christopher (May 27, 2001), "Streetscapes/35 Beekman Road, Summit, NJ: 1892 House Built by a Famous Crusader Against Vice", The New York Times, from the original on January 10, 2023, retrieved February 18, 2011.
- ^ "Anthony Comstock, Purity Vigilante, in His Own Words".
- ^ ""The Albany Penitentiary"". 23 January 2018. from the original on 2022-09-27. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
- ^ The Brooklyn Union 03 Jul 1873
- ^ Litchfield Enquirer 12 Nov 1874
- ^ Long, Kat (2009-04-03). "'The Forbidden Apple'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
- ^ Papke, David Ray. "Anthony Comstock". www.mtsu.edu. from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-05-07.
- ^ Bennett, De Robigne Mortimer (15 May 1878). "Anthony Comstock: his career of cruelty and crime; a chapter from The champions of the Church". New York, Liberal and Scientific Publishing House. Retrieved 15 May 2018 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Anthony Comstock". The Free Speech Center. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
- ^ a b Newitz, Annalee (September 20, 2019). "The 19th-Century Troll Who Hated Dirty Postcards and Sex Toys: Before Gamergate, Anthony Comstock was the original anti-feminist crusader". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
- ^ Abbott, Karen. "Madame Restell: The Abortionist of Fifth Avenue". Smithsonian. from the original on 2019-08-23. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
- ^ Kaminer, Wendy (2009-08-24). "The Banality of Censorship". The Atlantic. from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
- ^ "The hypocrites' club: Now with a new diamond-level member". The Economist. 13 March 2008. from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
- ^ de Grazia, Edward, Girls Lean Back Everywhere, p. 5.
- ^ "Anthony Comstock Dead: Famous Vice Investigator Passed Away After Brief Illness 2022-09-05 at the Wayback Machine". Associated Press. Buffalo Morning Express. September 22, 1915. p. 1.
- ^ LaMay, Craig L (September 1997), "America's censor: Anthony Comstock and free speech", Communications and the Law, vol. 19, no. 3,
The term 'Comstockery,' supposedly invented by George Bernard Shaw in 1905 when Comstock removed his play 'Man and Superman' from the public shelves at the New York Public Library, in fact first appeared as the title for a Times editorial in December 1895
. - ^ Schlosser, Eric, Reefer Madness, p. 120.
- ^ GAMERANT,ALLISON STALBERG (SEP 6, 2022) BioShock Infinite: The Real People That May Have Inspired Comstock's Character
- ^ Werbel, Amy. "Amy Werbel, PhD". Fashion Institute of Technology. from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Lust on Trial. Columbia University Press. April 2018. ISBN 9780231547031. from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Sohn, Amy. "Books". Amy Sohn. from the original on 2012-06-22. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
- ^ "How An Anti-Vice Crusader Sabotaged The Early Birth Control Movement". Fresh Air. Philadelphia, PA, USA. July 7, 2021. from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
Further reading edit
- Bates, Anna (1995), Weeder in the Garden of the Lord: Anthony Comstock's Life and Career, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, ISBN 0-7618-0076-X.
- Beisel, Nicola Kay (1997). Imperiled Innocents: Anthony Comstock and Family Reproduction in Victorian America. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691027791.
- Dix, Scott Matthew (2013), Outlawed! How Anthony Comstock Fought and Won the Purity of a Nation, ISBN 978-1935877967.
- Horowitz, Helen (2002), Rereading Sex: Battles over Sexual Knowledge and Suppression in Nineteenth Century America, New York: Knopf, ISBN 0-375-40192-X.
- Leonard, Devin (2016), Neither Snow Nor Rain: A History of the United States Postal Service, New York: Grove Atlantic, ISBN 978-0-8021-2458-6.
- Tone, Andrea (2001), Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America, New York: Hill & Wang, ISBN 0-8090-3816-1.
- Trumbull, Charles Gallaudet (1913), Anthony Comstock, Fighter: Some Impressions of a Lifetime Adventure in Conflict with the Powers of Evil, New York: Fleming H. Revell, ASIN B00086K1PK
- Werbel, Amy (2018), Lust on Trial: Censorship and the Rise of American Obscenity in the Age of Anthony Comstock, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-2311-7522-7
External links edit
Anthony Comstock
- Anthony Comstock's "Chastity" Laws, PBS.
- "Anthony Comstock". Find a Grave. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
- Comstockery, Contraception, and the Family: The Remarkable Achievements of an Anti-Vice Crusader, Profam, archived from the original on 2013-04-15.