Equine infectious anemia
Equine infectious anemia or equine infectious anaemia (EIA), also known by horsemen as swamp fever, is a horse disease caused by a retrovirus (Equine infectious anemia virus) and transmitted by bloodsucking insects. The virus (EIAV) is endemic in the Americas, parts of Europe, the Middle and Far East, Russia, and South Africa. The virus is a lentivirus, like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Like HIV, EIA can be transmitted through blood, milk, and body secretions. Transmission is primarily through biting flies, such as the horse-fly and deer-fly.[1] The virus survives up to 4 hours in the vector. Contaminated surgical equipment and recycled needles and syringes, and bits[2] can transmit the disease. Mares can transmit the disease to their foals via the placenta. The risk of transmitting the disease is greatest when an infected horse is ill, as the blood levels of the virus are then highest.
| Equine infectious anemia virus | |
|---|---|
| Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Pararnavirae |
| Phylum: | Artverviricota |
| Class: | Revtraviricetes |
| Order: | Ortervirales |
| Family: | Retroviridae |
| Genus: | Lentivirus |
| Species: | Equine infectious anemia virus |
Stages edit
Acute: The acute form is a sudden onset of the disease at full-force. Symptoms include high fever, anemia (due to the breakdown of red blood cells), weakness, swelling of the lower abdomen and legs, weak pulse, and irregular heartbeat. The horse may die suddenly.[citation needed]
Subacute: A slower, less severe progression of the disease. Symptoms include recurrent fever, weight loss, an enlarged spleen (felt during a rectal examination), anemia, and swelling of the lower chest, abdominal wall, penile sheath, scrotum, and legs.[citation needed]
Chronic: The horse tires easily and is unsuitable for work. The horse may have a recurrent fever and anemia, and may relapse to the subacute or acute form even several years after the original attack.[citation needed]
A horse may also not appear to have any symptoms, yet still tests positive for EIA antibodies. Such a horse can still pass on the disease. According to most veterinarians, horses diagnosed EIA positive usually do not show any sign of sickness or disease.
EIA may cause abortion in pregnant mares. This may occur at any time during the pregnancy if there is a relapse when the virus enters the blood. Most infected mares will abort, however some give birth to healthy foals. Foals are not necessarily infected.[citation needed]
Studies indicate that there are breeds with a tolerance to EIA.[3]
Recent studies in Brazil on living wild horses have shown that in the Pantanal, about 30% of domesticated and about 5.5% of the wild horses are chronically infected with EIA.[4]
Prevention and treatment edit
A vaccine is available, called "Chinese Live Attenuated EIA vaccine", developed in China and widely used there since 1983. Another attenuated live virus vaccine is in development in the United States.[5]
Reuse of syringes and needles is a risk factor for transfer of the disease. Currently in the United States, all horses that test positive must be reported to federal authorities by the testing laboratory. EIA-positive horses are infected for life. Options for the horse include sending the horse to a recognized research facility, branding the horse and quarantining it at least 200 yards from other horses for the rest of its life, and euthanizing the horse. Very few quarantine facilities exist, which usually leads to the option of euthanizing the horse. The Florida Research Institute for Equine Nurturing, Development and Safety (a.k.a. F.R.I.E.N.D.S.) is one of the largest such quarantine facilities and is located in south Florida.[6] The horse industry and the veterinary industry strongly suggest that the risks posed by infected horses, even if they are not showing any clinical signs, are enough of a reason to impose such stringent rules. The precise impacts of the disease on the horse industry are unknown.[citation needed]
Diagnosis edit
The Coggins test (agar immunodiffusion) is a sensitive diagnostic test for equine infectious anemia developed by Dr. Leroy Coggins in the 1970s.
Currently, the US does not have an eradication program due to the low rate of incidence. However, many states require a negative Coggins test for interstate travel. In addition, most horse shows and events require a negative Coggins test. Most countries require a negative test result before allowing an imported horse into the country.
Horse owners should verify that all the horses at a breeding farm and or boarding facility have a negative Coggins test before using the services of the facility.[citation needed] A Coggins test should be done on an annual basis.[citation needed] Tests every 6 months are recommended if there is increased traveling.
References edit
- ^ "Equine Infectious Anemia: Introduction". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
- ^ Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) 2009-07-27 at the Wayback Machine, North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, retrieved December 19, 2008.
- ^ "Agricultural Biological Diversity"[permanent dead link], Convention on Biological Diversity, referenced August 12, 2008.
- ^ R.A.M.S. Silva; U.G.P. De Abreu; A.M.R. Dávila; L. Ramirez (1999). (PDF). Revue d'Élevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux. 52 (2): 99–101. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
- ^ Craigo JK, Li F, Steckbeck JD, Durkin S, Howe L, Cook SJ, Issel C, Montelaro RC (2005). "Discerning an effective balance between equine infectious anemia virus attenuation and vaccine efficacy". J. Virol. 79 (5): 2666–77. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.5.2666-2677.2005. PMC 548432. PMID 15708986.
- ^ "FRIENDS HORSE RESCUE". FRIENDS HORSE RESCUE. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
External links edit
- The short film Equine Infectious Anemia: A Status Report (1996) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.