Commonwealth Fund

The Commonwealth Fund is a private U.S. foundation whose stated purpose is to "promote a high-performing health care system that achieves better access, improved quality, and greater efficiency, particularly for society's most vulnerable, including low-income people, the uninsured, and people of color." It is active in a number of areas related to health care and health policy. It is led by Joseph R. Betancourt, M.D., M.P.H.^[1]

The Commonwealth Fund

Founded	1918; 106 years ago (1918)
Founder	Anna Harkness
Location	New York City
Key people	Joseph R. Betancourt, President
Endowment	$700 million
Website	www.commonwealthfund.org

Healthcare rankings

Since 2004 it has produced reports comparing healthcare systems in high income countries using survey and administrative data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Health Organization which is analyzed under five themes: access to care, the care process, administrative efficiency, equity and health-care outcomes. The United States has been assessed as worst health-care system overall among 11 high-income countries in every report, even though it spends the highest proportion of its gross domestic product on health care. In 2021 Norway, the Netherlands and Australia were the top-performing countries.^[2]

Founding and early program history

The Commonwealth Fund, one of the first foundations to be established by a woman, was founded in 1918 with an endowment of almost $10 million by Anna M. Harkness. The widow of Stephen V. Harkness, a principal investor in Standard Oil, Mrs. Harkness wanted to “do something for the welfare of mankind.” Anna's son, Edward Stephen Harkness, became the Commonwealth Fund's first president and hired a staff of people to help him build the foundation. Edward Harkness possessed a "passionate commitment to social reform" and was "determined to improve health and health services for Americans."^[3] Through additional gifts and bequests between 1918 and 1959, the Harkness family's total contribution to the fund's endowment amounted to more than $53 million. By the end of 2021 the Commonwealth Fund's endowment stands at almost $840 million.^[4]

According to the Rockefeller Archive Center, the Commonwealth Fund's “early grants supported a variety of programs while generally promoting welfare, especially child welfare.”^[5] Over the years, it has given support to medical schools and to the building of hospitals and clinics. In New York City, the Commonwealth Fund and Edward Harness largely orchestrated the merger of Columbia Medical School and Presbyterian Hospital. The merger culminated in the construction of the worlds first academic medical center then-called Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center of the in 1922. The Hospital continues to operate today as NewYork-Presbyterian / Columbia University Irving Medical Center which contains the Harkness Pavillion and the Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute^[6]

 

Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute at NewYork-Presbyterian / Columbia

By the mid-1920s the chief interest of the foundation had become public health, including mental hygiene, community health, rural hospitals, medical research, and medical education.^[7] Other grant areas included war relief, educational and legal research, and international medical fellowships.^[5]

In 1925, the Commonwealth Fund launched its international program of fellowships called the Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (now the Harkness Fellowships).^[8] Until the 1990s, the fellowship was open to scholars of all academic disciplines, and included many who went on to excel in science, the arts and business.

From the late 1920s through the 1940s, the Commonwealth Fund supported the construction of rural hospitals, paving the way for the Hill-Burton Act in 1946.^[9] Following World War II, the foundation supported the development of new medical schools in the United States in an effort to address doctor shortages and meet the needs of communities lacking health care services. Other achievements include the Rochester Regional Hospital Council and the development of the Nurse Practitioner and Physician Assistant professions.^[10]

 

Child receiving rabies inoculation

In the 1940s, the fund supported research by Dr. Georgios Papanikolaou that pioneered the Pap test^[11] as the basic technique for detecting cervical cancer. Refinement of cardiac catheterization into routine treatment resulted in a 1956 Nobel Prize^[12] for the Fund-supported researchers.

In the 1960s and early 1970s, the organization focused on developing urban health care systems, and in the late 1970s, worked to improve medical school curricula. In the 1980s, the Commonwealth Fund played a prominent role in the development of the patient-centered care movement and helped draw attention to the needs of older Americans.

 

Harkness House, 1908

While the Commonwealth Fund does not typically accept donations, several gifts to the foundation have increased the endowment and expanded the scope of the Commonwealth Fund's projects and programs:

• In 1986, Jean and Harvey Picker merged $15 million in assets of the James Picker Foundation with those of the Commonwealth Fund.
• In 1996, the Commonwealth Fund received $1.7 million from the Health Services Improvement Fund with a mandate to use the funds to improve health care coverage, access, and quality in the New York City greater metropolitan region.
• In 1999, Floriana Hogan left $100,000 to the fund, and Frances Cooke Macgregor contributed $3.1 million to the endowment in 2002.^[13]

Notable early grantees and years funded^[7]

American Board of Pediatrics, 1972–1975 American Red Cross (Emergency Relief) 1919–1920, 1922, 1928 1937, 1955, 1960 American Museum of Natural History, 1969–1970, 1979–1983 Boy Scouts of America, 1919, 1921, 1928 Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1974–1987 Columbia University, 1920–1982, 1979–1991 Food Packages for Austria, 1946–1950 Food Packages for England, 1947–1948 Guttmacher Institute, 1977–1983 Harkness Community and Medical Center, 1967–1975 Harvard University, 1920–1987 International Women's Health Coalition, 1984–1986 Johns Hopkins University, 1919–1984, 1977–1981 Juilliard School, 1972–1981 Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, 1957–1966 Museum of the City of New York, 1971–1974 New York Botanical Garden, 1946–1958, 1968–1969, 1975–1980 Planned Parenthood of New York City, Inc., 1967–1980, 1982–1986 Royal Society of Medicine, 1969–1981 University of Saint Andrews, 1960–1961 The Urban Institute, 1981–1986 Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1981–1988 War Relief and Related Purposes, 1939–1949 Yale University, 1921–1982

References

1. "Joseph R. Betancourt, M.D., M.P.H." Retrieved 2023-04-12.
2. "U.S. health-care system ranks last among 11 high-income countries, researchers say". Washington Post. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
3. J. L. Fleishman, The Foundation: A Great American Secret: How Private Wealth Is Changing the World (New York, New York: PublicAffairs, 2007), p. 42.
4. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/sites/default/files/2023-01/990-PF_2021_Public-Disclosure.pdf^{[bare URL PDF]}
5. "The Rockefeller Archive Center – Commonwealth Fund Archives, 1918–1988". Rockarch.org. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
6. "Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute | Columbia Ophthalmology". Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons. 24 March 2022.
7. "The Rockefeller Archive Center – Commonwealth Fund Archives, 1918–1988". Rockarch.org. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
8. "The Rockefeller Archive Center – Commonwealth Fund Archives, 1918–1988". Rockarch.org. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
9. "MEDICAL RESEARCH GETS LARGE GIFTS; Commonwealth Fund Reports That Benefactions in 1936 Totaled $1,967,153. BUILDS NEW HOSPITALS Large Share to Institutions in This City—Income Largest in Several Years. Gift Aids Study of Hospitals Scholarships to Physician". The New York Times. January 18, 1937. (subscription required)
10. Fleishman, J L (2007). The Foundation: A Great American Secret: How Private Wealth Is Changing the World. New York, New York: PublicAffairs. p. 217. ISBN 9781586484118.
11. . InnoCentive. Archived from the original on 2011-07-02. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
12. "Dickinson W. Richards – Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 1956-12-11. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
13. . The Commonwealth Fund. 2010-06-01. Archived from the original on 2009-06-15. Retrieved 2012-05-02.

External links

• Official Website Commonwealth Fund
• Archives of the Commonwealth Fund
• Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital
• Pictures and history of Harkness House
• Architectural Essay on Harkness House