Mental operations are operations that affect mental contents. Initially, operations of reasoning have been the object of logic alone. Pierre Janet was one of the first to use the concept in psychology. Mental operations have been investigated at a developmental level by Jean Piaget, and from a psychometric perspective by J. P. Guilford. There is also a cognitive approach to the subject, as well as a systems view of it.
J. P. Guilford's Structure of Intellect model described up to 180 different intellectual abilities organized along three dimensions—Operations, Content, and Products.[4]
Apprehension is the mental operation by which an idea is formed in the mind. If you were to think of a sunset or a baseball, the action of forming that picture in your mind is apprehension. The verbal expression of apprehension is called a term.
JudgmentEdit
Judgment is the mental operation by which we predicate something of a subject. Were you to think, "That sunset is beautiful" or "Baseball is the all-American sport" is to make a judgment. The verbal expression of judgment is the statement (or proposition).
InferenceEdit
Inference (or reasoning) is the mental operation by which we draw conclusions from other information. If you were to think, "I like to look at that sunset, because I enjoy beautiful things, and that sunset is beautiful" you would be reasoning. The verbal expression of reasoning is the logical argument.[1]
Seriation—the ability to sort objects in an order according to size, shape, or any other characteristic. For example, if given different-shaded objects they may make a color gradient.
Transitivity—The ability to recognize logical relationships among elements in a serial order, and perform 'transitive inferences' (for example, If A is taller than B, and B is taller than C, then A must be taller than C).
Classification—the ability to name and identify sets of objects according to appearance, size or other characteristic, including the idea that one set of objects can include another.
Decentering—where the child takes into account multiple aspects of a problem to solve it. For example, the child will no longer perceive an exceptionally wide but short cup to contain less than a normally-wide, taller cup.
Reversibility—the child understands that numbers or objects can be changed, then returned to their original state. For this reason, a child will be able to rapidly determine that if 4+4 equals t, t−4 will equal 4, the original quantity.
Conservation—understanding that quantity, length or number of items is unrelated to the arrangement or appearance of the object or items.
According to J. P. Guilford's Structure of Intellect (SI) theory, an individual's performance on intelligence tests can be traced back to the underlying mental abilities or factors of intelligence. SI theory comprises multiple intellectual abilities organized along three dimensions—Operations, Content, and Products.[5]
Operations dimension
SI includes six operations or general intellectual processes:
Cognition—The ability to understand, comprehend, discover, and become aware of information.
Memory recording—The ability to encode information.
Memory retention—The ability to recall information.
Divergent production—The ability to generate multiple solutions to a problem; creativity.
Convergent production—The ability to deduce a single solution to a problem; rule-following or problem-solving.
Evaluation—The ability to judge whether or not information is accurate, consistent, or valid.
Content dimension
SI includes five broad areas of information to which the human intellect applies the six operations:
Visual—Information perceived through seeing.
Auditory—Information perceived through hearing.
Kinesthetic -through actions
Symbolic—Information perceived as symbols or signs that have no meaning by themselves; e.g., Arabic numerals or the letters of an alphabet.
Semantic—Information perceived in words or sentences, whether oral, written, or silently in one's mind.
Behavioral—Information perceived as acts of people.
Product dimension
As the name suggests, this dimension contains results of applying particular operations to specific contents. The SI model includes six products, in increasing complexity:
Units—Single items of knowledge.
Classes—Sets of units sharing common attributes.
Relations—Units linked as opposites or in associations, sequences, or analogies.
Systems—Multiple relations interrelated to comprise structures or networks.
Transformations—Changes, perspectives, conversions, or mutations to knowledge.
Implications—Predictions, inferences, consequences, or anticipations of knowledge.
Therefore, according to Guilford there are 6 x 5 x 6 = 180 intellectual abilities or factors. Each ability stands for a particular operation in a particular content area and results in a specific product, such as Comprehension of Figural Units or Evaluation of Semantic Implications.[4]
Cognitive viewEdit
Mental operations: cognitive view.
Following on the footsteps of Silvio Ceccato,[6] Giulio Benedetti describes several types of mental operations:[7]
attentional focalization – focusing attention on something;
attentional discarding – stopping our attention on an object;
spatial basic operating scheme (attentional movement) – passing attention from one part to another of the attentional field;
^ abcHobhouse, LT (2005). The Theory of Knowledge: A Contribution to Some Problems of Logic and Metaphysics, Kessinger Publishing, p. 223. ISBN978-1-4179-6206-8.
^Valsiner, Jaan; van der Veer, René (2000). The social mind: construction of the idea. Cambridge University Press, pp. 103-106. ISBN0-521-58973-8.
^ abcGinsburg, Herbert; Opper, Sylvia (1979). Piaget's Theory of Intellectual Development. Prentice Hall, p. 152. ISBN0-13-675140-7.
^ abGuilford, Joy Paul (1980). Some changes in the structure of intellect model. Educational and Psychological Measurement48: 1-4.
^Guilford, Joy Paul (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist5 (9): 444-454.
^Ceccato, Silvio (1961). Linguistic Analysis and Programming for Mechanical Translation. G. Feltrinelli.
^Benedetti, Giulio (2005). "Basic mental operations which make up mental categories" (PDF). www.mind-consciousness-language.com
^Tapu, Codrin Stefan (2001). Hypostatic Personality: Psychopathology of Doing and Being Made. Premier, pp. 18-19. ISBN973-8030-59-5.
August 29, 2023
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Mental operations are operations that affect mental contents Initially operations of reasoning have been the object of logic alone Pierre Janet was one of the first to use the concept in psychology Mental operations have been investigated at a developmental level by Jean Piaget and from a psychometric perspective by J P Guilford There is also a cognitive approach to the subject as well as a systems view of it Mental operationsApproaches and TypesLogical Apprehension Judgement Inference Piagetian Seriation Transitivity Classification Decentering Reversibility Conservation Psychometric Cognition Memory Divergent production Convergent production Evaluation Cognitive Attentional focalization Attentional discarding Spatial basic operating scheme Representation Comparison Operations of memory Temporal basic operating scheme Systemic Cognitive operations Practical operations Affective operations Expressive operations Perceptual motor operations Regulative operationsWriters Pierre Janet Jean Piaget Joy Paul Guilford Silvio Ceccato Giulio Benedetti Codrin Stefan TapuPsychology portal Contents 1 History 2 Logical view 2 1 Apprehension 2 2 Judgment 2 3 Inference 3 Developmental view 4 Psychometric view 5 Cognitive view 6 Systems view 7 See also 8 ReferencesHistory EditSince Antiquity mental operations more precisely formal operations of reasoning have been the object of logic 1 In 1903 Pierre Janet described two types of mental operations 2 reality operations mental operations under the control of logic disinterested operations escaping the control of reason Jean Piaget differentiated a preoperational stage and operational stages of cognitive development on the basis of presence of mental operations as an adaptation tool 3 J P Guilford s Structure of Intellect model described up to 180 different intellectual abilities organized along three dimensions Operations Content and Products 4 Logical view EditAccording to most logicians the three primary mental operations are apprehension understanding judgement and inference 1 Apprehension Edit Apprehension is the mental operation by which an idea is formed in the mind If you were to think of a sunset or a baseball the action of forming that picture in your mind is apprehension The verbal expression of apprehension is called a term Judgment Edit Judgment is the mental operation by which we predicate something of a subject Were you to think That sunset is beautiful or Baseball is the all American sport is to make a judgment The verbal expression of judgment is the statement or proposition Inference Edit Inference or reasoning is the mental operation by which we draw conclusions from other information If you were to think I like to look at that sunset because I enjoy beautiful things and that sunset is beautiful you would be reasoning The verbal expression of reasoning is the logical argument 1 Developmental view EditJean Piaget identifies several mental operations of the concrete operational stage of cognitive development 3 Mental operations according to Jean Piaget Seriation the ability to sort objects in an order according to size shape or any other characteristic For example if given different shaded objects they may make a color gradient Transitivity The ability to recognize logical relationships among elements in a serial order and perform transitive inferences for example If A is taller than B and B is taller than C then A must be taller than C Classification the ability to name and identify sets of objects according to appearance size or other characteristic including the idea that one set of objects can include another Decentering where the child takes into account multiple aspects of a problem to solve it For example the child will no longer perceive an exceptionally wide but short cup to contain less than a normally wide taller cup Reversibility the child understands that numbers or objects can be changed then returned to their original state For this reason a child will be able to rapidly determine that if 4 4 equals t t 4 will equal 4 the original quantity Conservation understanding that quantity length or number of items is unrelated to the arrangement or appearance of the object or items Piaget also describes a formal operational stage with formal operations of abstract thinking hypothesizing hypothesis testing and deduction 3 Psychometric view Edit Guilford s Structure of IntellectAccording to J P Guilford s Structure of Intellect SI theory an individual s performance on intelligence tests can be traced back to the underlying mental abilities or factors of intelligence SI theory comprises multiple intellectual abilities organized along three dimensions Operations Content and Products 5 Operations dimensionSI includes six operations or general intellectual processes Cognition The ability to understand comprehend discover and become aware of information Memory recording The ability to encode information Memory retention The ability to recall information Divergent production The ability to generate multiple solutions to a problem creativity Convergent production The ability to deduce a single solution to a problem rule following or problem solving Evaluation The ability to judge whether or not information is accurate consistent or valid Content dimensionSI includes five broad areas of information to which the human intellect applies the six operations Visual Information perceived through seeing Auditory Information perceived through hearing Kinesthetic through actions Symbolic Information perceived as symbols or signs that have no meaning by themselves e g Arabic numerals or the letters of an alphabet Semantic Information perceived in words or sentences whether oral written or silently in one s mind Behavioral Information perceived as acts of people Product dimensionAs the name suggests this dimension contains results of applying particular operations to specific contents The SI model includes six products in increasing complexity Units Single items of knowledge Classes Sets of units sharing common attributes Relations Units linked as opposites or in associations sequences or analogies Systems Multiple relations interrelated to comprise structures or networks Transformations Changes perspectives conversions or mutations to knowledge Implications Predictions inferences consequences or anticipations of knowledge Therefore according to Guilford there are 6 x 5 x 6 180 intellectual abilities or factors Each ability stands for a particular operation in a particular content area and results in a specific product such as Comprehension of Figural Units or Evaluation of Semantic Implications 4 Cognitive view Edit Mental operations cognitive view Following on the footsteps of Silvio Ceccato 6 Giulio Benedetti describes several types of mental operations 7 attentional focalization focusing attention on something attentional discarding stopping our attention on an object spatial basic operating scheme attentional movement passing attention from one part to another of the attentional field operation of representation evoking a mental image operation of comparison operations of memory temporal basic operating scheme variation of attentional focalization Systems view Edit Mental operations systems view Taking into account all mental processes the following types of mental operations have been described 8 cognitive operations production and verbalization of images and thoughts practical operations pertaining to executive functions affective operations affective evaluation of the world and self expressive operations emotional expression perceptual motor operations e g eye hand coordination regulative operations verbalization of needs motives and feelings and self control See also EditLogical connective Mental event Mental process Mental rotationReferences Edit a b c Hobhouse LT 2005 The Theory of Knowledge A Contribution to Some Problems of Logic and Metaphysics Kessinger Publishing p 223 ISBN 978 1 4179 6206 8 Valsiner Jaan van der Veer Rene 2000 The social mind construction of the idea Cambridge University Press pp 103 106 ISBN 0 521 58973 8 a b c Ginsburg Herbert Opper Sylvia 1979 Piaget s Theory of Intellectual Development Prentice Hall p 152 ISBN 0 13 675140 7 a b Guilford Joy Paul 1980 Some changes in the structure of intellect model Educational and Psychological Measurement 48 1 4 Guilford Joy Paul 1950 Creativity American Psychologist 5 9 444 454 Ceccato Silvio 1961 Linguistic Analysis and Programming for Mechanical Translation G Feltrinelli Benedetti Giulio 2005 Basic mental operations which make up mental categories PDF www mind consciousness language com Tapu Codrin Stefan 2001 Hypostatic Personality Psychopathology of Doing and Being Made Premier pp 18 19 ISBN 973 8030 59 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mental operations amp oldid 1169715368, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
