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Complementary currency

January 29, 2023

A complementary currency is a currency or medium of exchange that is not necessarily a national currency, but that is thought of as supplementing or complementing national currencies.[1]: 3 [2]: 2  Complementary currencies are usually not legal tender and their use is based on agreement between the parties exchanging the currency. According to Jérôme Blanc of Laboratoire d'Économie de la Firme et des Institutions, complementary currencies aim to protect, stimulate or orientate the economy.[3]: 7  They may also be used to advance particular social, environmental, or political goals.[4]: 4 

When speaking about complementary currencies, a number of overlapping and often interchangeable terms are in use: local or community currencies are complementary currencies used within a locality or other form of community (such as business-based or online communities); regional currencies are similar to local currencies, but are used within a larger geographical region; and sectoral currencies are complementary currencies used within a single economic sector, such as education or health care. Many private currencies are complementary currencies issued by private businesses or organizations. Other terms include alternative currency, auxiliary currency, and microcurrency. Mutual credit is a form of alternative currency, and thus any form of lending that does not go through the banking system can be considered a form of alternative currency. Barters are another type of alternative currency. These are actually exchange systems, which trade only items, without the use of any currency whatsoever. Finally, LETS is a special form of barter that trades points for items. One point stands for one worker-hour of work, and is thus a time-based currency.

Purposes

Current complementary currencies have often been designed intentionally to address specific issues, for example to increase financial stability.[5] Most complementary currencies have multiple purposes and/or are intended to address multiple issues. They can be useful for communities that do not have access to financial capital, and for adjusting peoples' spending behavior.[6] The 2006 Annual Report of the Worldwide Database of Complementary Currency Systems presented a survey of 150 complementary currency systems in which 94 respondents said that "all reasons" were selected, among cooperation, micro/small/medium enterprise development, activating the local market, reducing the need for national currency, and community development.[7]

Aims may include:

  • resocialisation and emancipation
  • lifeboat currencies[jargon]
  • to increase financial stability[5]
  • to reduce carbon emissions, by encouraging localisation of trade and relationships
  • to encouraging use of under-used resources[2]: 2 
  • to recognise the informal economy
  • promote local businesses

Advantages

Some complementary currencies intentionally devalue rapidly (they are called Schwundgeld); this increases monetary circulation. The Miracle of Wörgl is an event that showed the potential of this increased spending through the introduction of a local currency known as Freigeld. Local currencies also have the benefit that they cannot be spent abroad, and thus the money always keeps circulating locally, benefiting the local economy.

Alternative currencies are reported to work as a counterbalance for the local economy. They increase in activity if the local economy slows down, and decrease in activity if the local economy goes up.[8][dubious – discuss]

As a commercial tool within a business, as opposed to a geographical social tool, a complementary currency can open a business up to a preferred source marketplace whereby they can sell their otherwise devalued or worthless spare capacity in exchange for the complementary currency. By selling their spare capacity (empty hotel rooms / under utilised staff hours / blank diary slots / excess stock) the business is able to harness the otherwise lost value gaining some key benefits such as improved profits, a stronger balance sheet, enhanced cash flow, more customers, and a growth in market share.

Disadvantages

Complementary currencies promoted as local currencies which cannot be spent outside the community have limited use.[citation needed]

According to professor Nikolaus Läufer's theory, the use of local currencies such as Freigeld can only increase economic activity temporarily. Lengthy use of a local currency will ultimately result in a decline in economic activity and lead to a destabilization of the economy. This is due to the increased circulation velocity of the money as the amount in circulation decreases (as currencies as Freigeld reduce in value rapidly).[9][clarification needed]

Tax

Often there are issues related to paying tax. Some complementary currencies are considered tax-exempt, but most of them are fully taxed as if they were national currency, with the caveat that the tax must be paid in the national currency. The legality and tax-status of complementary currencies varies widely from country to country; some systems in use in some countries would be illegal in others.

Types

Complementary currencies describe a wide group of exchange systems, currencies or scrips designed to be used in combination with standard currencies or other complementary currencies. They can be valued and exchanged in relationship to national currencies but also function as media of exchange on their own. Complementary currencies lie outside the nationally defined legal realm of legal tender and are not used as such. Rate of exchange, scope of circulation and use in combination with other currencies differs greatly between complementary currency systems, as is the case with national currency systems.

 
One Wörgl Schilling note with demurrage stamps

Some complementary currencies incorporate value scales based on time or the backing of real resources (gold, oil, services, etc.). A time-based currency is valued by the time required to perform a service in hours, notwithstanding the potential market value of the service. Another type of complementary monetary systems is the barter, an exchange of specific goods or services is performed without the use of any currency.

In 1982, the most widespread auxiliary currency system, the Local Exchange Trading Systems, was created. It regulates the exchange of goods and services between the members of the cooperative. Examples for an investment system of complementary currency are the Automatic Social Financial Network (ASFN) and the international crowdsourcing and crowd-funding community Evolution RA[10] whose members use their own complementary virtual currency "Сyber-gold". The introductory fee paid by the new association members is subsequently directed toward investments in a variety of commercial projects.

Some complementary currencies take advantage of demurrage fees, an intentional devaluation of the currency over time, like negative interest. This stimulates market exchanges in the devaluating currency, propagates new participation in the currency system and forces the storage of wealth (hoarding) ability usually reserved for currency into more permanent and better value-holding tools like property, improvement, education, technology, health, equity securities, etc., all of which are sheltered from the currency-based demurrage fees.

Other experimental complementary currencies use high interest fees to promote heavy competition between participants, and the removal of wealth from long term wealth holding structures (natural/material wealth, property, etc.) to aid in the process of rapid industrialization, mass production, automation and competitive innovation.[citation needed]

Monetary speculation and gambling are usually outside the design parameters of complementary currencies. Complementary currencies are often intentionally restricted in their regional spread, time of validity or sector of use and may require a membership of participating individuals or points of acceptance.

There are some complementary currencies that are regional or global, such as the Community Exchange System, WIR and Friendly Favors, Tibex in the Lazio region in Italy or the proposed global currency terra.[11]

A community currency is a type of complementary currency that has the explicit aim to support and build more equal, connected and sustainable societies. A community currency is designed to be used by a specific group.[12]

Since the advent of Bitcoin on January 3, 2009,[13] Cryptocurrency has increased substantially as an alternative currency. Cryptocurrency allows for a trustless means of exchange through the use of decentralized mining, in which computers solve mathematical puzzles first in order to verify the transaction.[14] This solves the problem of the sender and the receiver requiring a third party such as a bank in order to successfully complete the transaction. It also poses a challenge for governments when it comes to the confiscation of cryptocurrency since the private keys are retained by the owner of the cryptocurrency. Unless those keys are divulged, the owner retains complete control of their crypto. Other successful cryptocurrencies frequently used as alternative currencies include Monero, Bitcoin Cash, Zcash, Dash, and many others.

Activists

Some complementary currency activists are Belgian ex-banker Bernard Lietaer, British economist Hazel Henderson, Dutch STRO-director Henk van Arkel that developed Cyclos, Qoin initiators Edgar Kampers and Rob van Hilten, Paul Glover of Ithaca HOURS, Margrit Kennedy from Monneta, LETSystem inventor Michael Linton, Time Banking inventor Edgar S. Cahn, Japanese Volunteer Labour Network founder Teruko Mizushima, Complementary Currency Resource Center coordinator Stephen DeMeulenaere and many others. Lietaer has argued that the world's national currencies are inadequate for the world's business needs, citing how 87 countries have experienced major currency crashes over a 20-year period, and arguing for complementary currencies as a way to protect against these problems.[15] Lietaer has also spoken at an International Reciprocal Trade Association (IRTA) conference about barter.[16]

List of complementary currencies

Name Type Country Region Active
Brixton Pound Local currency United Kingdom Europe 2009–present
Bristol Pound Local currency United Kingdom Europe 2009–present
BerkShares Local currency United States North America 2006–present
Calgary Dollar Local currency Canada North America 1995–present
Chiemgauer Local currency Germany Europe 2003–present
Detroit Community Scrip Local currency United States North America 2009–present
Eco-Pesa Local currency Kenya Africa 2010–2011
Eusko Local currency Basque Country, France Europe 2013–present
Exeter Pound Local currency United Kingdom Europe 2015–2018
Eko Local currency Findhorn Ecovillage, Moray, Scotland Europe 2002–present
Fureai kippu Sectoral currency Japan Asia 1995
Goldback Regional currency Utah, Nevada, Wyoming, and New Hampshire, United States North America 2019–present
Ithaca Hours Local currency United States North America 1991–present
Kelantanese dinar Regional currency Malaysia Asia 2006–present
Lewes Pound Local currency United Kingdom Europe 2008–present
Ora Regional currency Orania, South Africa Africa 2014–present
Bon Towarowy PeKaO[dubious – discuss] Regional currency Poland Europe 1960–1989
Sarafu-Credit[dubious – discuss] Local currency Kenya Africa
Spesmilo Community currency Esperantujo, mostly Britain and Switzerland Mostly Europe 1907- First World War
Stelo Community currency Esperantujo Europe 1945-1993
Stroud Pound Local currency United Kingdom Europe 2009–present
Toronto Dollar Local currency Canada North America 1995–2013
Tumin Local currency El Espinal, Veracruz, Mexico North America 2010–present

Other non-regional complementary currencies include:

See also

References

  1. ^
  2. ^ a b Lietaer, Bernard; Hallsmith, Gwendolyn (2006). "Community Currency Guide" (PDF). Global Community Initiatives. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  3. ^ Blanc, Jérôme (2011). "Classifying "CCs": Community, complementary and local currencies' types and generations" (PDF). International Journal of Community Currency Research. 15: 4–10.
  4. ^ Fare, Marie; Ahmed, Pepita Ould (2014). "The complementary currency systems: a tricky issue for economists". hal.archives-ouvertes.fr. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  5. ^ a b Lietaer, Bernard; Ulanowicz, Robert; Goerner, Sally (2009). "Options for Managing a Systemic Bank Crisis". S.A.P.I.EN.S. 2 (1).
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
  7. ^ DeMeulenaere, S. (2007). "2006 Annual Report of the Worldwide Database of Complementary Currency Systems" (PDF). International Journal of Community Currency Research. 11: 23–35. doi:10.15133/j.ijccr.2007.003. ISSN 1325-9547.
  8. ^ Stodder, James (January 2005). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  9. ^ Läufer, Nikolaus (31 December 2006). (in German). University of Konstanz. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  10. ^ http://asfn.info/en/
  11. ^
  12. ^ "People Powered Money: designing, developing and delivering community currencies" (PDF). Community Currencies in Action. Retrieved 17 June 2015.[permanent dead link]
  13. ^ "The First Block of Bitcoin Was Mined 13 Years Ago". January 3, 2022.
  14. ^ "What is Cryptocurrency: Your Complete Crypto ABC". October 22, 2021.
  15. ^ "Bernard Lietaer Urges the Growth of New Currency", Bank Technology News, Jul. 1st, 2004.
  16. ^ "Barter and Cashless Trading Summit to Promote Collaboration of International Reciprocal Trade: IRTAs 26th Annual Conference Is The First of Its Kind", PRWEB, Jul. 22nd, 2005.
  17. ^ "Making Money for Business: Currencies, Profit, and Long-Term Thinking". thesolutionsjournal.com. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  18. ^ "Fizetőeszköz lesz a Rábaközi Tallér". kisalfold.hu. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  19. ^ "Sardex homepage". sardex.net. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  20. ^ The Sardex Factor, Financial Times
  21. ^ "The dollar alternatives - Ven". cnn.com. Cable News Network. Retrieved 3 April 2014.

Further reading

  • Glover, Paul. Hometown Money: how to enrich your community with local currency. Greenplanners, 2013.
  • Lietaer, Bernard. The Future of Money. Random House, 2001.
  • Raddon, M. Community and money: men and women making change. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2003.
  • Suhr, Dieter (1990). The Neutral Money Network (NeuMoNe): A Critical Analysis of Traditional Money and the Financial Innovation "Neutral Money"

External links

  • Community Currency Magazine
  • International Journal of Community Currency Research
  • Online Database of Complementary Currencies Worldwide
  • Social Trade Organisation
  • Secure eXchange Protocols 2020-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
  • Alternative Monetary Systems at Curlie

January 29, 2023
complementary, currency, this, article, uses, bare, urls, which, uninformative, vulnerable, link, please, consider, converting, them, full, citations, ensure, article, remains, verifiable, maintains, consistent, citation, style, several, templates, tools, avai. This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as Reflinks documentation reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message A complementary currency is a currency or medium of exchange that is not necessarily a national currency but that is thought of as supplementing or complementing national currencies 1 3 2 2 Complementary currencies are usually not legal tender and their use is based on agreement between the parties exchanging the currency According to Jerome Blanc of Laboratoire d Economie de la Firme et des Institutions complementary currencies aim to protect stimulate or orientate the economy 3 7 They may also be used to advance particular social environmental or political goals 4 4 When speaking about complementary currencies a number of overlapping and often interchangeable terms are in use local or community currencies are complementary currencies used within a locality or other form of community such as business based or online communities regional currencies are similar to local currencies but are used within a larger geographical region and sectoral currencies are complementary currencies used within a single economic sector such as education or health care Many private currencies are complementary currencies issued by private businesses or organizations Other terms include alternative currency auxiliary currency and microcurrency Mutual credit is a form of alternative currency and thus any form of lending that does not go through the banking system can be considered a form of alternative currency Barters are another type of alternative currency These are actually exchange systems which trade only items without the use of any currency whatsoever Finally LETS is a special form of barter that trades points for items One point stands for one worker hour of work and is thus a time based currency Contents 1 Purposes 1 1 Advantages 1 2 Disadvantages 2 Tax 3 Types 4 Activists 5 List of complementary currencies 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksPurposes EditCurrent complementary currencies have often been designed intentionally to address specific issues for example to increase financial stability 5 Most complementary currencies have multiple purposes and or are intended to address multiple issues They can be useful for communities that do not have access to financial capital and for adjusting peoples spending behavior 6 The 2006 Annual Report of the Worldwide Database of Complementary Currency Systems presented a survey of 150 complementary currency systems in which 94 respondents said that all reasons were selected among cooperation micro small medium enterprise development activating the local market reducing the need for national currency and community development 7 Aims may include resocialisation and emancipation lifeboat currencies jargon to increase financial stability 5 to reduce carbon emissions by encouraging localisation of trade and relationships to encouraging use of under used resources 2 2 to recognise the informal economy promote local businessesAdvantages Edit Some complementary currencies intentionally devalue rapidly they are called Schwundgeld this increases monetary circulation The Miracle of Worgl is an event that showed the potential of this increased spending through the introduction of a local currency known as Freigeld Local currencies also have the benefit that they cannot be spent abroad and thus the money always keeps circulating locally benefiting the local economy Alternative currencies are reported to work as a counterbalance for the local economy They increase in activity if the local economy slows down and decrease in activity if the local economy goes up 8 dubious discuss As a commercial tool within a business as opposed to a geographical social tool a complementary currency can open a business up to a preferred source marketplace whereby they can sell their otherwise devalued or worthless spare capacity in exchange for the complementary currency By selling their spare capacity empty hotel rooms under utilised staff hours blank diary slots excess stock the business is able to harness the otherwise lost value gaining some key benefits such as improved profits a stronger balance sheet enhanced cash flow more customers and a growth in market share Disadvantages Edit Complementary currencies promoted as local currencies which cannot be spent outside the community have limited use citation needed According to professor Nikolaus Laufer s theory the use of local currencies such as Freigeld can only increase economic activity temporarily Lengthy use of a local currency will ultimately result in a decline in economic activity and lead to a destabilization of the economy This is due to the increased circulation velocity of the money as the amount in circulation decreases as currencies as Freigeld reduce in value rapidly 9 clarification needed Tax EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it May 2019 Often there are issues related to paying tax Some complementary currencies are considered tax exempt but most of them are fully taxed as if they were national currency with the caveat that the tax must be paid in the national currency The legality and tax status of complementary currencies varies widely from country to country some systems in use in some countries would be illegal in others Types EditComplementary currencies describe a wide group of exchange systems currencies or scrips designed to be used in combination with standard currencies or other complementary currencies They can be valued and exchanged in relationship to national currencies but also function as media of exchange on their own Complementary currencies lie outside the nationally defined legal realm of legal tender and are not used as such Rate of exchange scope of circulation and use in combination with other currencies differs greatly between complementary currency systems as is the case with national currency systems One Worgl Schilling note with demurrage stamps Some complementary currencies incorporate value scales based on time or the backing of real resources gold oil services etc A time based currency is valued by the time required to perform a service in hours notwithstanding the potential market value of the service Another type of complementary monetary systems is the barter an exchange of specific goods or services is performed without the use of any currency In 1982 the most widespread auxiliary currency system the Local Exchange Trading Systems was created It regulates the exchange of goods and services between the members of the cooperative Examples for an investment system of complementary currency are the Automatic Social Financial Network ASFN and the international crowdsourcing and crowd funding community Evolution RA 10 whose members use their own complementary virtual currency Syber gold The introductory fee paid by the new association members is subsequently directed toward investments in a variety of commercial projects Some complementary currencies take advantage of demurrage fees an intentional devaluation of the currency over time like negative interest This stimulates market exchanges in the devaluating currency propagates new participation in the currency system and forces the storage of wealth hoarding ability usually reserved for currency into more permanent and better value holding tools like property improvement education technology health equity securities etc all of which are sheltered from the currency based demurrage fees Other experimental complementary currencies use high interest fees to promote heavy competition between participants and the removal of wealth from long term wealth holding structures natural material wealth property etc to aid in the process of rapid industrialization mass production automation and competitive innovation citation needed Monetary speculation and gambling are usually outside the design parameters of complementary currencies Complementary currencies are often intentionally restricted in their regional spread time of validity or sector of use and may require a membership of participating individuals or points of acceptance There are some complementary currencies that are regional or global such as the Community Exchange System WIR and Friendly Favors Tibex in the Lazio region in Italy or the proposed global currency terra 11 A community currency is a type of complementary currency that has the explicit aim to support and build more equal connected and sustainable societies A community currency is designed to be used by a specific group 12 Since the advent of Bitcoin on January 3 2009 13 Cryptocurrency has increased substantially as an alternative currency Cryptocurrency allows for a trustless means of exchange through the use of decentralized mining in which computers solve mathematical puzzles first in order to verify the transaction 14 This solves the problem of the sender and the receiver requiring a third party such as a bank in order to successfully complete the transaction It also poses a challenge for governments when it comes to the confiscation of cryptocurrency since the private keys are retained by the owner of the cryptocurrency Unless those keys are divulged the owner retains complete control of their crypto Other successful cryptocurrencies frequently used as alternative currencies include Monero Bitcoin Cash Zcash Dash and many others Activists EditSome complementary currency activists are Belgian ex banker Bernard Lietaer British economist Hazel Henderson Dutch STRO director Henk van Arkel that developed Cyclos Qoin initiators Edgar Kampers and Rob van Hilten Paul Glover of Ithaca HOURS Margrit Kennedy from Monneta LETSystem inventor Michael Linton Time Banking inventor Edgar S Cahn Japanese Volunteer Labour Network founder Teruko Mizushima Complementary Currency Resource Center coordinator Stephen DeMeulenaere and many others Lietaer has argued that the world s national currencies are inadequate for the world s business needs citing how 87 countries have experienced major currency crashes over a 20 year period and arguing for complementary currencies as a way to protect against these problems 15 Lietaer has also spoken at an International Reciprocal Trade Association IRTA conference about barter 16 List of complementary currencies EditName Type Country Region ActiveBrixton Pound Local currency United Kingdom Europe 2009 presentBristol Pound Local currency United Kingdom Europe 2009 presentBerkShares Local currency United States North America 2006 presentCalgary Dollar Local currency Canada North America 1995 presentChiemgauer Local currency Germany Europe 2003 presentDetroit Community Scrip Local currency United States North America 2009 presentEco Pesa Local currency Kenya Africa 2010 2011Eusko Local currency Basque Country France Europe 2013 presentExeter Pound Local currency United Kingdom Europe 2015 2018Eko Local currency Findhorn Ecovillage Moray Scotland Europe 2002 presentFureai kippu Sectoral currency Japan Asia 1995Goldback Regional currency Utah Nevada Wyoming and New Hampshire United States North America 2019 presentIthaca Hours Local currency United States North America 1991 presentKelantanese dinar Regional currency Malaysia Asia 2006 presentLewes Pound Local currency United Kingdom Europe 2008 presentOra Regional currency Orania South Africa Africa 2014 presentBon Towarowy PeKaO dubious discuss Regional currency Poland Europe 1960 1989Sarafu Credit dubious discuss Local currency Kenya AfricaSpesmilo Community currency Esperantujo mostly Britain and Switzerland Mostly Europe 1907 First World WarStelo Community currency Esperantujo Europe 1945 1993Stroud Pound Local currency United Kingdom Europe 2009 presentToronto Dollar Local currency Canada North America 1995 2013Tumin Local currency El Espinal Veracruz Mexico North America 2010 presentOther non regional complementary currencies include American Open Currency Standard AOCS Commercial credit circuit 17 Community Exchange System CES global exchange network Digital gold currency Fourth Corner Exchange Local Exchange Trading Systems LETS an example of mutual credit is a type of local currency used in a number of small communities worldwide Rabakozi Taller 18 Sardex alternative currency used in Sardinia 19 20 Ven a digital currency used in Hub Culture a private social network 21 WIR Bank founded in 1934 oriented towards small and mid sized corporationsSee also Edit Money portal Numismatics portalANCAP Barter Bancor Bearer instrument Bernard Lietaer Cardano blockchain platform Collaborative finance Commodity money Community currency Community wealth building Conder token Credit money Cryptocurrency Cyclos Digital currencies Digital gold currency E C Riegel proposed the Valun Private Enterprise Money System Flex dollar Freigeld LETS List of Canadian community currencies List of community currencies in the United States List of cryptocurrencies Local currency Local exchange trading system Margrit Kennedy Paul Glover activist Patacon Private bank Sectoral currency Silvio Gesell Tim Jenkin Time Banking Tumin Urstromtaler Ven currency WIR Bank Worgl experimentReferences Edit Costanza Robert et al Complementary Currencies as a Method to Improve Local Sustainable Economic Welfare University of Vermont Draft 12 December 2003 a b Lietaer Bernard Hallsmith Gwendolyn 2006 Community Currency Guide PDF Global Community Initiatives Retrieved 18 June 2015 Blanc Jerome 2011 Classifying CCs Community complementary and local currencies types and generations PDF International Journal of Community Currency Research 15 4 10 Fare Marie Ahmed Pepita Ould 2014 The complementary currency systems a tricky issue for economists hal archives ouvertes fr Retrieved 18 June 2015 a b Lietaer Bernard Ulanowicz Robert Goerner Sally 2009 Options for Managing a Systemic Bank Crisis S A P I EN S 2 1 Faludi Jeremy Complementary Currency For Bootstrapping But Not For Everything Worldchanging 4 October 2005 Archived from the original on 13 March 2009 Retrieved 2 March 2009 DeMeulenaere S 2007 2006 Annual Report of the Worldwide Database of Complementary Currency Systems PDF International Journal of Community Currency Research 11 23 35 doi 10 15133 j ijccr 2007 003 ISSN 1325 9547 Stodder James January 2005 Implications for Macroeconomic Stability PDF Archived from the original PDF on 30 August 2017 Retrieved 3 April 2014 Laufer Nikolaus 31 December 2006 Natural Economic Order Theories or Freiwirtschaftslehre Silvio Gesell in German University of Konstanz Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 Retrieved 3 April 2014 http asfn info en B Rietaer Global Complementally Currency Making Money Sustainable Environmental Research Quarterly Vol 125 pp 53 59 2002 People Powered Money designing developing and delivering community currencies PDF Community Currencies in Action Retrieved 17 June 2015 permanent dead link The First Block of Bitcoin Was Mined 13 Years Ago January 3 2022 What is Cryptocurrency Your Complete Crypto ABC October 22 2021 Bernard Lietaer Urges the Growth of New Currency Bank Technology News Jul 1st 2004 Barter and Cashless Trading Summit to Promote Collaboration of International Reciprocal Trade IRTAs 26th Annual Conference Is The First of Its Kind PRWEB Jul 22nd 2005 Making Money for Business Currencies Profit and Long Term Thinking thesolutionsjournal com Retrieved 20 March 2014 Fizetoeszkoz lesz a Rabakozi Taller kisalfold hu Retrieved 28 August 2010 Sardex homepage sardex net Retrieved 20 March 2014 The Sardex Factor Financial Times The dollar alternatives Ven cnn com Cable News Network Retrieved 3 April 2014 Further reading EditGlover Paul Hometown Money how to enrich your community with local currency Greenplanners 2013 Lietaer Bernard The Future of Money Random House 2001 Raddon M Community and money men and women making change Montreal Black Rose Books 2003 Suhr Dieter 1990 The Neutral Money Network NeuMoNe A Critical Analysis of Traditional Money and the Financial Innovation Neutral Money External links EditThis article s use of external links may not follow Wikipedia s policies or guidelines Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references November 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Community Currency Magazine International Journal of Community Currency Research Online Database of Complementary Currencies Worldwide Social Trade Organisation Secure eXchange Protocols Archived 2020 08 13 at the Wayback Machine Trade Point Internal currency of Barter platform Alternative Monetary Systems at Curlie Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Complementary currency amp oldid 1128833039, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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