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Climatic regions of Argentina

January 01, 1970

Due to its vast size and range of altitudes, Argentina possesses a wide variety of climatic regions, ranging from the hot subtropical region in the north to the cold subantarctic in the far south. The Pampas region lies between those and featured a mild and humid climate. Many regions have different, often contrasting, microclimates. In general, Argentina has four main climate types: warm, moderate, arid, and cold in which the relief features, and the latitudinal extent of the country, determine the different varieties within the main climate types.

Climatic regions of Argentina:
  Northwest
  Chaco Region
  Mesopotamia
  Cuyo
  Humid Pampas
  Dry Pampas
  Patagonia
  Antarctica and South Atlantic islands[note 1]

Northern parts of the country[note 2] are characterized by hot, humid summers with mild, drier winters, and highly seasonal precipitation. Mesopotamia, located in northeast Argentina, has a subtropical climate with no dry season and is characterized by high temperatures and abundant rainfall because of exposure to moist easterly winds from the Atlantic Ocean throughout the year. The Chaco region in the center-north, despite being relatively homogeneous in terms of precipitation and temperature, is the warmest region in Argentina, and one of the few natural areas in the world located between tropical and temperate latitudes that is not a desert. Precipitation decreases from east to west in the Chaco region because eastern areas are more influenced by moist air from the Atlantic Ocean than the west, resulting in the vegetation transitioning from forests and marshes to shrubs. Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry, hot, and subtropical although its rugged topography results in a diverse climate.

Central Argentina, which includes the Pampas to the east, and the Cuyo region to the west, has a temperate climate with hot summers and cool, drier winters. In the Cuyo region, the Andes obstruct the path of rain-bearing clouds from the Pacific Ocean; moreover, its latitude coincides with the subtropical high. Both factors render the region dry. With a wide range of altitudes, the Cuyo region is climatically diverse, with icy conditions persisting at altitudes higher than 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The Pampas is mostly flat and receives more precipitation, averaging 500 mm (20 in) in the western parts to 1,200 mm (47 in) in the eastern parts. The weather in the Pampas is variable due to the contrasting air masses and frontal storms that impact the region. These can generate thunderstorms with intense hailstorms and precipitation, and are known to have the most frequent lightning, and highest convective cloud tops, in the world.

Patagonia, in the south, is mostly arid or semi–arid except in the extreme west where abundant precipitation supports dense forest coverage, glaciers, and permanent snowfields. Its climate is classified as temperate to cool temperate with the surrounding oceans moderating temperatures on the coast. Away from the coast, areas on the plateaus have large daily and annual temperature ranges. The influence of the Andes, in conjunction with general circulation patterns, generates one of the strongest precipitation gradients (rate of change in mean annual precipitation in relation to a particular location) in the world, decreasing rapidly to the east. In much of Patagonia precipitation is concentrated in winter with snowfall occurring occasionally, particularly in the mountainous west and south; precipitation is more evenly distributed in the east and south. One defining characteristic is the strong winds from the west which blow year-round, lowering the perception of temperature (wind chill), while being a factor in keeping the region arid by favouring evaporation.

Definition of the regions edit

In general, Argentina has four main climate types: warm, moderate, arid, and cold, all determined by the expanse across latitude, range in altitude, and relief features.[2] The vast size, and wide range of altitudes, contribute to Argentina's diverse climate.[3][4] Argentina possesses a wide variety of climatic regions ranging from subtropical in the north to subantarctic in the far south. Lying between those is the Pampas region, which features a mild and humid climate.[5][6] Under the Köppen climate classification, Argentina has 11 different climate types:[7] Humid Subtropical (Cfa, Cwa), moderate oceanic (Cfb), warm semi-arid (BSh), subtropical highland oceanic (Cwb), warm desert (BWh), cold semi–arid (BSk), cold desert (BWk), moderate Mediterranean (Csb), cold oceanic (Cfc), and tundra (ET).[7][8] Consequently, there is a wide variety of biomes in the country, including subtropical rain forests, semi-arid and arid regions, temperate plains in the Pampas, and cold subantarctic in the south.[9] However, despite the diversity of biomes, about two-thirds of Argentina is arid or semi-arid.[9][10] Argentina is best divided into six distinct regions reflecting the climatic conditions of the country as a whole.[11] From north to south, these regions are Northwest, Chaco, Northeast, Cuyo/Monte, Pampas, and Patagonia.[11][12] Each climatic region has distinctive types of vegetation.[13]

Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, which includes the Antarctic Peninsula and a triangular section extending to the South Pole, delimited by the 25° West and 74° West meridians and the 60° South parallel.[14] However, all claims are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty System, of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member.[15] Argentina also claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas), and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Spanish: Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur).[16][17][18] However, the United Kingdom exercises de facto control over both the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, both as British Overseas Territories.[18][19]

Mesopotamia edit

 
High temperatures and abundant rainfall in much of Mesopotamia enable it to support jungles such as this one in Misiones Province.

The region of Mesopotamia includes the provinces of Misiones, Entre Ríos and Corrientes.[20] It lies between the Uruguay and Paraná rivers, which serve as natural borders for the region.[4][12]

It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa according to the Köppen climate classification).[20] whose main features are high temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout the year.[2] This year-round rainfall occurs because most of the region lies north of the subtropical high pressure belt even in winter, exposing it to moist easterly winds from the Atlantic Ocean throughout the year.[21]: 12  Water deficiencies and extended periods of drought are uncommon, and much of the region has a positive water balance (i.e. the precipitation exceeds the potential evapotranspiration).[20][22][23]: 85 

Precipitation edit

Mesopotamia is the wettest region in Argentina[24] with average annual precipitation ranges from less than 1,000 mm (39 in) in the southern parts, to approximately 1,800 mm (71 in) in the eastern parts.[20][23]: 31 Precipitation is slightly higher in summer than in winter, and generally decreases from east to west and from north to south.[23]: 32 [25] Summer (December–February) is the most humid season, with precipitation ranging from 300 to 450 mm (12 to 18 in).[23]: 37  Fall (March–May) is the rainiest season, with many places receiving over 350 mm (14 in).[23]: 38  Most of the rainfall during summer and fall is caused by convective thunderstorms.[23]: 38–39  Winter (June–August) is the driest season, with a mean precipitation of 110 mm (4.3 in) throughout the region.[23]: 39  Most of the winter precipitation is the result of synoptic scale, low pressure weather systems (large scale storms such as extratropical cyclones),[23]: 40  particularly the sudestada, which often bring long periods of precipitation, cloudiness, cooler temperatures, and strong winds.[25][26][27][28] Snowfall is extremely rare and mainly confined to the uplands of Misiones Province where the last significant snowfall occurred in 1975 in Bernardo de Irigoyen.[29][30] Spring (September–November) is similar to fall with a mean precipitation of 340 mm (13 in).[23]: 40 

Temperatures edit

Mean annual temperatures range from 17 °C (63 °F) in the south to 21 °C (70 °F) in the north.[24] Summers are hot and humid while winters are mild.[20][21]: 12 [25] The mean January temperature throughout most of the region is 25 °C (77 °F) except in the uplands of Misiones Province where they are lower owing to its higher elevation.[24] During heat waves, temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in the summer months, while in the winter months, cold air masses from the south can push temperatures below freezing, causing frost.[26][27][29] However, such cold fronts are brief, and are less intense than in areas further south or at higher altitudes.[26][27][29]

Statistics for selected locations edit

Climate data for Posadas, Misiones (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.0
(91.4) 		32.4
(90.3) 		31.0
(87.8) 		28.0
(82.4) 		23.9
(75.0) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.0
(71.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		25.9
(78.6) 		28.5
(83.3) 		30.4
(86.7) 		32.3
(90.1) 		27.8
(82.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.1
(71.8) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.4
(68.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		14.4
(57.9) 		13.1
(55.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		13.3
(55.9) 		15.0
(59.0) 		17.6
(63.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		17.3
(63.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 168.7
(6.64) 		136.9
(5.39) 		171.0
(6.73) 		179.0
(7.05) 		138.4
(5.45) 		128.6
(5.06) 		94.1
(3.70) 		87.1
(3.43) 		132.8
(5.23) 		253.4
(9.98) 		178.8
(7.04) 		204.4
(8.05) 		1,873.2
(73.75)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 9.5 9.2 9.3 8.9 8.8 8.5 8.1 7.6 9.9 11.5 8.9 9.7 110.0
Average relative humidity (%) 68.1 70.4 71.9 74.4 77.3 77.5 73.9 68.3 67.9 69.6 65.4 66.3 70.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 192.2 186.5 179.8 174.0 155.0 126.0 158.1 179.8 147.0 153.0 183.0 176.7 2,011.1
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]
Climate data for Monte Caseros, Corrientes (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.4
(90.3) 		31.2
(88.2) 		29.6
(85.3) 		25.8
(78.4) 		21.7
(71.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		21.7
(71.1) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.8
(78.4) 		28.7
(83.7) 		31.1
(88.0) 		25.8
(78.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.6
(69.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		15.3
(59.5) 		12.0
(53.6) 		9.8
(49.6) 		8.8
(47.8) 		10.1
(50.2) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.8
(58.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 157.4
(6.20) 		140.6
(5.54) 		136.8
(5.39) 		197.2
(7.76) 		114.7
(4.52) 		82.3
(3.24) 		61.7
(2.43) 		64.5
(2.54) 		91.9
(3.62) 		157.6
(6.20) 		149.1
(5.87) 		167.3
(6.59) 		1,521.1
(59.89)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 8.8 8.1 8.0 9.1 8.4 7.6 6.4 5.6 7.8 10.3 8.1 9.1 97.2
Average relative humidity (%) 68.4 72.5 74.6 78.0 81.1 81.5 78.3 73.7 72.5 73.0 68.1 67.5 74.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 285.9 232.7 241.8 188.9 178.1 146.7 165.0 178.6 188.8 224.8 256.9 271.5 2,594.8
Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (sunshine hours 1981–2010)[32]
Climate data for Paraná, Entre Ríos (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2) 		29.7
(85.5) 		27.9
(82.2) 		24.0
(75.2) 		20.3
(68.5) 		17.3
(63.1) 		16.9
(62.4) 		19.6
(67.3) 		21.8
(71.2) 		24.6
(76.3) 		27.6
(81.7) 		29.8
(85.6) 		24.2
(75.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19.4
(66.9) 		18.6
(65.5) 		16.9
(62.4) 		13.8
(56.8) 		11.0
(51.8) 		8.3
(46.9) 		7.2
(45.0) 		8.4
(47.1) 		10.2
(50.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		15.7
(60.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		13.4
(56.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 112.2
(4.42) 		128.3
(5.05) 		147.6
(5.81) 		136.6
(5.38) 		63.5
(2.50) 		36.7
(1.44) 		30.8
(1.21) 		38.4
(1.51) 		54.0
(2.13) 		131.1
(5.16) 		123.6
(4.87) 		152.0
(5.98) 		1,154.8
(45.46)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 7.6 7.9 7.3 8.4 5.8 4.4 4.1 4.2 5.6 9.3 8.0 8.9 81.6
Average relative humidity (%) 66.3 71.5 73.9 77.1 79.5 79.6 75.4 70.2 67.7 69.5 65.3 64.9 71.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 285.2 243.0 238.7 198.0 176.7 147.0 176.7 207.7 210.0 232.5 264.0 254.2 2,633.7
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]

Chaco edit

 
Western parts of the Chaco region are characterized by shrubs and low to medium forest cover due to lower precipitation.[9][20]
 
Marshes located in Río Pilcomayo National Park are one of the natural features typical in the eastern parts of the Chaco region, owing to the higher precipitation.[9][20]

The Chaco region in the center-north completely includes the provinces of Chaco, and Formosa.[33] Eastern parts of Jujuy Province, Salta Province, and Tucumán Province, and northern parts of Córdoba Province and Santa Fe Province are part of the region.[33] As well, most of Santiago del Estero Province lies within the region.[34]

The region has a subtropical climate.[25][35] Under the Köppen climate classification, western parts have a semi-arid climate (Bs)[20] while the east has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa).[36][37]: 486  Chaco is one of the few natural regions in the world located between tropical and temperate latitudes that is not a desert.[37]: 486  Precipitation and temperature are relatively homogeneous throughout the region.[37]: 486  The general atmospheric circulation influences the climate of the region, primarily by two permanent high pressure systems – the South Pacific High and the South Atlantic High – and a low pressure system that develops over northeast Argentina called the Chaco Low.[36] The interaction between the South Atlantic High and the Chaco Low generates a pressure gradient that brings moist air from the east and northeast to eastern coastal and central regions of Argentina.[21][38] In summer, this interaction strengthens, favouring the development of convective thunderstorms that can result in heavy rainfall.[21][38] In contrast, winters are dry due to these systems weakening, and the lower insolation that weakens the Chaco Low, and the northward displacement of westerly winds.[38][39] During the entire year, the South Pacific High influences the climate by bringing cold, moist air masses originating in Patagonia[40] leading to cold temperatures and frost, particularly during winter.[39] Summers feature more stable weather than winter since the South Atlantic and South Pacific highs are at their southernmost positions, making the entrance of cold fronts more difficult.[20][39]

Precipitation edit

Mean annual precipitation ranges from 1,200 mm (47 in) in the eastern parts of Formosa Province to a low of 450 to 500 mm (18 to 20 in) in the west and southwest.[20][23]: 30  Most of the precipitation is concentrated in the summer and decreases from east to west.[20][25] Summer rains are intense, and torrential rain is common, occasionally causing floods and soil erosion.[36][41] During the winter months, precipitation is sparse.[20][25] Eastern areas receive more precipitation than western areas since they are more influenced by moist air from the Atlantic Ocean. This penetrates the eastern areas more than the west, bringing it more precipitation.[20] As a result, the vegetation differs with eastern areas being covered by forests, savannas, marshes, and subtropical wet forest, while western areas are dominated by medium and low forests of mesophytic and xerophytic trees, and a dense understory of shrubs and grasses.[9] The western part has a pronounced dry winter season while the eastern parts have a slightly drier season.[41] In all parts of the region, precipitation is highly variable from year to year.[40] The eastern part of the region receives just enough precipitation to have a positive water balance.[36] By contrast, the western parts of the region have a negative water balance (the potential evapotranspiration exceeds the precipitation) owing to lower precipitation.[23]: 85 

Temperatures edit

The Chaco region is the hottest in Argentina, with a mean annual temperature of 23 °C (73 °F).[20] With mean summer temperatures reaching 28 °C (82 °F), the region has the hottest summers in the country.[20][23]: 63  Winters are mild and brief, with mean temperatures in July ranging from 16 °C (61 °F) in the northern parts to 14 °C (57 °F) in the southernmost parts.[42]: 1  Absolute maximum temperatures can reach up to 49 °C (120 °F) while during cold waves, temperatures can fall to −6 °C (21 °F).[20] Eastern areas are more strongly influenced by maritime climate than western areas, leading to a smaller thermal amplitude (difference between average high and average low temperatures).[36] This results in absolute maximum and minimum temperatures being 43 °C (109 °F) and −2.5 °C (27.5 °F) in the east compared to more than 47 °C (117 °F) and −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) in the west.[41]

Statistics for selected locations edit

Climate data for Rivadavia, Salta (located in the west) 1961–1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 35.8
(96.4) 		34.4
(93.9) 		32.4
(90.3) 		28.6
(83.5) 		25.8
(78.4) 		22.7
(72.9) 		24.0
(75.2) 		27.0
(80.6) 		29.7
(85.5) 		33.2
(91.8) 		34.4
(93.9) 		35.5
(95.9) 		30.3
(86.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.1
(71.8) 		21.5
(70.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		17.2
(63.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		10.8
(51.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		11.4
(52.5) 		14.2
(57.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		16.8
(62.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 128.1
(5.04) 		97.7
(3.85) 		91.3
(3.59) 		64.4
(2.54) 		16.7
(0.66) 		10.9
(0.43) 		4.4
(0.17) 		4.1
(0.16) 		13.6
(0.54) 		42.9
(1.69) 		76.6
(3.02) 		115.3
(4.54) 		666.0
(26.22)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 9 9 10 8 6 4 3 1 2 5 9 9 75
Average relative humidity (%) 61 64 68 70 70 68 62 54 52 56 50 59 61
Mean monthly sunshine hours 248 254 248 180 186 120 155 217 210 248 240 248 2,554
Source 1: NOAA,[43] Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (precipitation days 1961–1990)[44]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun and humidity)[45]
Climate data for Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña (located in the centre)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 34.0
(93.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		31.1
(88.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		24.4
(75.9) 		21.9
(71.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		24.8
(76.6) 		26.8
(80.2) 		29.4
(84.9) 		31.1
(88.0) 		33.0
(91.4) 		28.2
(82.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.2
(68.4) 		19.4
(66.9) 		18.4
(65.1) 		14.9
(58.8) 		12.2
(54.0) 		10.0
(50.0) 		8.8
(47.8) 		9.8
(49.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		15.1
(59.2) 		17.0
(62.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		14.7
(58.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 136.7
(5.38) 		120.0
(4.72) 		130.7
(5.15) 		113.6
(4.47) 		47.4
(1.87) 		25.4
(1.00) 		18.6
(0.73) 		21.7
(0.85) 		37.4
(1.47) 		90.9
(3.58) 		118.9
(4.68) 		125.3
(4.93) 		986.6
(38.84)
Average precipitation days 7 7 7 7 6 5 3 3 4 7 7 7 70
Average relative humidity (%) 70 72 76 78 78 78 73 67 64 67 69 69 72
Mean monthly sunshine hours 285.2 243.0 229.4 189.0 189.1 150.0 186.0 204.6 207.0 241.8 264.0 285.2 2,674.3
Source: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (temperature 1930–2013, precipitation 1924–2013, humidity 1965–2013 and sun 1968–2013)[46]
Climate data for Formosa, Argentina (located in the east) 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 34.1
(93.4) 		33.0
(91.4) 		31.7
(89.1) 		28.6
(83.5) 		24.5
(76.1) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.7
(72.9) 		25.4
(77.7) 		27.2
(81.0) 		29.5
(85.1) 		30.9
(87.6) 		33.0
(91.4) 		28.6
(83.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.5
(72.5) 		22.0
(71.6) 		20.6
(69.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		14.6
(58.3) 		13.1
(55.6) 		11.5
(52.7) 		12.7
(54.9) 		14.7
(58.5) 		18.2
(64.8) 		19.2
(66.6) 		21.4
(70.5) 		17.4
(63.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 163.5
(6.44) 		135.6
(5.34) 		138.2
(5.44) 		159.6
(6.28) 		110.1
(4.33) 		60.3
(2.37) 		41.0
(1.61) 		34.8
(1.37) 		74.8
(2.94) 		150.3
(5.92) 		159.9
(6.30) 		178.4
(7.02) 		1,406.5
(55.37)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 8.7 8.7 8.0 8.5 8.2 6.7 5.1 4.8 7.1 10.1 8.9 9.2 94.0
Average relative humidity (%) 71.5 74.2 76.4 78.9 81.2 81.0 76.4 70.3 69.3 72.4 71.1 71.4 74.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 275.9 228.8 226.3 198.0 186.0 153.0 189.1 195.3 183.0 213.9 255.0 269.7 2,574
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]

Northwest edit

 
Owing to orographic precipitation, the high rainfall creates the thick Yungas jungle on the eastern slopes in the Andes in northwest Argentina.
 
The Altiplano/Puna region is located in western parts of the region, characterized by an arid and cold climate with large diurnal ranges and high sunshine duration.
 
Lerma Valley in Salta. The temperate valleys in Jujuy Province and Salta Province have a mild climate with wet summers and dry winters.[note 3]
 
Arid and hot weather predominate at the lower altitudes in the Andean valleys in northwest Argentina.

Northwest Argentina consists of the provinces of Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja, and western parts of Salta Province, and Tucumán Province.[47] Although Santiago del Estero Province is part of northwest Argentina, much of the province lies in the Chaco region.[34]

Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry, hot, and subtropical.[48] Owing to its rugged topography, the region is climatically diverse, depending on the altitude, temperature, and distribution of precipitation.[49] Consequently, vegetation differs within these different climate types.[50] In general, the climate can be divided into two main types: a cold arid or semi-arid climate at the higher altitudes, and warmer subtropical climate in the eastern parts of the region.[48][49] Under the Köppen climate classification, the region has 5 different climate types: semi–arid (BS), arid (BW), temperate climate without a dry season and with a dry season (Cf and Cw respectively), and an alpine climate at the highest altitudes.[50]

The atmospheric circulation is controlled by the two semi–permanent South Atlantic and South Pacific highs,[51]: 18  and the Chaco Low.[36][52] During summer, the interaction between the South Atlantic High and the Chaco Low brings northeasterly and easterly winds that carry moisture to the region, particularly in the northern parts.[49][50][52] The movement of moist air into the region during summer results in very high precipitation.[51]: 20  Most of the precipitation comes from the east since the Andes block most moisture from the Pacific Ocean.[21][49] Southern parts of the region are influenced by cold fronts travelling northward.[51]: 18 [52] These cold fronts are responsible for producing precipitation during summer.[51]: 18  For example, in Tucumán Province, cold fronts are responsible for 70% of the rainfall in that province.[51]: 18  Furthermore, the intertropical convergence zone (or doldrums) reaches the region during the summer months, leading to enhanced precipitation.[51]: 18 [52] During the winter months, the intertropical convergence zone, the South Pacific, and the South Atlantic highs move northward while the Chaco Low weakens, all of which results in the suppression of rain during the winter.[21][50][51]: 20 [53] With the Andes blocking most rain bearing clouds from the Pacific Ocean, along with atmospheric circulation patterns unfavourable for rain, this results in a dry season during winter.[21][50][51]: 20 [53] The Chaco Low attracts air masses from the South Pacific High, creating a dry and cold wind, particularly during winter.[52] At the highest altitudes, westerly winds from the Pacific Ocean can penetrate during the winter months, leading to snowstorms.[49]

Precipitation edit

The Andes are the principal factor that determines the precipitation/rainfall regime (seasonal distribution of rainfall).[54] Without the Andes, the climate of northwest Argentina would have been arid and resembled that of northern Chile.[54] Precipitation is highly seasonal and mostly concentrated in the summer months.[50][53] About 90% of the annual precipitation falls from November to April, which constitutes the wet season while the dry season is from May until October when precipitation is sparse.[54] It is distributed irregularly owing to the country's topography although it generally decreases from east to west.[50][51]: 29  There is great variation in precipitation both seasonally and annually.[54]

As moist air reaches the eastern slopes of the mountains, it rises and cools adiabatically, leading to the formation of clouds that generate copious amounts of rain.[50] The eastern slopes of the mountains receive between 1,000 and 1,500 mm (39 and 59 in) of precipitation a year although some places receive up to 2,500 mm (98 in) of precipitation annually owing to orographic precipitation.[49][50] In the south, the orographic effect is enhanced by advancing cold fronts from the south, resulting in increased precipitation.[51]: 22  The high rainfall on these first slopes creates the thick Yungas jungle that extends in a narrow strip along these ranges.[52][55]: 56  During fall, the jungles are covered by fog and complete cloud cover.[55]: 56  Beyond the first slopes of the Andes into the valleys, the air descends, warming adiabatically, and becoming drier than on the eastern slopes.[50] The north–south orientation of the mountains, which increase in altitude to the west,[49] and a discontinuous topography, creates valleys with regions of relatively high orographic precipitation in the west and drier regions in east.[50][51]: 29 

The temperate valleys, which include major cities such as Salta and Jujuy,[note 3] have an average precipitation ranging between 500 and 1,000 mm (20 and 39 in).[56] These valleys lie in a transitional area between the sub–humid climate in the west where the first slopes of Andes occur and the semi–arid climates to the east in the Chaco region.[54] to the west For example, in the Lerma Valley, which is surrounded by tall mountains, (only the northeastern part of the valley is surrounded by shorter mountains), precipitation ranges from 695 mm (27 in) in Salta to 1,395 mm (55 in) in San Lorenzo, just 11 km (6.8 mi) away.[51]: 29  Rainfall in the temperate valleys is mainly concentrated in the summer months, often falling in short but heavy bursts.[57][58]

Valleys in the southern parts of the region are drier than valleys in the north due to the greater height of the Andes and the Sierras Pampeanas on the eastern slopes compared to the mountains in the north (ranging from 3,000 to 6,900 m (9,800 to 22,600 ft)), presenting a significant orographic barrier that blocks moist winds from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.[51]: 22–23 [59]: 28  These valleys receive less than 200 mm (8 in) of precipitation per year, and are characterized by sparse vegetation adapted to the arid climate.[52]

The area further west is the Puna region, a plateau with an average altitude of 3,900 m (12,800 ft) that is mostly a desert due to the easterly winds being blocked by the Andes and the northwest extension of the Sierras Pampeanas.[49][51]: 33 [52][60] Precipitation in the Puna region averages less than 200 mm (8 in) a year while potential evapotranspiration ranges from 500 to 600 mm (20 to 24 in) a year, owing to the high insolation, strong winds, and low humidity that exacerbates the dry conditions.[9][61] This results in the Puna region having a water deficit in all months.[62]: 17  The southeast parts of the Puna region are very arid receiving an average of 50 mm (2 in), while in the northeastern area, average annual precipitation ranges from 300 to 400 mm (12 to 16 in).[49][51]: 34  Although easterly winds are rare in the Puna region, they bring 88%–96% of the area's precipitation.[49] Snowfall is rare, averaging less than five days of snow per year.[9][61] Due to the aridity of these mountains at high altitudes, the snowline can extend as far up as 6,000 m (20,000 ft) above sea level.[63] The El Niño–Southern Oscillation influences precipitation levels in northwest Argentina.[52][53][64] During an El Niño year, westerly flow is strengthened, while moisture content from the east is reduced resulting in a drier rainy season.[53][64] In contrast, during a La Niña year, there is enhanced easterly moisture transport, resulting in a more intense rainy season.[53][64] Nonetheless, this trend is highly variable both spatially and temporally.[53]

Temperatures edit

Temperatures in northwest Argentina vary by altitude.[49] The temperate valleys have a temperate climate, with mild summers, and dry and cool winters with regular frosts.[57][65]: 53  The diurnal range in cities is fairly wide, particularly in the winter.[57][58] In the Yungas jungle to the east, the climate is hot and humid with temperatures that vary significantly based on latitude and altitude.[55]: 56  Mean annual temperatures in the Yungas range between 14 and 26 °C (57 and 79 °F).[55]: 56 

The mean annual temperatures in the Quebrada de Humahuaca valley range from 12.0 to 14.1 °C (53.6 to 57.4 °F), depending on altitude.[62]: 10  In the Calchaquí Valleys in Salta Province, the climate is temperate and arid with large thermal amplitudes, long summers, and a long frost free period which varies by altitude.[62]: 10 [66][67] In both the Quebrada de Humahuaca and Calchaquí valleys, winters are cold with frosts that can occur between March and September.[56]

In the valleys in the south in La Rioja and Catamarca Provinces, along with the southwest parts of Santiago del Estero Province, temperatures during the summer are very high averaging 26 °C (79 °F) in January, while winters are mild averaging 12 °C (54 °F).[68] The mean annual temperatures in this region ranges between 16 and 20 °C (61 and 68 °F).[69] Temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during the summer, particularly in the central valley of Catamarca (Valle Central de Catamarca) and the valley of La Rioja Capital which lie at lower altitudes.[59]: 28 [68] During winter, cold fronts from the south bringing cold Antarctic air can cause temperatures to fall between −8 and −14 °C (18 and 7 °F) with severe frosts.[59] In contrast, the Zonda wind, which occurs more often during the winter months, can raise temperatures up to 35 °C (95 °F) with strong gusts, sometimes causing crop damage.[59]: 33–34 

Temperatures are much colder in the Puna region, with a mean annual temperature of less than 10 °C (50 °F) owing to its high altitude.[9] The Puna region is characterized by being cold but sunny throughout the year, with frosts that can occur in any month.[9][49][61] The diurnal range is large, with a thermal amplitude that can exceed 40 °C (72 °F) due to the low humidity and the intense sunlight throughout the year.[62]: 17  Absolute maximum temperatures in the Puna region can reach up to 30 °C (86 °F) while absolute minimum temperatures can fall below −20 °C (−4 °F).[62]: 16 

Statistics for selected locations edit

Climate data for Salar del Hombre Muerto (southwestern Puna region) 1927–1931
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.6
(67.3) 		20.1
(68.2) 		17.8
(64.0) 		12.8
(55.0) 		9.9
(49.8) 		7.1
(44.8) 		6.0
(42.8) 		8.4
(47.1) 		11.2
(52.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		17.7
(63.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		13.9
(57.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.2
(36.0) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		0.5
(32.9) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		−8.9
(16.0) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−4.0
(24.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 31.4
(1.24) 		2.6
(0.10) 		1.6
(0.06) 		11.0
(0.43) 		1.0
(0.04) 		4.0
(0.16) 		7.5
(0.30) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		4.7
(0.19) 		63.8
(2.51)
Average relative humidity (%) 40.0 30.2 27.4 20.0 20.1 22.3 23.0 19.4 16.6 19.5 23.7 31.3 24.5
Source: Secretaria de Mineria[70]
Climate data for La Quiaca (northeast parts of the Puna region) 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20.6
(69.1) 		20.4
(68.7) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.3
(68.5) 		17.8
(64.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.7
(71.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.2
(72.0) 		19.7
(67.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9) 		7.6
(45.7) 		6.6
(43.9) 		3.1
(37.6) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		3.3
(37.9) 		5.5
(41.9) 		7.3
(45.1) 		1.9
(35.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 102.2
(4.02) 		67.9
(2.67) 		48.1
(1.89) 		6.8
(0.27) 		1.1
(0.04) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.2
(0.05) 		3.9
(0.15) 		14.4
(0.57) 		22.2
(0.87) 		63.2
(2.49) 		331.0
(13.03)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 15.1 12.1 9.3 2.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.0 3.3 6.3 11.4 61.5
Average relative humidity (%) 62.6 63.2 60.3 46.0 32.6 27.4 25.7 26.7 32.1 42.4 48.6 55.8 43.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 263.5 228.8 269.7 288.0 297.6 285.0 297.6 303.8 291.0 306.9 303.0 275.9 3,410.8
Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]
Source 2: Secretaria de Mineria (sun 1961–1990)[71]
Climate data for Salta Airport (temperate valleys) 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 27.7
(81.9) 		26.5
(79.7) 		25.1
(77.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		20.3
(68.5) 		19.8
(67.6) 		19.9
(67.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		24.7
(76.5) 		26.9
(80.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		28.4
(83.1) 		24.4
(75.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 16.8
(62.2) 		16.1
(61.0) 		15.2
(59.4) 		12.2
(54.0) 		8.1
(46.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		2.9
(37.2) 		4.8
(40.6) 		7.7
(45.9) 		12.1
(53.8) 		14.2
(57.6) 		16.0
(60.8) 		10.9
(51.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 197.1
(7.76) 		147.3
(5.80) 		107.3
(4.22) 		42.1
(1.66) 		9.7
(0.38) 		2.5
(0.10) 		2.7
(0.11) 		2.3
(0.09) 		5.7
(0.22) 		23.9
(0.94) 		59.3
(2.33) 		138.4
(5.45) 		738.3
(29.07)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 15.4 14.4 13.7 7.0 3.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 2.1 5.3 9.0 13.0 88.6
Average relative humidity (%) 77.2 80.6 82.9 82.3 80.5 75.6 69.3 60.4 55.8 60.6 66.1 71.5 71.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 195.3 166.7 158.1 159.0 158.1 171.0 204.6 223.2 210.0 210.8 213.0 217.0 2,286.8
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]
Climate data for La Rioja, Argentina (lowland dry valleys) 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 35.2
(95.4) 		33.2
(91.8) 		30.8
(87.4) 		26.8
(80.2) 		22.6
(72.7) 		19.7
(67.5) 		19.5
(67.1) 		23.3
(73.9) 		26.9
(80.4) 		30.8
(87.4) 		33.6
(92.5) 		35.4
(95.7) 		28.2
(82.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.5
(70.7) 		20.1
(68.2) 		18.6
(65.5) 		14.6
(58.3) 		9.9
(49.8) 		5.6
(42.1) 		4.2
(39.6) 		6.9
(44.4) 		11.3
(52.3) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.9
(66.0) 		20.8
(69.4) 		14.0
(57.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 90.3
(3.56) 		78.8
(3.10) 		63.4
(2.50) 		30.8
(1.21) 		8.2
(0.32) 		4.0
(0.16) 		4.2
(0.17) 		3.3
(0.13) 		5.5
(0.22) 		19.5
(0.77) 		32.0
(1.26) 		66.9
(2.63) 		406.9
(16.02)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 8.3 7.6 6.2 4.1 2.5 1.0 0.8 0.6 1.7 2.6 4.3 6.4 46.1
Average relative humidity (%) 59.9 63.9 67.9 70.0 71.1 70.3 63.2 52.2 47.6 49.3 51.5 54.4 60.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 232.5 206.2 204.6 189.0 179.8 174.0 213.9 235.6 219.0 244.9 237.0 235.6 2,572.1
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]
Climate data for Santa María, Catamarca (Calchaquí Valleys) 1904–1950
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.2
(86.4) 		29.5
(85.1) 		28.2
(82.8) 		25.8
(78.4) 		22.3
(72.1) 		19.8
(67.6) 		19.8
(67.6) 		22.6
(72.7) 		25.5
(77.9) 		27.4
(81.3) 		29.5
(85.1) 		30.4
(86.7) 		25.9
(78.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.4
(56.1) 		13.1
(55.6) 		11.4
(52.5) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.0
(37.4) 		0.1
(32.2) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		1.2
(34.2) 		4.7
(40.5) 		7.8
(46.0) 		10.7
(51.3) 		12.4
(54.3) 		7.0
(44.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 44.1
(1.74) 		33.1
(1.30) 		22.3
(0.88) 		2.0
(0.08) 		1.0
(0.04) 		0.4
(0.02) 		1.6
(0.06) 		1.0
(0.04) 		0.4
(0.02) 		10.7
(0.42) 		17.5
(0.69) 		36.7
(1.44) 		170.8
(6.72)
Average relative humidity (%) 33 37 53 55 50 51 49 50 52 50 40 39 47
Source: Secretaria de Mineria[72]
Climate data for San Miguel de Tucumán (eastern parts of the region) 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.3
(88.3) 		29.7
(85.5) 		27.9
(82.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		21.4
(70.5) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.4
(66.9) 		23.3
(73.9) 		26.3
(79.3) 		28.9
(84.0) 		30.3
(86.5) 		31.3
(88.3) 		26.1
(79.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.3
(68.5) 		19.7
(67.5) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		11.8
(53.2) 		8.5
(47.3) 		6.9
(44.4) 		8.7
(47.7) 		11.5
(52.7) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		19.5
(67.1) 		14.5
(58.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 238.0
(9.37) 		181.9
(7.16) 		134.6
(5.30) 		61.6
(2.43) 		27.6
(1.09) 		12.9
(0.51) 		5.4
(0.21) 		6.4
(0.25) 		15.1
(0.59) 		63.8
(2.51) 		102.3
(4.03) 		160.1
(6.30) 		1,009.7
(39.75)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 12.7 11.1 12.0 9.4 7.5 4.9 2.8 1.5 3.1 7.4 10.1 11.5 93.9
Average relative humidity (%) 73.4 76.9 80.0 80.2 79.7 77.6 69.4 59.2 55.9 61.0 65.3 69.1 70.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 229.4 186.5 173.6 153.0 145.7 135.0 186.0 204.6 198.0 195.3 213.0 229.4 2,249.5
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]

Cuyo edit

 
Much of the Cuyo region is dry, depending on rivers for irrigation.
 
Colder weather predominates at higher altitudes in the Cuyo region which can receive snow during the winter.

The Cuyo region includes the provinces of Mendoza, San Juan, and San Luis.[47] Western parts of La Pampa Province (as shown in map) also belong in this region, having similar climatic and soil characteristics to it.[11]

It has an arid or semi-arid climate.[73][74] The wide range in latitudes, combined with altitudes ranging from 500 m (1,600 ft) to nearly 7,000 m (23,000 ft), means that it has a variety of different climate types.[67][74] In general, most of the region has a temperate climate, with higher altitude valleys having a more milder climate.[66] At the highest altitudes (over 4,000 m (13,000 ft)), icy conditions persist year round.[74] With very low humidity, abundant sunshine throughout the year, and a temperate climate, the region is suitable for wine production.[67]

The Andes prevent rain-bearing clouds from the Pacific Ocean from moving in, while its latitude puts it in a band of the sub-tropical high pressure belt keeping the region dry.[21][73] Droughts are often frequent and prolonged.[21] The Cuyo region is influenced by the subtropical, semi–permanent South Atlantic High to the east in the Atlantic, the semi-permanent South Pacific High to the west of the Andes, and the development of the Chaco Low and westerlies in the southern parts of the region.[38][73] Most of the precipitation falls during the summer due to the stronger interaction between the Chaco Low and the South Atlantic High.[21][38]

Precipitation edit

Average annual precipitation ranges between 100 and 500 mm (4 and 20 in) though this varies from year to year.[73][74] More than 85% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to March, which constitutes the warm season.[73] Eastern and southeastern areas of the region receive more precipitation than western areas since they receive more summer rainfall.[38] As such, most of Mendoza and San Juan Provinces receive the lowest annual precipitation, with mean summer precipitation averaging less than 100 mm (4 in) and in rare cases, no summer rainfall.[38] Further eastward, in San Luis Province, mean summer rainfall averages around 500 mm (20 in) and can exceed 700 mm (28 in) in some areas.[38][75] Higher altitude locations receive precipitation in the form of snow during the winter months.[76][77][78] In the Cuyo region, annual precipitation is highly variable from year to year and appears to follow a cycle between dry and wet years in periods of about 2, 4–5, 6–8, and 16–22 years.[73] In wet years, easterly winds caused by the subtropical South Atlantic High are stronger, which causes more moisture to flow towards this region; during the dry years, these winds are weaker.[38][73]

Temperatures edit

Mean annual temperatures range from 13 to 15.5 °C (55.4 to 59.9 °F).[79] Summers in the region are hot and generally very sunny, averaging as much as 10 hours of sunshine per day.[63][80] The average temperature in January is 24 °C (75 °F) in most of the region.[81] In contrast, winters are dry and cold and average around 7–8 hours of sunshine per day.[63][80] July temperatures range from 7 to 8 °C (45 to 47 °F).[81] Since this region has a wide range of altitudes ranging from 500 m (1,600 ft) to nearly 7,000 m (23,000 ft), temperatures can vary widely with altitude. The Sierras Pampeanas, which cross into both San Juan and San Luis Provinces, have a milder climate with mean annual temperatures ranging from 12 to 18 °C (54 to 64 °F).[78] In all locations, at altitudes over 3,800 m (12,500 ft), permafrost is present, while icy conditions persist year round at altitudes over 4,000 m (13,000 ft).[74] The region is characterized by a large diurnal range with very hot temperatures during the day followed by cold nights.[80]

The Zonda wind, a foehn wind characterized by warm, dry air can cause temperatures to exceed 30 °C (86 °F). In some cases, such as in 2003, they can exceed 45 °C (113 °F).[82][83] This wind often occurs before the passage of a cold front across Argentina, and tends to occur when a low pressure system brings heavy rain to the Chilean side, and when an upper-level trough allows the winds to pass over the Andes to descend downwards.[82][84][85] As such, the temperature may rise as much as 20 °C (36 °F) in a few hours, with humidity approaching 0% during a Zonda wind event.[84] In contrast, cold waves are also common, owing to the Andes channeling cold air from the south, allowing cold fronts to come frequently during the winter months, causing cool to cold temperatures with temperatures that can fall below freezing.[85][86] Temperatures can dip below −10 to −30 °C (14 to −22 °F) at the higher altitudes.[77]

Statistics for selected locations edit

Climate data for San Juan Airport (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 35.1
(95.2) 		33.3
(91.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		25.3
(77.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.3
(68.5) 		23.8
(74.8) 		27.9
(82.2) 		31.6
(88.9) 		34.4
(93.9) 		26.4
(79.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19.8
(67.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		16.1
(61.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		1.5
(34.7) 		0.3
(32.5) 		2.7
(36.9) 		6.6
(43.9) 		11.3
(52.3) 		15.0
(59.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		10.5
(50.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 17.4
(0.69) 		22.5
(0.89) 		10.8
(0.43) 		4.6
(0.18) 		3.4
(0.13) 		1.8
(0.07) 		1.3
(0.05) 		2.6
(0.10) 		3.7
(0.15) 		2.9
(0.11) 		7.2
(0.28) 		12.4
(0.49) 		90.6
(3.57)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3.5 2.6 2.2 1.3 1.1 0.4 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.4 2.0 17.6
Average relative humidity (%) 43.0 46.9 52.6 57.3 62.2 60.2 55.1 45.5 40.8 38.8 38.2 38.1 48.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 313.1 274.0 272.8 234.0 213.9 201.0 226.3 248.0 252.0 291.4 315.0 319.3 3,160.8
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]
Climate data for Mendoza Airport (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.8
(91.0) 		31.0
(87.8) 		28.1
(82.6) 		23.3
(73.9) 		18.7
(65.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		15.3
(59.5) 		18.6
(65.5) 		21.8
(71.2) 		25.7
(78.3) 		29.2
(84.6) 		32.0
(89.6) 		24.4
(75.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19.3
(66.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		15.7
(60.3) 		10.8
(51.4) 		6.8
(44.2) 		2.9
(37.2) 		2.0
(35.6) 		4.3
(39.7) 		7.8
(46.0) 		11.9
(53.4) 		15.4
(59.7) 		18.1
(64.6) 		11.1
(52.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.2
(1.86) 		40.8
(1.61) 		31.6
(1.24) 		18.5
(0.73) 		11.0
(0.43) 		5.7
(0.22) 		5.0
(0.20) 		7.9
(0.31) 		12.3
(0.48) 		11.2
(0.44) 		22.1
(0.87) 		24.7
(0.97) 		238.0
(9.37)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 5.9 5.6 4.8 3.6 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.0 3.0 3.0 4.3 4.3 44.4
Average relative humidity (%) 48.4 53.8 59.7 64.6 69.1 66.9 62.1 53.2 48.3 45.3 43.5 43.8 54.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 316.2 257.1 241.8 210.0 189.1 183.0 204.6 232.5 228.0 275.9 309.0 328.6 2,975.8
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]
Climate data for San Luis, Argentina (in the east) 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.6
(88.9) 		30.0
(86.0) 		27.6
(81.7) 		23.3
(73.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		17.1
(62.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		19.5
(67.1) 		22.4
(72.3) 		25.6
(78.1) 		28.5
(83.3) 		30.8
(87.4) 		24.4
(75.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.3
(64.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		11.8
(53.2) 		8.3
(46.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		6.2
(43.2) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.1
(59.2) 		17.3
(63.1) 		11.7
(53.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 115.3
(4.54) 		112.5
(4.43) 		92.1
(3.63) 		44.8
(1.76) 		18.6
(0.73) 		5.4
(0.21) 		5.4
(0.21) 		8.6
(0.34) 		22.0
(0.87) 		50.1
(1.97) 		87.4
(3.44) 		104.9
(4.13) 		667.1
(26.26)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 9.7 8.5 7.9 5.6 3.6 1.9 2.2 2.0 3.9 6.1 8.1 9.6 69.2
Average relative humidity (%) 52.9 58.1 62.7 64.9 66.2 62.0 56.1 47.6 45.5 47.8 48.5 49.7 55.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 331.7 276.9 257.3 216.0 195.3 207.0 213.9 232.5 243.0 279.0 312.0 341.0 3,105.6
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]
Climate data for Cristo Redentor (1941–1960)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.0
(50.0) 		9.8
(49.6) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		0.7
(33.3) 		4.5
(40.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		2.7
(36.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−9.8
(14.4) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−8.9
(16.0) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−5.5
(22.1)
Average relative humidity (%) 57.0 54.5 54.0 56.5 57.5 59.0 55.5 57.0 58.0 64.5 59.0 56.0 57.4
Source: Secretaria de Mineria[87]

Pampas edit

 
Pampas landscape

The Pampas includes all of Buenos Aires Province, eastern and southern Córdoba Province, eastern La Pampa Province, and southern Santa Fe Province.[88] It is subdivided into two parts: the humid Pampas to the east, and the dry/semi–arid Pampas to the west.[12]

This region's land is appropriate for agricultural and livestock activities. It is mostly a flat area, interrupted only by the Tandilia and Ventana hills in its southern portion.[89] The climate of the Pampas is temperate and humid with no dry season, featuring hot summers and mild winters (Cfa/Cfb according to the Köppen climate classification).[89][90][91] The weather in the Pampas is variable due to the contrasting air masses and frontal storms that impact the region.[92] Maritime polar air from the south produces the cool pampero winds, while warm humid tropical air from the north produces sultry nortes – a gentle wind usually from the northeast formed by trade winds, and the South Atlantic High that brings cloudy, hot, and humid weather and is responsible for bringing heat waves.[92][93] The Pampas are influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation which is responsible for variations in annual precipitation.[94][95] An El Niño year often leads to higher precipitation, while a La Niña year leads to lower precipitation.[95] The Pampas are moderately sunny, ranging from an average of 4–5 hours of sunshine per day during the winter months to 8–9 hours in summer.[63]

Precipitation edit

Precipitation decreases from east to west,[96] and ranges from 1,200 mm (47 in) in the northeast, to under 500 mm (20 in) in the south and west.[95] Most regions receive 700 to 800 mm (28 to 31 in) of precipitation per year.[95] Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year in the easternmost parts, while in the western parts most of the precipitation is concentrated during the summer months and winters are drier.[89][6] In many places precipitation, which mostly occurs in the form of convective thunderstorms, is high during summer.[21][97] These thunderstorms form when cold air from the south, caused by the pampero wind, meets humid tropical air masses from the north,[92] and are some of the most intense storms in the world, with the most frequent lightning and the highest convective cloud tops.[98][99] These severe thunderstorms produce intense amounts of precipitation [95] and hailstorms, and can cause both floods and flash floods. As well, the Pampas is the most consistently active tornado region outside the central and southeastern United States.[100] Autumn and spring bring periods of very rainy weather followed by dry, mild stretches.[95] Places in the east receive rainfall throughout autumn, whereas in the west it quickly becomes very dry.[95] Winters are drier in most places due to weaker easterly winds, and stronger southerly winds, which prevent moist air from coming in.[6] In winter, most of the precipitation occurs from frontal systems associated with cyclogenesis and strong southeasterly winds (sudestada), which bring long periods of precipitation, and cloudiness, particularly in the southern and eastern parts.[30][101][28] As such, precipitation is more evenly distributed in the eastern parts than the western parts, which are further away from these frontal systems.[101] Dull, grey, and damp weather characterize winters in the Pampas.[30] Snowfall is extremely rare; when it does snow, it usually lasts for only a day or two.[30]

Temperatures edit

Annual temperatures range from 17 °C (63 °F) in the northern parts to 14 °C (57 °F) in the south.[90] Córdoba Province has higher temperatures than the rest of the region while the few higher altitude areas have colder weather.[102] Summers in the Pampas are hot and humid; coastal areas are moderated by the cold Malvinas Current.[92] Heat waves that can bring temperatures in the 36 to 40 °C (97 to 104 °F) range for a few days.[95] These are usually followed by a day or two of strong pampero winds from the south, which bring cool, dry air.[95] Autumn arrives in March and brings periods of mild daytime temperatures and cool nights.[95] Generally, frost arrives in early April in the southernmost areas, and in late May in the north and ends by mid-September – although the dates of the first and last frosts can vary from year to year.[89][90][95] Frost is rarely intense, nor prolonged, and does not occur in some years.[63][30] Winters are mild with frequent frosts and cold spells.[92] Temperatures are usually mild during the day and cold during the night.[91] Occasionally, tropical air masses from the north may move southward, providing relief from the cool, damp temperatures.[30] On the other hand, the sudestada and the pampero winds bring periods of cool to cold temperatures.[28][92]

Statistics for selected locations edit

Climate data for Pilar, Córdoba Province (Pampean climate with dry season in winter) 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.1
(86.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		27.0
(80.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		20.2
(68.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		17.1
(62.8) 		20.2
(68.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		25.1
(77.2) 		28.0
(82.4) 		30.0
(86.0) 		24.2
(75.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4) 		17.0
(62.6) 		15.5
(59.9) 		12.3
(54.1) 		8.9
(48.0) 		5.3
(41.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		5.7
(42.3) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.1
(53.8) 		14.8
(58.6) 		17.1
(62.8) 		11.6
(52.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 112.5
(4.43) 		112.1
(4.41) 		97.5
(3.84) 		64.9
(2.56) 		23.9
(0.94) 		7.0
(0.28) 		6.1
(0.24) 		8.1
(0.32) 		28.1
(1.11) 		76.3
(3.00) 		98.9
(3.89) 		118.4
(4.66) 		753.8
(29.68)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 9.7 9.3 8.4 7.2 4.8 2.9 2.3 2.0 4.4 7.6 10.1 10.6 79.4
Average relative humidity (%) 69.7 75.5 76.5 74.8 76.0 73.1 67.2 59.5 57.9 62.7 62.1 63.7 68.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 285.2 231.7 232.5 192.0 176.7 171.0 192.2 223.2 222.0 238.7 267.0 275.9 2,708.1
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]
Climate data for Rosario (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.9
(87.6) 		29.4
(84.9) 		27.7
(81.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		20.1
(68.2) 		17.0
(62.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		19.2
(66.6) 		21.5
(70.7) 		24.3
(75.7) 		27.5
(81.5) 		29.8
(85.6) 		24.0
(75.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.7
(65.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		16.0
(60.8) 		12.4
(54.3) 		9.4
(48.9) 		6.2
(43.2) 		4.9
(40.8) 		6.3
(43.3) 		8.7
(47.7) 		12.3
(54.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		12.1
(53.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 120.7
(4.75) 		127.4
(5.02) 		138.4
(5.45) 		119.9
(4.72) 		57.7
(2.27) 		28.3
(1.11) 		23.0
(0.91) 		35.3
(1.39) 		48.0
(1.89) 		118.7
(4.67) 		108.2
(4.26) 		127.9
(5.04) 		1,053.5
(41.48)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 7.3 7.7 7.4 8.5 5.3 4.5 4.2 3.6 5.3 8.9 8.2 9.0 79.8
Average relative humidity (%) 67.8 72.8 75.4 78.1 81.0 80.9 77.9 72.6 68.5 69.3 65.6 65.5 73.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 297.6 240.1 235.6 183.0 173.6 147.0 173.6 195.3 195.0 223.2 267.0 288.3 2,619.3
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]
Climate data for Buenos Aires (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.1
(86.2) 		28.9
(84.0) 		27.0
(80.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		19.4
(66.9) 		16.4
(61.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.9
(64.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		26.0
(78.8) 		29.0
(84.2) 		22.9
(73.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.2
(68.4) 		19.4
(66.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		14.1
(57.4) 		11.1
(52.0) 		8.4
(47.1) 		7.5
(45.5) 		8.9
(48.0) 		10.6
(51.1) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.5
(65.3) 		13.8
(56.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 134.4
(5.29) 		129.3
(5.09) 		120.0
(4.72) 		130.3
(5.13) 		93.5
(3.68) 		61.5
(2.42) 		74.4
(2.93) 		70.3
(2.77) 		80.6
(3.17) 		122.9
(4.84) 		117.6
(4.63) 		122.8
(4.83) 		1,257.6
(49.51)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 8.9 8.0 8.2 8.9 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.0 7.4 10.2 8.9 8.9 98.3
Average relative humidity (%) 64.6 69.1 72.0 75.6 78.7 78.2 77.0 72.6 69.5 69.4 65.3 62.8 71.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.8 223.2 217.0 168.0 158.1 135.0 142.6 170.5 180.0 204.6 246.0 266.6 2,384.4
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]
Climate data for Mar del Plata (Pampean climate with Oceanic influences) 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 26.4
(79.5) 		25.5
(77.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		20.4
(68.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		13.8
(56.8) 		12.6
(54.7) 		14.7
(58.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.6
(65.5) 		21.7
(71.1) 		25.2
(77.4) 		19.6
(67.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 14.5
(58.1) 		14.3
(57.7) 		12.9
(55.2) 		9.5
(49.1) 		6.7
(44.1) 		4.0
(39.2) 		3.2
(37.8) 		4.2
(39.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		8.1
(46.6) 		10.3
(50.5) 		12.8
(55.0) 		8.8
(47.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 91.1
(3.59) 		103.6
(4.08) 		95.2
(3.75) 		97.3
(3.83) 		60.0
(2.36) 		66.1
(2.60) 		57.8
(2.28) 		63.6
(2.50) 		63.1
(2.48) 		83.1
(3.27) 		80.3
(3.16) 		84.8
(3.34) 		946.0
(37.24)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 8.1 8.0 9.0 9.3 8.2 8.7 9.4 8.0 8.3 10.0 9.8 8.2 105.0
Average relative humidity (%) 73.9 77.2 79.5 79.9 82.0 81.6 81.8 79.5 78.6 77.7 75.4 72.7 78.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 195.3 194.9 145.7 138.0 99.2 75.0 89.9 114.7 102.0 161.2 177.0 176.7 1,669.6
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]

Patagonia edit

 
Typical landscape view of the central Patagonian plateaus in Chubut Province
 
View of Bariloche and Nahuel Huapi Lake. Most of western Patagonia receives abundant precipitation, allowing it to support forests and lakes.[96][103]
 
High precipitation along with cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the Perito Moreno Glacier.[63]
 
One defining characteristic of the climate is the strong, persistent winds from the west year round owing to the lack of land at higher latitudes that can block these winds.[104][105] This forms characteristic Flag trees such as this one near Ushuaia.

Chubut, Neuquén, Río Negro, Santa Cruz, and Tierra del Fuego are the provinces that make up Patagonia.[12][47]

The Patagonian climate is classified as arid to semi-arid and temperate to cool temperate.[106][107] The exception is the Bosque Andino Patagónico, a forested area located in the extreme west and southern parts of Tierra del Fuego Province, which has a humid, wet, and cool to cold climate.[108]: 71–72  One defining characteristic is the strong winds from the west which blow year-round (stronger in summer than in winter). These favor evaporation, and are a factor in making the region mostly arid.[109] Mean annual wind speeds range between 15 and 22 km/h (9 and 14 mph), although gusts of over 100 km/h (62 mph) are common.[104] There are three major factors that influence the climate of this region: the Andes, the South Pacific and the South Atlantic Highs, and higher insolation in eastern than in western areas.[110]

The Andes play a crucial role in determining the climate of Patagonia because their north–south orientation creates a barrier for humid air masses coming from the Pacific Ocean.[107][111] Since the predominant wind is from the west and most air masses come from the Pacific Ocean, the Andes cause these air masses to ascend, cooling adiabatically.[107][109] Most of the moisture is dropped on the Chilean side, resulting in abundant precipitation, while in much of the Argentine side, the air warms adiabatically and becomes drier as it descends.[107][109] As a result, the Andes create an extensive rain-shadow in much of Argentine Patagonia, causing most of the region to be arid.[111][109] South of 52oS, the Andes are lower in elevation, reducing the rain shadow effect in Tierra del Fuego Province, allowing forests to thrive on the Atlantic coast.[105]

Patagonia is located between the subtropical high pressure belt, and the subpolar low pressure zone, meaning it is exposed to westerly winds that are strong, since south of 40o S, there is little land to block these winds.[104][105] Being located between the semipermanent South Pacific and the South Atlantic Highs at around 30oS, and the Subpolar Low at around 60o S, the movement of the high and low pressure systems, along with ocean currents, determine the precipitation pattern.[107] During winter, both the South Pacific and South Atlantic highs move to the north, while the Subpolar Low strengthens, which, when combined with higher ocean temperatures than the surrounding land, results in higher precipitation during this time of the year.[107][109] Due to the northward migration of the South Pacific High, more frontal systems can pass through, allowing for more precipitation to occur.[109] During summer, the South Pacific High migrates southward, preventing the passage of fronts, and cyclones that can cause precipitation to occur, resulting in lower precipitation during this time of the year.[109] Northeastern areas, along with southern parts of the region, are influenced by air masses from the Atlantic Ocean, resulting in precipitation being more evenly distributed throughout the year.[107] Most precipitation comes from frontal systems,[107] particularly stationary fronts that bring humid air from the Atlantic Ocean.[109]

Cold fronts usually move from west to east, or from southwest to northeast, but rarely from the south.[109] Because of this, these cold fronts do not result in the cold being intense since they are moderated as they pass over the surrounding oceans.[109] In the rare cases when cold fronts move northwards from the south (Antarctica), the cold air masses are not moderated by the surrounding oceans, resulting in very cold temperatures throughout the region.[109] In general, the passage of cold fronts is more common in the south than in the north, and occurs more in winter than in summer.[109] The movement of warm, subtropical air into the region occurs frequently in summer up to 46oS.[109] When warm subtropical air arrives in the region, the air is dry, resulting in little precipitation, and causes temperatures to be higher than those observed in northeast Argentina.[109]

Precipitation edit

The influence of the Pacific Ocean, general circulation patterns, and the topographic barrier caused by the Andes, results in one of the strongest precipitation gradients in the world.[107][112] Precipitation decreases steeply from west to east, ranging from 4,000 mm (160 in) in the west on the Andean foothills at 41oS, to 150 mm (6 in) in the central plateaus.[111][112] For example, while mean annual precipitation is more 1,000 mm (39 in) at the Andean foothills, in less than 100 km (62 mi) to the east, precipitation decreases to 200 mm (8 in).[109] The high precipitation in the Andes in this region supports glaciers and permanent snowfields.[63] The Andean portions of the provinces of Chubut, Río Negro and southernmost Neuquén contain the rainiest areas of the whole of Argentina.[113]

Most of the region receives less than 200 mm (8 in) of precipitation per year, although some areas can receive less than 100 mm (4 in).[109] In northern Río Negro Province and eastern Neuquén Province, mean annual precipitation is around 300 mm (12 in) while south of 50oS, precipitation increases southwards, reaching up to 600 to 800 mm (24 to 31 in).[109] There is a narrow transition zone running down from 39oS to 47oS that receives about 400 mm (16 in) of precipitation a year.[114] Much of northwestern Patagonia in the Andes, corresponding to the northern parts of the Bosque Andino Patagónico region, receives abundant precipitation in winter with occasional droughts in summer, allowing it to support forests with dense coverage.[108]: 72 [103] With the exception of certain areas such as Puerto Blest, no major towns receive more than 1,000 mm (39 in) of precipitation a year.[114] The southern parts of the Bosque Andino Patagónico region receive only 200 to 500 mm (8 to 20 in) resulting in less dense forest coverage.[108]: 72 [103] The lower precipitation, compared to the northern parts, is due to the winds being more intense and drier, favouring evapotranspiration.[108]: 72  The snow line ranges from an altitude of 2,500 m (8,202 ft) in the north to 1,800 m (5,906 ft) above sea level in the south.[115]

The aridity of the region is due to the combination of low precipitation, strong winds, and high temperatures in the summer months, each of which cause high evaporation rates.[9] Mean evapotranspiration ranges from 550 to 750 mm (22 to 30 in), which decreases from northeast to southwest.[9] In most of Patagonia, precipitation is concentrated in the winter months with the exception of northeastern and southern areas of the region which have a more even distribution of precipitation throughout the year.[107][116][109] As a result, except for these areas, the winter maxima in precipitation results in a strong water deficit in the summer.[107] Most precipitation events are light; each event usually results in less than 5 mm (0.2 in).[107] Thunderstorms are infrequent in the region, occurring an average of 5 days per year, only during summer.[109] In Tierra del Fuego, thunderstorms are non-existent.[109] Snowfall occurs on 5 to 20 days per year, mainly in the west and south.[9] These snowfall events can result in strong snow storms.[2]

Despite the low precipitation, Patagonia is cloudy, with the mean cloud cover ranging from 50% in eastern parts of Neuquén Province and northeast Río Negro Province to 70% in Tierra del Fuego Province;[109] the region has one of the highest percentages of cloud cover in Argentina.[107] In general, mountainous areas are the cloudiest, and coastal areas are cloudier than inland areas.[109] Northern areas are sunnier (50% possible sunshine)[note 4] than the southern parts of the region such as western Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego Provinces (less than 40% possible sunshine).[107] The southernmost islands receive some of the lowest average annual sunshine hours in the world.[117]

Temperatures edit

Temperatures are relatively cold for its latitude due to the cold Malvinas Current and the high altitude.[109] For example, in Tierra del Fuego temperatures are colder than at equal latitudes in the northern hemisphere in Europe since they are influenced by the cold Malvinas Current rather than the warm North Atlantic Current.[118]: 17  A characteristic of the temperature pattern is the NW–SE distribution of isotherms due to the presence of the Andes.[107]

The warmest areas are in northern parts of Río Negro and Neuquén Provinces where mean annual temperatures range from 13 to 15 °C (55 to 59 °F), while the coldest are in western Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego Provinces where mean annual temperatures range from 5 to 8 °C (41 to 46 °F).[109] On the Patagonian plateaus, mean annual temperatures range from 8 to 10 °C (46 to 50 °F) which decreases towards the west.[112] The daily and annual range of temperatures on these plateaus is very high.[114][119] The Atlantic Ocean moderates the climate of coastal areas resulting in a lower annual and daily range of temperatures.[114][120] Towards the south, where land masses are narrow, the Pacific Ocean influences coastal areas in addition to the Atlantic Ocean, ensuring that the cold is neither prolonged nor intense.[63][114] At higher altitudes in the Andes, stretching from Neuquén Province to Tierra del Fuego Province, mean annual temperatures are below 5 °C (41 °F).[109] Generally, mean annual temperatures vary more with altitude than with latitude since the temperature gradient for latitude is relatively moderate owing to ocean currents.[109] Summers have a less uniform distribution of temperature, and in the months December to January mean temperatures range from 24 °C (75 °F) in northern Río Negro Province and eastern parts of Neuquén Province to 9 °C (48 °F) in Tierra del Fuego.[109] Winters have a more uniform temperature distribution.[109] In July, mean temperatures are above 0 °C (32 °F) in all of extra–Andean Patagonia,[107] ranging from 7 °C (45 °F) in the north to around 0 °C (32 °F) in Ushuaia.[109]

Being exposed to strong westerly winds can decrease the perception of temperature (wind chill), particularly in summer.[107] The wind lowers the perception of the mean annual temperature by 4.2 °C (7.6 °F) throughout the region.[107] The annual range of temperatures in Patagonia is lower than in areas in the Northern Hemisphere at the same latitude owing to the maritime influences of the sea.[107][117] In Patagonia, the annual range of temperatures ranges from 16 °C (29 °F) in the north[107][117] and decreases progressively southwards to 4 °C (7 °F) on the southernmost islands.[117] This contrasts with an annual range of more than 20 °C (36 °F) in North America at latitudes above 50oN.[107] Absolute maximum temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in the northern Río Negro Province and Neuquén Province, while in much of the region, they can exceed 30 °C (86 °F).[109][121] The reading of 30.8 °C (87.4 °F) in Río Grande located in Tierra del Fuego Province on 4 February 2019 is believed to be the southernmost recorded instance where temperatures exceed 30 °C (86 °F).[122] In the southernmost islands, they do not exceed 20 °C (68 °F).[117] Absolute minimum temperatures are more than −15 °C (5 °F) in coastal areas, while in the central Patagonian plateaus, they can reach below −20 °C (−4 °F).[109]

Statistics for selected locations edit

Climate data for Villa La Angostura (humid Patagonian climate located in the Bosque Andino Patagónico region) 1993–2004
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.2
(73.8) 		23.2
(73.8) 		19.6
(67.3) 		14.5
(58.1) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		7.5
(45.5) 		9.1
(48.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		17.2
(63.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		15.2
(59.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		5.2
(41.4) 		3.9
(39.0) 		2.2
(36.0) 		1.2
(34.2) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		1.5
(34.7) 		3.3
(37.9) 		5.6
(42.1) 		2.5
(36.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 63.7
(2.51) 		44.5
(1.75) 		77.8
(3.06) 		141.3
(5.56) 		207.8
(8.18) 		362.4
(14.27) 		249.6
(9.83) 		226.3
(8.91) 		144.3
(5.68) 		139.8
(5.50) 		123.1
(4.85) 		67.7
(2.67) 		1,848.2
(72.76)
Source: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria[123]
Climate data for San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (northwestern Patagonia next to the Andes) 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.2
(73.8) 		23.1
(73.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		15.0
(59.0) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.2
(45.0) 		6.7
(44.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.7
(58.5) 		17.9
(64.2) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.9
(58.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.0
(44.6) 		6.6
(43.9) 		4.9
(40.8) 		2.4
(36.3) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		1.7
(35.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		5.9
(42.6) 		2.5
(36.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 23.6
(0.93) 		17.5
(0.69) 		29.4
(1.16) 		57.1
(2.25) 		113.7
(4.48) 		168.3
(6.63) 		126.4
(4.98) 		117.3
(4.62) 		55.4
(2.18) 		48.7
(1.92) 		30.1
(1.19) 		25.0
(0.98) 		812.5
(31.99)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3.5 3.3 6.0 7.9 13.0 15.9 14.4 13.5 9.0 8.2 5.5 4.8 105.0
Average relative humidity (%) 51.9 53.3 60.2 68.2 76.0 79.1 78.0 74.9 66.9 61.5 56.6 53.6 65.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 334.7 283.3 241.6 183.7 130.4 96.0 124.7 146.9 189.9 239.3 290.7 296.3 2,594.6
Source 1: Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional[31]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (sunshine hours 1981–2010)[32]
Climate data for Neuquén, Argentina (northern Patagonia) 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.1
(89.8) 		30.6
(87.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		21.8
(71.2) 		16.6
(61.9) 		13.3
(55.9) 		13.1
(55.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		19.3
(66.7) 		22.9
(73.2) 		27.1
(80.8) 		30.3
(86.5) 		22.6
(72.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.9
(60.6) 		14.4
(57.9) 		11.8
(53.2) 		7.2
(45.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		1.7
(35.1) 		0.5
(32.9) 		2.0
(35.6) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.4
(47.1) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.6
(58.3) 		8.1
(46.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 13.5
(0.53) 		12.6
(0.50) 		14.8
(0.58) 		21.9
(0.86) 		26.4
(1.04) 		17.6
(0.69) 		17.9
(0.70) 		9.6
(0.38) 		16.5
(0.65) 		32.9
(1.30) 		17.7
(0.70) 		10.3
(0.41) 		211.7
(8.33)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2.2 2.7 2.6 4.2 5.3 5.7 4.4 3.0 3.9 4.0 2.8 2.2 43.1
Average relative humidity (%) 38.1 45.4 53.6 63.0 70.2 70.9 68.0 58.8 51.1 46.5 39.9 37.2 53.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 322.4 299.5 263.5 207.0 148.8 117.0 148.8 176.7 189.0 248.0 279.0 282.1 2,681.8
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]
Climate data for Punta Delgada Lighthouse, Valdes Peninsula (Patagonian coast) 1941–1950
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.8
(73.0) 		23.2
(73.8) 		21.1
(70.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		14.6
(58.3) 		12.2
(54.0) 		11.2
(52.2) 		11.6
(52.9) 		13.7
(56.7) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		21.8
(71.2) 		17.3
(63.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6) 		13.3
(55.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		4.3
(39.7) 		3.6
(38.5) 		3.2
(37.8) 		5.5
(41.9) 		7.4
(45.3) 		9.8
(49.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		8.5
(47.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 13.9
(0.55) 		10.5
(0.41) 		23.5
(0.93) 		25.9
(1.02) 		25.0
(0.98) 		25.2
(0.99) 		27.9
(1.10) 		14.8
(0.58) 		16.5
(0.65) 		12.1
(0.48) 		13.1
(0.52) 		15.1
(0.59) 		223.5
(8.80)
Average relative humidity (%) 68.0 68.5 68.5 68.5 72.5 76.5 77.0 72.5 72.5 68.0 69.0 67.5 70.8
Source: Secretaria de Mineria[124]
Climate data for Paso de Indios (Patagonian plateau) 1971–1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 26.4
(79.5) 		25.8
(78.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		17.6
(63.7) 		12.6
(54.7) 		8.9
(48.0) 		8.7
(47.7) 		11.1
(52.0) 		15.1
(59.2) 		18.7
(65.7) 		22.1
(71.8) 		25.0
(77.0) 		17.9
(64.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.1
(50.2) 		9.6
(49.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		4.0
(39.2) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		1.1
(34.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.0
(48.2) 		4.0
(39.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 7.6
(0.30) 		12.7
(0.50) 		11.5
(0.45) 		16.4
(0.65) 		26.0
(1.02) 		22.9
(0.90) 		23.9
(0.94) 		18.0
(0.71) 		17.4
(0.69) 		13.7
(0.54) 		8.0
(0.31) 		9.2
(0.36) 		187.3
(7.37)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2 3 4 5 8 8 7 6 6 5 4 3 61
Average relative humidity (%) 40.0 43.0 47.5 53.0 64.5 69.5 68.5 61.5 54.5 47.5 44.0 41.5 52.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 282.1 257.1 223.2 159.0 133.3 108.0 120.9 148.8 171.0 229.4 249.0 263.5 2,345.3
Source 1: Secretaria de Mineria[125]
Source 2: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (precipitation days 1961–1990)[126]
Climate data for Esquel (transition zone between Andes and Patagonian plateau) 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.0
(71.6) 		22.3
(72.1) 		19.2
(66.6) 		14.7
(58.5) 		10.5
(50.9) 		7.0
(44.6) 		6.2
(43.2) 		8.7
(47.7) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.6
(58.3) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.1
(68.2) 		14.6
(58.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5) 		8.1
(46.6) 		5.8
(42.4) 		2.9
(37.2) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		0.2
(32.4) 		2.3
(36.1) 		4.9
(40.8) 		7.3
(45.1) 		3.0
(37.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 22.1
(0.87) 		20.8
(0.82) 		23.5
(0.93) 		41.1
(1.62) 		64.5
(2.54) 		81.1
(3.19) 		64.5
(2.54) 		55.3
(2.18) 		29.4
(1.16) 		28.7
(1.13) 		21.3
(0.84) 		20.3
(0.80) 		472.6
(18.61)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3.8 4.1 5.3 7.0 9.5 11.6 9.7 10.4 6.8 6.2 4.9 3.9 83.2
Average relative humidity (%) 47.4 49.9 56.0 63.0 72.1 75.4 75.3 70.1 61.7 55.0 49.9 47.5 60.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 325.5 274.0 232.5 186.0 130.2 102.0 120.9 164.3 195.0 251.1 288.0 313.1 2,582.6
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[31]
Climate data for Ushuaia Airport (Tierra del Fuego) 1981–2010
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.5
(58.1) 		14.1
(57.4) 		12.1
(53.8) 		9.8
(49.6) 		6.9
(44.4) 		4.2
(39.6) 		4.6
(40.3) 		6.1
(43.0) 		8.1
(46.6) 		10.5
(50.9) 		12.2
(54.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		9.7
(49.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.6
(42.1) 		5.6
(42.1) 		4.3
(39.7) 		2.9
(37.2) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		0.6
(33.1) 		2.3
(36.1) 		3.6
(38.5) 		4.6
(40.3) 		2.3
(36.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 49.5
(1.95) 		42.1
(1.66) 		46.8
(1.84) 		55.9
(2.20) 		47.6
(1.87) 		56.4
(2.22) 		40.1
(1.58) 		36.0
(1.42) 		34.5
(1.36) 		36.1
(1.42) 		41.3
(1.63) 		50.7
(2.00) 		537.0
(21.14)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.1 14.2 14.9 15.8 14.0 14.2 15.3 14.4 13.3 14.4 16.0 16.8 180.4
Average relative humidity (%) 75 76 78 80 81 82 82 80 76 73 72 74 77
Mean monthly sunshine hours 167.4 146.9 133.3 102.0 68.2 42.0 55.8 83.7 123.0 164.3 180.0 167.4 1,434
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[127]
Source 2: NOAA (humidity 1961–1990),[128] Secretaria de Mineria (sun, 1901–1990)[129]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica and the Falkland Islands. However, territorial claims in Antarctica are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty while the United Kingdom exercises de facto control of the Falkland Islands
  2. ^ According to the Minister of the Interior, the north consists of the following provinces: Catamarca, Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Misiones, Salta, Santiago del Estero, and Tucumán.[1]
  3. ^ a b According to INTA, the temperate valleys include the Lerma Valley, Siancas Valley in Salta Province and the Pericos Valley and the temperate valleys of Jujuy, which includes the two provincial capitals
  4. ^ Percent possible sunshine is defined as the percentage of theoretical sunshine a place receives where theoretical sunshine is defined as the highest amount of sunshine that a place possibly receives if there is no obstruction of sunlight from coming in.

References edit

  1. ^ (in Spanish). Ministerio del Interior, Obras Públicas y Vivienda. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
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  3. ^ Rubio 2018, p. 27.
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Books edit

  • Araus, José; Slafer, Gustavo (2015). Crop Stress Management and Global Climate Change. CAB International. ISBN 978-1-84593-680-8.
  • Beck, Peter J. (1986). The international politics of Antarctica. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7099-3239-0.
  • Blouet, Brian; Blouet, Olwyn (2010). "Chapter 13: Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay". Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic and Regional Survey. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 385–415. ISBN 978-0-470-38773-3.
  • Carrillo Castellanos, Roger (1998). Memorias: IV Congreso Interamericano sobre el Medio Ambiente. Equinoccio. ISBN 978-980-237-177-8.
  • Coronato, Andrea; Coronato, Fernando; Mazzoni, Elizabeth; Vázquez, Mirian (2008). "Chapter 3: The Physical Geography of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego". In Rabassa, J. (ed.). The Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Elsevier. pp. 13–55. doi:10.1016/S1571-0866(07)10003-8. ISBN 978-0-444-52954-1.
  • Doering, Otto (2002). Effects of Climate Change and Variability on Agricultural Production Systems. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-7028-0.
  • Fittkau, E.; Illies, J.; Klinge, H.; Schwabe, G. (1969). Biogeography and Ecology in South America. Springer. ISBN 978-94-011-9731-1.
  • Gut, Bernardo (2008). Trees in Patagonia. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8838-6. ISBN 978-3-7643-8837-9.
  • Krishna, K. (2015). Agricultural Prairies: Natural Resources and Crop Productivity. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4822-5806-6.
  • Manzini, María; Prieto, Aldo; Paez, Marta; Schäbitz, Frank (2008). "Chapter 17: Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate of Patagonia". In Rabassa, J. (ed.). The Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Elsevier. pp. 351–367. ISBN 978-0-444-52954-1.
  • Moore, Oscar (1948). Argentine Farming and Farm Trade. Washington D.C: United States Department of Agriculture. OCLC 3455870.
  • Morris, Grenville (1990). Manual del Ovejero Patagonico (PDF).
  • Oncken, Onno; Chong, Guillermo; Franz, Gerhard; Giese, Peter; Götze, Hans–Jürgen; Ramos, Victor; Strecker, Manfred; Wigger, Peter (2006). The Andes (PDF). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-24329-8.
  • Rubio, Gerardo; Lavado, Raul; Pereyra, Fernando (2018). The Soils of Argentina. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-76853-3.
  • Suttie, J.; Reynolds, S.; Batello, C. (2005). Grasslands of the World. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 978-92-5-105337-9.
  • United States Department of Agriculture (1968). Argentine Agriculture: Trends in Production and World Competition. Washington D.C: United States Department of Agriculture. OCLC 77356786.
  • Veblen, Thomas; Young, Kenneth; Orme, Antony, eds. (2007). The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531341-3.

Further reading edit

  • Iglesias, Ari; Artabe, Analia; Morel, Eduardo (2011). "The evolution of Patagonian climate and vegetation from the Mesozoic to the present". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 103 (2): 409–422. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01657.x.
  • López-Gamundi, Oscar; Limarino, Carlos; Cesan, Silvia (1992). "Late Paleozoic paleoclimatology of central west Argentina". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 91 (3–4): 305–329. Bibcode:1992PPP....91..305L. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(92)90074-F.
  • Marengo, J.; Liebmann, B.; Grimm, A.; Misra, V.; Silva Dias, P.; Cavalcanti, I.; Carvalho, L.; Berbery, E. (2012). "Recent developments on the South American monsoon system". International Journal of Climatology. 32 (1): 1–21. Bibcode:2012IJCli..32....1M. doi:10.1002/joc.2254. hdl:20.500.12110/paper_08998418_v32_n1_p1_Marengo. S2CID 17543426.
  • Minetti, J. (2005). El clima del noroeste argentino (in Spanish). Magna. ISBN 978-987-9390-66-5.
  • Ponce, Juan; Fernandez, Marilen (2014). Climate and Environmental History of Isla de Los Estados, Argentina. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-4362-5.
  • Prohaska, F. (1976). "The climate of Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay". In Schwerdtfeger, E. (ed.). Climate of Central and South America. World Survey of Climatology. Vol. 12. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 13–112. ISBN 978-0-444-41271-3.
  • Atlas climático de la República Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. 1960. OCLC 4440863.

External links edit

  • Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (in Spanish)
  • Climatic Atlas from Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (in Spanish)
  • Climatic Atlas from Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (in Spanish)

January 01, 1970
climatic, regions, argentina, vast, size, range, altitudes, argentina, possesses, wide, variety, climatic, regions, ranging, from, subtropical, region, north, cold, subantarctic, south, pampas, region, lies, between, those, featured, mild, humid, climate, many. Due to its vast size and range of altitudes Argentina possesses a wide variety of climatic regions ranging from the hot subtropical region in the north to the cold subantarctic in the far south The Pampas region lies between those and featured a mild and humid climate Many regions have different often contrasting microclimates In general Argentina has four main climate types warm moderate arid and cold in which the relief features and the latitudinal extent of the country determine the different varieties within the main climate types Climatic regions of Argentina Northwest Chaco Region Mesopotamia Cuyo Humid Pampas Dry Pampas Patagonia Antarctica and South Atlantic islands note 1 Northern parts of the country note 2 are characterized by hot humid summers with mild drier winters and highly seasonal precipitation Mesopotamia located in northeast Argentina has a subtropical climate with no dry season and is characterized by high temperatures and abundant rainfall because of exposure to moist easterly winds from the Atlantic Ocean throughout the year The Chaco region in the center north despite being relatively homogeneous in terms of precipitation and temperature is the warmest region in Argentina and one of the few natural areas in the world located between tropical and temperate latitudes that is not a desert Precipitation decreases from east to west in the Chaco region because eastern areas are more influenced by moist air from the Atlantic Ocean than the west resulting in the vegetation transitioning from forests and marshes to shrubs Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry hot and subtropical although its rugged topography results in a diverse climate Central Argentina which includes the Pampas to the east and the Cuyo region to the west has a temperate climate with hot summers and cool drier winters In the Cuyo region the Andes obstruct the path of rain bearing clouds from the Pacific Ocean moreover its latitude coincides with the subtropical high Both factors render the region dry With a wide range of altitudes the Cuyo region is climatically diverse with icy conditions persisting at altitudes higher than 4 000 m 13 000 ft The Pampas is mostly flat and receives more precipitation averaging 500 mm 20 in in the western parts to 1 200 mm 47 in in the eastern parts The weather in the Pampas is variable due to the contrasting air masses and frontal storms that impact the region These can generate thunderstorms with intense hailstorms and precipitation and are known to have the most frequent lightning and highest convective cloud tops in the world Patagonia in the south is mostly arid or semi arid except in the extreme west where abundant precipitation supports dense forest coverage glaciers and permanent snowfields Its climate is classified as temperate to cool temperate with the surrounding oceans moderating temperatures on the coast Away from the coast areas on the plateaus have large daily and annual temperature ranges The influence of the Andes in conjunction with general circulation patterns generates one of the strongest precipitation gradients rate of change in mean annual precipitation in relation to a particular location in the world decreasing rapidly to the east In much of Patagonia precipitation is concentrated in winter with snowfall occurring occasionally particularly in the mountainous west and south precipitation is more evenly distributed in the east and south One defining characteristic is the strong winds from the west which blow year round lowering the perception of temperature wind chill while being a factor in keeping the region arid by favouring evaporation Contents 1 Definition of the regions 2 Mesopotamia 2 1 Precipitation 2 2 Temperatures 2 3 Statistics for selected locations 3 Chaco 3 1 Precipitation 3 2 Temperatures 3 3 Statistics for selected locations 4 Northwest 4 1 Precipitation 4 2 Temperatures 4 3 Statistics for selected locations 5 Cuyo 5 1 Precipitation 5 2 Temperatures 5 3 Statistics for selected locations 6 Pampas 6 1 Precipitation 6 2 Temperatures 6 3 Statistics for selected locations 7 Patagonia 7 1 Precipitation 7 2 Temperatures 7 3 Statistics for selected locations 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Books 12 Further reading 13 External linksDefinition of the regions editIn general Argentina has four main climate types warm moderate arid and cold all determined by the expanse across latitude range in altitude and relief features 2 The vast size and wide range of altitudes contribute to Argentina s diverse climate 3 4 Argentina possesses a wide variety of climatic regions ranging from subtropical in the north to subantarctic in the far south Lying between those is the Pampas region which features a mild and humid climate 5 6 Under the Koppen climate classification Argentina has 11 different climate types 7 Humid Subtropical Cfa Cwa moderate oceanic Cfb warm semi arid BSh subtropical highland oceanic Cwb warm desert BWh cold semi arid BSk cold desert BWk moderate Mediterranean Csb cold oceanic Cfc and tundra ET 7 8 Consequently there is a wide variety of biomes in the country including subtropical rain forests semi arid and arid regions temperate plains in the Pampas and cold subantarctic in the south 9 However despite the diversity of biomes about two thirds of Argentina is arid or semi arid 9 10 Argentina is best divided into six distinct regions reflecting the climatic conditions of the country as a whole 11 From north to south these regions are Northwest Chaco Northeast Cuyo Monte Pampas and Patagonia 11 12 Each climatic region has distinctive types of vegetation 13 Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica which includes the Antarctic Peninsula and a triangular section extending to the South Pole delimited by the 25 West and 74 West meridians and the 60 South parallel 14 However all claims are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty System of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member 15 Argentina also claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands Spanish Islas Malvinas and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Spanish Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur 16 17 18 However the United Kingdom exercises de facto control over both the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands both as British Overseas Territories 18 19 Mesopotamia edit nbsp High temperatures and abundant rainfall in much of Mesopotamia enable it to support jungles such as this one in Misiones Province The region of Mesopotamia includes the provinces of Misiones Entre Rios and Corrientes 20 It lies between the Uruguay and Parana rivers which serve as natural borders for the region 4 12 It has a humid subtropical climate Cfa according to the Koppen climate classification 20 whose main features are high temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout the year 2 This year round rainfall occurs because most of the region lies north of the subtropical high pressure belt even in winter exposing it to moist easterly winds from the Atlantic Ocean throughout the year 21 12 Water deficiencies and extended periods of drought are uncommon and much of the region has a positive water balance i e the precipitation exceeds the potential evapotranspiration 20 22 23 85 Precipitation edit Mesopotamia is the wettest region in Argentina 24 with average annual precipitation ranges from less than 1 000 mm 39 in in the southern parts to approximately 1 800 mm 71 in in the eastern parts 20 23 31 Precipitation is slightly higher in summer than in winter and generally decreases from east to west and from north to south 23 32 25 Summer December February is the most humid season with precipitation ranging from 300 to 450 mm 12 to 18 in 23 37 Fall March May is the rainiest season with many places receiving over 350 mm 14 in 23 38 Most of the rainfall during summer and fall is caused by convective thunderstorms 23 38 39 Winter June August is the driest season with a mean precipitation of 110 mm 4 3 in throughout the region 23 39 Most of the winter precipitation is the result of synoptic scale low pressure weather systems large scale storms such as extratropical cyclones 23 40 particularly the sudestada which often bring long periods of precipitation cloudiness cooler temperatures and strong winds 25 26 27 28 Snowfall is extremely rare and mainly confined to the uplands of Misiones Province where the last significant snowfall occurred in 1975 in Bernardo de Irigoyen 29 30 Spring September November is similar to fall with a mean precipitation of 340 mm 13 in 23 40 Temperatures edit Mean annual temperatures range from 17 C 63 F in the south to 21 C 70 F in the north 24 Summers are hot and humid while winters are mild 20 21 12 25 The mean January temperature throughout most of the region is 25 C 77 F except in the uplands of Misiones Province where they are lower owing to its higher elevation 24 During heat waves temperatures can exceed 40 C 104 F in the summer months while in the winter months cold air masses from the south can push temperatures below freezing causing frost 26 27 29 However such cold fronts are brief and are less intense than in areas further south or at higher altitudes 26 27 29 Statistics for selected locations edit Climate data for Posadas Misiones 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 33 0 91 4 32 4 90 3 31 0 87 8 28 0 82 4 23 9 75 0 22 2 72 0 22 0 71 6 24 5 76 1 25 9 78 6 28 5 83 3 30 4 86 7 32 3 90 1 27 8 82 0 Mean daily minimum C F 22 1 71 8 21 7 71 1 20 4 68 7 17 7 63 9 14 4 57 9 13 1 55 6 11 8 53 2 13 3 55 9 15 0 59 0 17 6 63 7 18 9 66 0 21 1 70 0 17 3 63 1 Average precipitation mm inches 168 7 6 64 136 9 5 39 171 0 6 73 179 0 7 05 138 4 5 45 128 6 5 06 94 1 3 70 87 1 3 43 132 8 5 23 253 4 9 98 178 8 7 04 204 4 8 05 1 873 2 73 75 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 9 5 9 2 9 3 8 9 8 8 8 5 8 1 7 6 9 9 11 5 8 9 9 7 110 0 Average relative humidity 68 1 70 4 71 9 74 4 77 3 77 5 73 9 68 3 67 9 69 6 65 4 66 3 70 9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 192 2 186 5 179 8 174 0 155 0 126 0 158 1 179 8 147 0 153 0 183 0 176 7 2 011 1 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Climate data for Monte Caseros Corrientes 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 32 4 90 3 31 2 88 2 29 6 85 3 25 8 78 4 21 7 71 1 19 3 66 7 18 9 66 0 21 7 71 1 23 1 73 6 25 8 78 4 28 7 83 7 31 1 88 0 25 8 78 4 Mean daily minimum C F 20 6 69 1 20 0 68 0 18 3 64 9 15 3 59 5 12 0 53 6 9 8 49 6 8 8 47 8 10 1 50 2 11 9 53 4 14 9 58 8 16 8 62 2 19 1 66 4 14 8 58 6 Average precipitation mm inches 157 4 6 20 140 6 5 54 136 8 5 39 197 2 7 76 114 7 4 52 82 3 3 24 61 7 2 43 64 5 2 54 91 9 3 62 157 6 6 20 149 1 5 87 167 3 6 59 1 521 1 59 89 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 8 8 8 1 8 0 9 1 8 4 7 6 6 4 5 6 7 8 10 3 8 1 9 1 97 2 Average relative humidity 68 4 72 5 74 6 78 0 81 1 81 5 78 3 73 7 72 5 73 0 68 1 67 5 74 1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 285 9 232 7 241 8 188 9 178 1 146 7 165 0 178 6 188 8 224 8 256 9 271 5 2 594 8 Source 1 Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Source 2 World Meteorological Organization sunshine hours 1981 2010 32 Climate data for Parana Entre Rios 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 31 2 88 2 29 7 85 5 27 9 82 2 24 0 75 2 20 3 68 5 17 3 63 1 16 9 62 4 19 6 67 3 21 8 71 2 24 6 76 3 27 6 81 7 29 8 85 6 24 2 75 6 Mean daily minimum C F 19 4 66 9 18 6 65 5 16 9 62 4 13 8 56 8 11 0 51 8 8 3 46 9 7 2 45 0 8 4 47 1 10 2 50 4 13 3 55 9 15 7 60 3 18 0 64 4 13 4 56 1 Average precipitation mm inches 112 2 4 42 128 3 5 05 147 6 5 81 136 6 5 38 63 5 2 50 36 7 1 44 30 8 1 21 38 4 1 51 54 0 2 13 131 1 5 16 123 6 4 87 152 0 5 98 1 154 8 45 46 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 7 6 7 9 7 3 8 4 5 8 4 4 4 1 4 2 5 6 9 3 8 0 8 9 81 6 Average relative humidity 66 3 71 5 73 9 77 1 79 5 79 6 75 4 70 2 67 7 69 5 65 3 64 9 71 7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 285 2 243 0 238 7 198 0 176 7 147 0 176 7 207 7 210 0 232 5 264 0 254 2 2 633 7 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Chaco edit nbsp Western parts of the Chaco region are characterized by shrubs and low to medium forest cover due to lower precipitation 9 20 nbsp Marshes located in Rio Pilcomayo National Park are one of the natural features typical in the eastern parts of the Chaco region owing to the higher precipitation 9 20 The Chaco region in the center north completely includes the provinces of Chaco and Formosa 33 Eastern parts of Jujuy Province Salta Province and Tucuman Province and northern parts of Cordoba Province and Santa Fe Province are part of the region 33 As well most of Santiago del Estero Province lies within the region 34 The region has a subtropical climate 25 35 Under the Koppen climate classification western parts have a semi arid climate Bs 20 while the east has a humid subtropical climate Cfa 36 37 486 Chaco is one of the few natural regions in the world located between tropical and temperate latitudes that is not a desert 37 486 Precipitation and temperature are relatively homogeneous throughout the region 37 486 The general atmospheric circulation influences the climate of the region primarily by two permanent high pressure systems the South Pacific High and the South Atlantic High and a low pressure system that develops over northeast Argentina called the Chaco Low 36 The interaction between the South Atlantic High and the Chaco Low generates a pressure gradient that brings moist air from the east and northeast to eastern coastal and central regions of Argentina 21 38 In summer this interaction strengthens favouring the development of convective thunderstorms that can result in heavy rainfall 21 38 In contrast winters are dry due to these systems weakening and the lower insolation that weakens the Chaco Low and the northward displacement of westerly winds 38 39 During the entire year the South Pacific High influences the climate by bringing cold moist air masses originating in Patagonia 40 leading to cold temperatures and frost particularly during winter 39 Summers feature more stable weather than winter since the South Atlantic and South Pacific highs are at their southernmost positions making the entrance of cold fronts more difficult 20 39 Precipitation edit Mean annual precipitation ranges from 1 200 mm 47 in in the eastern parts of Formosa Province to a low of 450 to 500 mm 18 to 20 in in the west and southwest 20 23 30 Most of the precipitation is concentrated in the summer and decreases from east to west 20 25 Summer rains are intense and torrential rain is common occasionally causing floods and soil erosion 36 41 During the winter months precipitation is sparse 20 25 Eastern areas receive more precipitation than western areas since they are more influenced by moist air from the Atlantic Ocean This penetrates the eastern areas more than the west bringing it more precipitation 20 As a result the vegetation differs with eastern areas being covered by forests savannas marshes and subtropical wet forest while western areas are dominated by medium and low forests of mesophytic and xerophytic trees and a dense understory of shrubs and grasses 9 The western part has a pronounced dry winter season while the eastern parts have a slightly drier season 41 In all parts of the region precipitation is highly variable from year to year 40 The eastern part of the region receives just enough precipitation to have a positive water balance 36 By contrast the western parts of the region have a negative water balance the potential evapotranspiration exceeds the precipitation owing to lower precipitation 23 85 Temperatures edit The Chaco region is the hottest in Argentina with a mean annual temperature of 23 C 73 F 20 With mean summer temperatures reaching 28 C 82 F the region has the hottest summers in the country 20 23 63 Winters are mild and brief with mean temperatures in July ranging from 16 C 61 F in the northern parts to 14 C 57 F in the southernmost parts 42 1 Absolute maximum temperatures can reach up to 49 C 120 F while during cold waves temperatures can fall to 6 C 21 F 20 Eastern areas are more strongly influenced by maritime climate than western areas leading to a smaller thermal amplitude difference between average high and average low temperatures 36 This results in absolute maximum and minimum temperatures being 43 C 109 F and 2 5 C 27 5 F in the east compared to more than 47 C 117 F and 7 2 C 19 0 F in the west 41 Statistics for selected locations edit Climate data for Rivadavia Salta located in the west 1961 1990 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 35 8 96 4 34 4 93 9 32 4 90 3 28 6 83 5 25 8 78 4 22 7 72 9 24 0 75 2 27 0 80 6 29 7 85 5 33 2 91 8 34 4 93 9 35 5 95 9 30 3 86 5 Mean daily minimum C F 22 1 71 8 21 5 70 7 20 3 68 5 17 2 63 0 14 2 57 6 10 8 51 4 9 9 49 8 11 4 52 5 14 2 57 6 18 0 64 4 20 0 68 0 21 4 70 5 16 8 62 2 Average precipitation mm inches 128 1 5 04 97 7 3 85 91 3 3 59 64 4 2 54 16 7 0 66 10 9 0 43 4 4 0 17 4 1 0 16 13 6 0 54 42 9 1 69 76 6 3 02 115 3 4 54 666 0 26 22 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 9 9 10 8 6 4 3 1 2 5 9 9 75 Average relative humidity 61 64 68 70 70 68 62 54 52 56 50 59 61 Mean monthly sunshine hours 248 254 248 180 186 120 155 217 210 248 240 248 2 554 Source 1 NOAA 43 Servicio Meteorologico Nacional precipitation days 1961 1990 44 Source 2 Deutscher Wetterdienst sun and humidity 45 Climate data for Presidencia Roque Saenz Pena located in the centre Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 34 0 93 2 32 4 90 3 31 1 88 0 27 2 81 0 24 4 75 9 21 9 71 4 22 5 72 5 24 8 76 6 26 8 80 2 29 4 84 9 31 1 88 0 33 0 91 4 28 2 82 8 Mean daily minimum C F 20 2 68 4 19 4 66 9 18 4 65 1 14 9 58 8 12 2 54 0 10 0 50 0 8 8 47 8 9 8 49 6 11 8 53 2 15 1 59 2 17 0 62 6 19 2 66 6 14 7 58 5 Average precipitation mm inches 136 7 5 38 120 0 4 72 130 7 5 15 113 6 4 47 47 4 1 87 25 4 1 00 18 6 0 73 21 7 0 85 37 4 1 47 90 9 3 58 118 9 4 68 125 3 4 93 986 6 38 84 Average precipitation days 7 7 7 7 6 5 3 3 4 7 7 7 70 Average relative humidity 70 72 76 78 78 78 73 67 64 67 69 69 72 Mean monthly sunshine hours 285 2 243 0 229 4 189 0 189 1 150 0 186 0 204 6 207 0 241 8 264 0 285 2 2 674 3 Source Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria temperature 1930 2013 precipitation 1924 2013 humidity 1965 2013 and sun 1968 2013 46 Climate data for Formosa Argentina located in the east 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 34 1 93 4 33 0 91 4 31 7 89 1 28 6 83 5 24 5 76 1 22 8 73 0 22 7 72 9 25 4 77 7 27 2 81 0 29 5 85 1 30 9 87 6 33 0 91 4 28 6 83 5 Mean daily minimum C F 22 5 72 5 22 0 71 6 20 6 69 1 18 0 64 4 14 6 58 3 13 1 55 6 11 5 52 7 12 7 54 9 14 7 58 5 18 2 64 8 19 2 66 6 21 4 70 5 17 4 63 3 Average precipitation mm inches 163 5 6 44 135 6 5 34 138 2 5 44 159 6 6 28 110 1 4 33 60 3 2 37 41 0 1 61 34 8 1 37 74 8 2 94 150 3 5 92 159 9 6 30 178 4 7 02 1 406 5 55 37 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 8 7 8 7 8 0 8 5 8 2 6 7 5 1 4 8 7 1 10 1 8 9 9 2 94 0 Average relative humidity 71 5 74 2 76 4 78 9 81 2 81 0 76 4 70 3 69 3 72 4 71 1 71 4 74 5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 275 9 228 8 226 3 198 0 186 0 153 0 189 1 195 3 183 0 213 9 255 0 269 7 2 574 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Northwest edit nbsp Owing to orographic precipitation the high rainfall creates the thick Yungas jungle on the eastern slopes in the Andes in northwest Argentina nbsp The Altiplano Puna region is located in western parts of the region characterized by an arid and cold climate with large diurnal ranges and high sunshine duration nbsp Lerma Valley in Salta The temperate valleys in Jujuy Province and Salta Province have a mild climate with wet summers and dry winters note 3 nbsp Arid and hot weather predominate at the lower altitudes in the Andean valleys in northwest Argentina Northwest Argentina consists of the provinces of Catamarca Jujuy La Rioja and western parts of Salta Province and Tucuman Province 47 Although Santiago del Estero Province is part of northwest Argentina much of the province lies in the Chaco region 34 Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry hot and subtropical 48 Owing to its rugged topography the region is climatically diverse depending on the altitude temperature and distribution of precipitation 49 Consequently vegetation differs within these different climate types 50 In general the climate can be divided into two main types a cold arid or semi arid climate at the higher altitudes and warmer subtropical climate in the eastern parts of the region 48 49 Under the Koppen climate classification the region has 5 different climate types semi arid BS arid BW temperate climate without a dry season and with a dry season Cf and Cw respectively and an alpine climate at the highest altitudes 50 The atmospheric circulation is controlled by the two semi permanent South Atlantic and South Pacific highs 51 18 and the Chaco Low 36 52 During summer the interaction between the South Atlantic High and the Chaco Low brings northeasterly and easterly winds that carry moisture to the region particularly in the northern parts 49 50 52 The movement of moist air into the region during summer results in very high precipitation 51 20 Most of the precipitation comes from the east since the Andes block most moisture from the Pacific Ocean 21 49 Southern parts of the region are influenced by cold fronts travelling northward 51 18 52 These cold fronts are responsible for producing precipitation during summer 51 18 For example in Tucuman Province cold fronts are responsible for 70 of the rainfall in that province 51 18 Furthermore the intertropical convergence zone or doldrums reaches the region during the summer months leading to enhanced precipitation 51 18 52 During the winter months the intertropical convergence zone the South Pacific and the South Atlantic highs move northward while the Chaco Low weakens all of which results in the suppression of rain during the winter 21 50 51 20 53 With the Andes blocking most rain bearing clouds from the Pacific Ocean along with atmospheric circulation patterns unfavourable for rain this results in a dry season during winter 21 50 51 20 53 The Chaco Low attracts air masses from the South Pacific High creating a dry and cold wind particularly during winter 52 At the highest altitudes westerly winds from the Pacific Ocean can penetrate during the winter months leading to snowstorms 49 Precipitation edit The Andes are the principal factor that determines the precipitation rainfall regime seasonal distribution of rainfall 54 Without the Andes the climate of northwest Argentina would have been arid and resembled that of northern Chile 54 Precipitation is highly seasonal and mostly concentrated in the summer months 50 53 About 90 of the annual precipitation falls from November to April which constitutes the wet season while the dry season is from May until October when precipitation is sparse 54 It is distributed irregularly owing to the country s topography although it generally decreases from east to west 50 51 29 There is great variation in precipitation both seasonally and annually 54 As moist air reaches the eastern slopes of the mountains it rises and cools adiabatically leading to the formation of clouds that generate copious amounts of rain 50 The eastern slopes of the mountains receive between 1 000 and 1 500 mm 39 and 59 in of precipitation a year although some places receive up to 2 500 mm 98 in of precipitation annually owing to orographic precipitation 49 50 In the south the orographic effect is enhanced by advancing cold fronts from the south resulting in increased precipitation 51 22 The high rainfall on these first slopes creates the thick Yungas jungle that extends in a narrow strip along these ranges 52 55 56 During fall the jungles are covered by fog and complete cloud cover 55 56 Beyond the first slopes of the Andes into the valleys the air descends warming adiabatically and becoming drier than on the eastern slopes 50 The north south orientation of the mountains which increase in altitude to the west 49 and a discontinuous topography creates valleys with regions of relatively high orographic precipitation in the west and drier regions in east 50 51 29 The temperate valleys which include major cities such as Salta and Jujuy note 3 have an average precipitation ranging between 500 and 1 000 mm 20 and 39 in 56 These valleys lie in a transitional area between the sub humid climate in the west where the first slopes of Andes occur and the semi arid climates to the east in the Chaco region 54 to the west For example in the Lerma Valley which is surrounded by tall mountains only the northeastern part of the valley is surrounded by shorter mountains precipitation ranges from 695 mm 27 in in Salta to 1 395 mm 55 in in San Lorenzo just 11 km 6 8 mi away 51 29 Rainfall in the temperate valleys is mainly concentrated in the summer months often falling in short but heavy bursts 57 58 Valleys in the southern parts of the region are drier than valleys in the north due to the greater height of the Andes and the Sierras Pampeanas on the eastern slopes compared to the mountains in the north ranging from 3 000 to 6 900 m 9 800 to 22 600 ft presenting a significant orographic barrier that blocks moist winds from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 51 22 23 59 28 These valleys receive less than 200 mm 8 in of precipitation per year and are characterized by sparse vegetation adapted to the arid climate 52 The area further west is the Puna region a plateau with an average altitude of 3 900 m 12 800 ft that is mostly a desert due to the easterly winds being blocked by the Andes and the northwest extension of the Sierras Pampeanas 49 51 33 52 60 Precipitation in the Puna region averages less than 200 mm 8 in a year while potential evapotranspiration ranges from 500 to 600 mm 20 to 24 in a year owing to the high insolation strong winds and low humidity that exacerbates the dry conditions 9 61 This results in the Puna region having a water deficit in all months 62 17 The southeast parts of the Puna region are very arid receiving an average of 50 mm 2 in while in the northeastern area average annual precipitation ranges from 300 to 400 mm 12 to 16 in 49 51 34 Although easterly winds are rare in the Puna region they bring 88 96 of the area s precipitation 49 Snowfall is rare averaging less than five days of snow per year 9 61 Due to the aridity of these mountains at high altitudes the snowline can extend as far up as 6 000 m 20 000 ft above sea level 63 The El Nino Southern Oscillation influences precipitation levels in northwest Argentina 52 53 64 During an El Nino year westerly flow is strengthened while moisture content from the east is reduced resulting in a drier rainy season 53 64 In contrast during a La Nina year there is enhanced easterly moisture transport resulting in a more intense rainy season 53 64 Nonetheless this trend is highly variable both spatially and temporally 53 Temperatures edit Temperatures in northwest Argentina vary by altitude 49 The temperate valleys have a temperate climate with mild summers and dry and cool winters with regular frosts 57 65 53 The diurnal range in cities is fairly wide particularly in the winter 57 58 In the Yungas jungle to the east the climate is hot and humid with temperatures that vary significantly based on latitude and altitude 55 56 Mean annual temperatures in the Yungas range between 14 and 26 C 57 and 79 F 55 56 The mean annual temperatures in the Quebrada de Humahuaca valley range from 12 0 to 14 1 C 53 6 to 57 4 F depending on altitude 62 10 In the Calchaqui Valleys in Salta Province the climate is temperate and arid with large thermal amplitudes long summers and a long frost free period which varies by altitude 62 10 66 67 In both the Quebrada de Humahuaca and Calchaqui valleys winters are cold with frosts that can occur between March and September 56 In the valleys in the south in La Rioja and Catamarca Provinces along with the southwest parts of Santiago del Estero Province temperatures during the summer are very high averaging 26 C 79 F in January while winters are mild averaging 12 C 54 F 68 The mean annual temperatures in this region ranges between 16 and 20 C 61 and 68 F 69 Temperatures can exceed 40 C 104 F during the summer particularly in the central valley of Catamarca Valle Central de Catamarca and the valley of La Rioja Capital which lie at lower altitudes 59 28 68 During winter cold fronts from the south bringing cold Antarctic air can cause temperatures to fall between 8 and 14 C 18 and 7 F with severe frosts 59 In contrast the Zonda wind which occurs more often during the winter months can raise temperatures up to 35 C 95 F with strong gusts sometimes causing crop damage 59 33 34 Temperatures are much colder in the Puna region with a mean annual temperature of less than 10 C 50 F owing to its high altitude 9 The Puna region is characterized by being cold but sunny throughout the year with frosts that can occur in any month 9 49 61 The diurnal range is large with a thermal amplitude that can exceed 40 C 72 F due to the low humidity and the intense sunlight throughout the year 62 17 Absolute maximum temperatures in the Puna region can reach up to 30 C 86 F while absolute minimum temperatures can fall below 20 C 4 F 62 16 Statistics for selected locations edit Climate data for Salar del Hombre Muerto southwestern Puna region 1927 1931 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 19 6 67 3 20 1 68 2 17 8 64 0 12 8 55 0 9 9 49 8 7 1 44 8 6 0 42 8 8 4 47 1 11 2 52 2 16 2 61 2 17 7 63 9 19 4 66 9 13 9 57 0 Mean daily minimum C F 2 2 36 0 0 4 32 7 1 2 29 8 0 5 32 9 6 3 20 7 8 3 17 1 11 5 11 3 9 4 15 1 8 9 16 0 4 3 24 3 2 0 28 4 0 3 32 5 4 0 24 8 Average precipitation mm inches 31 4 1 24 2 6 0 10 1 6 0 06 11 0 0 43 1 0 0 04 4 0 0 16 7 5 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 0 19 63 8 2 51 Average relative humidity 40 0 30 2 27 4 20 0 20 1 22 3 23 0 19 4 16 6 19 5 23 7 31 3 24 5 Source Secretaria de Mineria 70 Climate data for La Quiaca northeast parts of the Puna region 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 20 6 69 1 20 4 68 7 20 6 69 1 20 3 68 5 17 8 64 0 16 3 61 3 16 1 61 0 18 0 64 4 20 0 68 0 21 7 71 1 22 5 72 5 22 2 72 0 19 7 67 5 Mean daily minimum C F 7 7 45 9 7 6 45 7 6 6 43 9 3 1 37 6 2 5 27 5 5 7 21 7 6 2 20 8 4 0 24 8 0 4 31 3 3 3 37 9 5 5 41 9 7 3 45 1 1 9 35 4 Average precipitation mm inches 102 2 4 02 67 9 2 67 48 1 1 89 6 8 0 27 1 1 0 04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 05 3 9 0 15 14 4 0 57 22 2 0 87 63 2 2 49 331 0 13 03 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 15 1 12 1 9 3 2 2 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 3 3 6 3 11 4 61 5 Average relative humidity 62 6 63 2 60 3 46 0 32 6 27 4 25 7 26 7 32 1 42 4 48 6 55 8 43 6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 263 5 228 8 269 7 288 0 297 6 285 0 297 6 303 8 291 0 306 9 303 0 275 9 3 410 8 Source 1 Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Source 2 Secretaria de Mineria sun 1961 1990 71 Climate data for Salta Airport temperate valleys 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 27 7 81 9 26 5 79 7 25 1 77 2 22 9 73 2 20 3 68 5 19 8 67 6 19 9 67 8 22 7 72 9 24 7 76 5 26 9 80 4 27 6 81 7 28 4 83 1 24 4 75 9 Mean daily minimum C F 16 8 62 2 16 1 61 0 15 2 59 4 12 2 54 0 8 1 46 6 4 5 40 1 2 9 37 2 4 8 40 6 7 7 45 9 12 1 53 8 14 2 57 6 16 0 60 8 10 9 51 6 Average precipitation mm inches 197 1 7 76 147 3 5 80 107 3 4 22 42 1 1 66 9 7 0 38 2 5 0 10 2 7 0 11 2 3 0 09 5 7 0 22 23 9 0 94 59 3 2 33 138 4 5 45 738 3 29 07 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 15 4 14 4 13 7 7 0 3 8 1 7 1 7 1 5 2 1 5 3 9 0 13 0 88 6 Average relative humidity 77 2 80 6 82 9 82 3 80 5 75 6 69 3 60 4 55 8 60 6 66 1 71 5 71 9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 195 3 166 7 158 1 159 0 158 1 171 0 204 6 223 2 210 0 210 8 213 0 217 0 2 286 8 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Climate data for La Rioja Argentina lowland dry valleys 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 35 2 95 4 33 2 91 8 30 8 87 4 26 8 80 2 22 6 72 7 19 7 67 5 19 5 67 1 23 3 73 9 26 9 80 4 30 8 87 4 33 6 92 5 35 4 95 7 28 2 82 8 Mean daily minimum C F 21 5 70 7 20 1 68 2 18 6 65 5 14 6 58 3 9 9 49 8 5 6 42 1 4 2 39 6 6 9 44 4 11 3 52 3 15 9 60 6 18 9 66 0 20 8 69 4 14 0 57 2 Average precipitation mm inches 90 3 3 56 78 8 3 10 63 4 2 50 30 8 1 21 8 2 0 32 4 0 0 16 4 2 0 17 3 3 0 13 5 5 0 22 19 5 0 77 32 0 1 26 66 9 2 63 406 9 16 02 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 8 3 7 6 6 2 4 1 2 5 1 0 0 8 0 6 1 7 2 6 4 3 6 4 46 1 Average relative humidity 59 9 63 9 67 9 70 0 71 1 70 3 63 2 52 2 47 6 49 3 51 5 54 4 60 1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 232 5 206 2 204 6 189 0 179 8 174 0 213 9 235 6 219 0 244 9 237 0 235 6 2 572 1 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Climate data for Santa Maria Catamarca Calchaqui Valleys 1904 1950 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 30 2 86 4 29 5 85 1 28 2 82 8 25 8 78 4 22 3 72 1 19 8 67 6 19 8 67 6 22 6 72 7 25 5 77 9 27 4 81 3 29 5 85 1 30 4 86 7 25 9 78 6 Mean daily minimum C F 13 4 56 1 13 1 55 6 11 4 52 5 7 2 45 0 3 0 37 4 0 1 32 2 0 6 30 9 1 2 34 2 4 7 40 5 7 8 46 0 10 7 51 3 12 4 54 3 7 0 44 6 Average precipitation mm inches 44 1 1 74 33 1 1 30 22 3 0 88 2 0 0 08 1 0 0 04 0 4 0 02 1 6 0 06 1 0 0 04 0 4 0 02 10 7 0 42 17 5 0 69 36 7 1 44 170 8 6 72 Average relative humidity 33 37 53 55 50 51 49 50 52 50 40 39 47 Source Secretaria de Mineria 72 Climate data for San Miguel de Tucuman eastern parts of the region 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 31 3 88 3 29 7 85 5 27 9 82 2 24 9 76 8 21 4 70 5 19 0 66 2 19 4 66 9 23 3 73 9 26 3 79 3 28 9 84 0 30 3 86 5 31 3 88 3 26 1 79 0 Mean daily minimum C F 20 3 68 5 19 7 67 5 18 5 65 3 15 5 59 9 11 8 53 2 8 5 47 3 6 9 44 4 8 7 47 7 11 5 52 7 15 4 59 7 17 7 63 9 19 5 67 1 14 5 58 1 Average precipitation mm inches 238 0 9 37 181 9 7 16 134 6 5 30 61 6 2 43 27 6 1 09 12 9 0 51 5 4 0 21 6 4 0 25 15 1 0 59 63 8 2 51 102 3 4 03 160 1 6 30 1 009 7 39 75 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 12 7 11 1 12 0 9 4 7 5 4 9 2 8 1 5 3 1 7 4 10 1 11 5 93 9 Average relative humidity 73 4 76 9 80 0 80 2 79 7 77 6 69 4 59 2 55 9 61 0 65 3 69 1 70 6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 229 4 186 5 173 6 153 0 145 7 135 0 186 0 204 6 198 0 195 3 213 0 229 4 2 249 5 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Cuyo edit nbsp Much of the Cuyo region is dry depending on rivers for irrigation nbsp Colder weather predominates at higher altitudes in the Cuyo region which can receive snow during the winter The Cuyo region includes the provinces of Mendoza San Juan and San Luis 47 Western parts of La Pampa Province as shown in map also belong in this region having similar climatic and soil characteristics to it 11 It has an arid or semi arid climate 73 74 The wide range in latitudes combined with altitudes ranging from 500 m 1 600 ft to nearly 7 000 m 23 000 ft means that it has a variety of different climate types 67 74 In general most of the region has a temperate climate with higher altitude valleys having a more milder climate 66 At the highest altitudes over 4 000 m 13 000 ft icy conditions persist year round 74 With very low humidity abundant sunshine throughout the year and a temperate climate the region is suitable for wine production 67 The Andes prevent rain bearing clouds from the Pacific Ocean from moving in while its latitude puts it in a band of the sub tropical high pressure belt keeping the region dry 21 73 Droughts are often frequent and prolonged 21 The Cuyo region is influenced by the subtropical semi permanent South Atlantic High to the east in the Atlantic the semi permanent South Pacific High to the west of the Andes and the development of the Chaco Low and westerlies in the southern parts of the region 38 73 Most of the precipitation falls during the summer due to the stronger interaction between the Chaco Low and the South Atlantic High 21 38 Precipitation edit Average annual precipitation ranges between 100 and 500 mm 4 and 20 in though this varies from year to year 73 74 More than 85 of the annual rainfall occurs from October to March which constitutes the warm season 73 Eastern and southeastern areas of the region receive more precipitation than western areas since they receive more summer rainfall 38 As such most of Mendoza and San Juan Provinces receive the lowest annual precipitation with mean summer precipitation averaging less than 100 mm 4 in and in rare cases no summer rainfall 38 Further eastward in San Luis Province mean summer rainfall averages around 500 mm 20 in and can exceed 700 mm 28 in in some areas 38 75 Higher altitude locations receive precipitation in the form of snow during the winter months 76 77 78 In the Cuyo region annual precipitation is highly variable from year to year and appears to follow a cycle between dry and wet years in periods of about 2 4 5 6 8 and 16 22 years 73 In wet years easterly winds caused by the subtropical South Atlantic High are stronger which causes more moisture to flow towards this region during the dry years these winds are weaker 38 73 Temperatures edit Mean annual temperatures range from 13 to 15 5 C 55 4 to 59 9 F 79 Summers in the region are hot and generally very sunny averaging as much as 10 hours of sunshine per day 63 80 The average temperature in January is 24 C 75 F in most of the region 81 In contrast winters are dry and cold and average around 7 8 hours of sunshine per day 63 80 July temperatures range from 7 to 8 C 45 to 47 F 81 Since this region has a wide range of altitudes ranging from 500 m 1 600 ft to nearly 7 000 m 23 000 ft temperatures can vary widely with altitude The Sierras Pampeanas which cross into both San Juan and San Luis Provinces have a milder climate with mean annual temperatures ranging from 12 to 18 C 54 to 64 F 78 In all locations at altitudes over 3 800 m 12 500 ft permafrost is present while icy conditions persist year round at altitudes over 4 000 m 13 000 ft 74 The region is characterized by a large diurnal range with very hot temperatures during the day followed by cold nights 80 The Zonda wind a foehn wind characterized by warm dry air can cause temperatures to exceed 30 C 86 F In some cases such as in 2003 they can exceed 45 C 113 F 82 83 This wind often occurs before the passage of a cold front across Argentina and tends to occur when a low pressure system brings heavy rain to the Chilean side and when an upper level trough allows the winds to pass over the Andes to descend downwards 82 84 85 As such the temperature may rise as much as 20 C 36 F in a few hours with humidity approaching 0 during a Zonda wind event 84 In contrast cold waves are also common owing to the Andes channeling cold air from the south allowing cold fronts to come frequently during the winter months causing cool to cold temperatures with temperatures that can fall below freezing 85 86 Temperatures can dip below 10 to 30 C 14 to 22 F at the higher altitudes 77 Statistics for selected locations edit Climate data for San Juan Airport 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 35 1 95 2 33 3 91 9 30 5 86 9 25 3 77 5 20 5 68 9 17 3 63 1 16 7 62 1 20 3 68 5 23 8 74 8 27 9 82 2 31 6 88 9 34 4 93 9 26 4 79 5 Mean daily minimum C F 19 8 67 6 18 4 65 1 16 1 61 0 10 9 51 6 6 0 42 8 1 5 34 7 0 3 32 5 2 7 36 9 6 6 43 9 11 3 52 3 15 0 59 0 18 0 64 4 10 5 50 9 Average precipitation mm inches 17 4 0 69 22 5 0 89 10 8 0 43 4 6 0 18 3 4 0 13 1 8 0 07 1 3 0 05 2 6 0 10 3 7 0 15 2 9 0 11 7 2 0 28 12 4 0 49 90 6 3 57 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 3 5 2 6 2 2 1 3 1 1 0 4 0 6 0 5 1 0 1 0 1 4 2 0 17 6 Average relative humidity 43 0 46 9 52 6 57 3 62 2 60 2 55 1 45 5 40 8 38 8 38 2 38 1 48 2 Mean monthly sunshine hours 313 1 274 0 272 8 234 0 213 9 201 0 226 3 248 0 252 0 291 4 315 0 319 3 3 160 8 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Climate data for Mendoza Airport 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 32 8 91 0 31 0 87 8 28 1 82 6 23 3 73 9 18 7 65 7 15 9 60 6 15 3 59 5 18 6 65 5 21 8 71 2 25 7 78 3 29 2 84 6 32 0 89 6 24 4 75 9 Mean daily minimum C F 19 3 66 7 17 8 64 0 15 7 60 3 10 8 51 4 6 8 44 2 2 9 37 2 2 0 35 6 4 3 39 7 7 8 46 0 11 9 53 4 15 4 59 7 18 1 64 6 11 1 52 0 Average precipitation mm inches 47 2 1 86 40 8 1 61 31 6 1 24 18 5 0 73 11 0 0 43 5 7 0 22 5 0 0 20 7 9 0 31 12 3 0 48 11 2 0 44 22 1 0 87 24 7 0 97 238 0 9 37 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 5 9 5 6 4 8 3 6 1 8 2 1 2 3 2 0 3 0 3 0 4 3 4 3 44 4 Average relative humidity 48 4 53 8 59 7 64 6 69 1 66 9 62 1 53 2 48 3 45 3 43 5 43 8 54 9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 316 2 257 1 241 8 210 0 189 1 183 0 204 6 232 5 228 0 275 9 309 0 328 6 2 975 8 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Climate data for San Luis Argentina in the east 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 31 6 88 9 30 0 86 0 27 6 81 7 23 3 73 9 19 6 67 3 17 1 62 8 16 7 62 1 19 5 67 1 22 4 72 3 25 6 78 1 28 5 83 3 30 8 87 4 24 4 75 9 Mean daily minimum C F 18 3 64 9 17 2 63 0 15 5 59 9 11 8 53 2 8 3 46 9 5 0 41 0 4 0 39 2 6 2 43 2 9 1 48 4 12 5 54 5 15 1 59 2 17 3 63 1 11 7 53 1 Average precipitation mm inches 115 3 4 54 112 5 4 43 92 1 3 63 44 8 1 76 18 6 0 73 5 4 0 21 5 4 0 21 8 6 0 34 22 0 0 87 50 1 1 97 87 4 3 44 104 9 4 13 667 1 26 26 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 9 7 8 5 7 9 5 6 3 6 1 9 2 2 2 0 3 9 6 1 8 1 9 6 69 2 Average relative humidity 52 9 58 1 62 7 64 9 66 2 62 0 56 1 47 6 45 5 47 8 48 5 49 7 55 2 Mean monthly sunshine hours 331 7 276 9 257 3 216 0 195 3 207 0 213 9 232 5 243 0 279 0 312 0 341 0 3 105 6 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Climate data for Cristo Redentor 1941 1960 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 10 0 50 0 9 8 49 6 7 2 45 0 3 4 38 1 0 5 31 1 3 1 26 4 3 5 25 7 2 9 26 8 1 0 30 2 0 7 33 3 4 5 40 1 8 3 46 9 2 7 36 9 Mean daily minimum C F 0 3 31 5 0 5 31 1 2 1 28 2 4 1 24 6 7 0 19 4 9 8 14 4 11 0 12 2 10 4 13 3 8 9 16 0 6 9 19 6 3 9 25 0 1 9 28 6 5 5 22 1 Average relative humidity 57 0 54 5 54 0 56 5 57 5 59 0 55 5 57 0 58 0 64 5 59 0 56 0 57 4 Source Secretaria de Mineria 87 Pampas edit nbsp Pampas landscape The Pampas includes all of Buenos Aires Province eastern and southern Cordoba Province eastern La Pampa Province and southern Santa Fe Province 88 It is subdivided into two parts the humid Pampas to the east and the dry semi arid Pampas to the west 12 This region s land is appropriate for agricultural and livestock activities It is mostly a flat area interrupted only by the Tandilia and Ventana hills in its southern portion 89 The climate of the Pampas is temperate and humid with no dry season featuring hot summers and mild winters Cfa Cfb according to the Koppen climate classification 89 90 91 The weather in the Pampas is variable due to the contrasting air masses and frontal storms that impact the region 92 Maritime polar air from the south produces the cool pampero winds while warm humid tropical air from the north produces sultry nortes a gentle wind usually from the northeast formed by trade winds and the South Atlantic High that brings cloudy hot and humid weather and is responsible for bringing heat waves 92 93 The Pampas are influenced by the El Nino Southern Oscillation which is responsible for variations in annual precipitation 94 95 An El Nino year often leads to higher precipitation while a La Nina year leads to lower precipitation 95 The Pampas are moderately sunny ranging from an average of 4 5 hours of sunshine per day during the winter months to 8 9 hours in summer 63 Precipitation edit Precipitation decreases from east to west 96 and ranges from 1 200 mm 47 in in the northeast to under 500 mm 20 in in the south and west 95 Most regions receive 700 to 800 mm 28 to 31 in of precipitation per year 95 Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year in the easternmost parts while in the western parts most of the precipitation is concentrated during the summer months and winters are drier 89 6 In many places precipitation which mostly occurs in the form of convective thunderstorms is high during summer 21 97 These thunderstorms form when cold air from the south caused by the pampero wind meets humid tropical air masses from the north 92 and are some of the most intense storms in the world with the most frequent lightning and the highest convective cloud tops 98 99 These severe thunderstorms produce intense amounts of precipitation 95 and hailstorms and can cause both floods and flash floods As well the Pampas is the most consistently active tornado region outside the central and southeastern United States 100 Autumn and spring bring periods of very rainy weather followed by dry mild stretches 95 Places in the east receive rainfall throughout autumn whereas in the west it quickly becomes very dry 95 Winters are drier in most places due to weaker easterly winds and stronger southerly winds which prevent moist air from coming in 6 In winter most of the precipitation occurs from frontal systems associated with cyclogenesis and strong southeasterly winds sudestada which bring long periods of precipitation and cloudiness particularly in the southern and eastern parts 30 101 28 As such precipitation is more evenly distributed in the eastern parts than the western parts which are further away from these frontal systems 101 Dull grey and damp weather characterize winters in the Pampas 30 Snowfall is extremely rare when it does snow it usually lasts for only a day or two 30 Temperatures edit Annual temperatures range from 17 C 63 F in the northern parts to 14 C 57 F in the south 90 Cordoba Province has higher temperatures than the rest of the region while the few higher altitude areas have colder weather 102 Summers in the Pampas are hot and humid coastal areas are moderated by the cold Malvinas Current 92 Heat waves that can bring temperatures in the 36 to 40 C 97 to 104 F range for a few days 95 These are usually followed by a day or two of strong pampero winds from the south which bring cool dry air 95 Autumn arrives in March and brings periods of mild daytime temperatures and cool nights 95 Generally frost arrives in early April in the southernmost areas and in late May in the north and ends by mid September although the dates of the first and last frosts can vary from year to year 89 90 95 Frost is rarely intense nor prolonged and does not occur in some years 63 30 Winters are mild with frequent frosts and cold spells 92 Temperatures are usually mild during the day and cold during the night 91 Occasionally tropical air masses from the north may move southward providing relief from the cool damp temperatures 30 On the other hand the sudestada and the pampero winds bring periods of cool to cold temperatures 28 92 Statistics for selected locations edit Climate data for Pilar Cordoba Province Pampean climate with dry season in winter 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 30 1 86 2 28 3 82 9 27 0 80 6 24 0 75 2 20 2 68 4 17 6 63 7 17 1 62 8 20 2 68 4 22 6 72 7 25 1 77 2 28 0 82 4 30 0 86 0 24 2 75 6 Mean daily minimum C F 18 0 64 4 17 0 62 6 15 5 59 9 12 3 54 1 8 9 48 0 5 3 41 5 4 2 39 6 5 7 42 3 8 4 47 1 12 1 53 8 14 8 58 6 17 1 62 8 11 6 52 9 Average precipitation mm inches 112 5 4 43 112 1 4 41 97 5 3 84 64 9 2 56 23 9 0 94 7 0 0 28 6 1 0 24 8 1 0 32 28 1 1 11 76 3 3 00 98 9 3 89 118 4 4 66 753 8 29 68 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 9 7 9 3 8 4 7 2 4 8 2 9 2 3 2 0 4 4 7 6 10 1 10 6 79 4 Average relative humidity 69 7 75 5 76 5 74 8 76 0 73 1 67 2 59 5 57 9 62 7 62 1 63 7 68 2 Mean monthly sunshine hours 285 2 231 7 232 5 192 0 176 7 171 0 192 2 223 2 222 0 238 7 267 0 275 9 2 708 1 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Climate data for Rosario 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 30 9 87 6 29 4 84 9 27 7 81 9 23 9 75 0 20 1 68 2 17 0 62 6 16 5 61 7 19 2 66 6 21 5 70 7 24 3 75 7 27 5 81 5 29 8 85 6 24 0 75 2 Mean daily minimum C F 18 7 65 7 17 7 63 9 16 0 60 8 12 4 54 3 9 4 48 9 6 2 43 2 4 9 40 8 6 3 43 3 8 7 47 7 12 3 54 1 15 0 59 0 17 3 63 1 12 1 53 8 Average precipitation mm inches 120 7 4 75 127 4 5 02 138 4 5 45 119 9 4 72 57 7 2 27 28 3 1 11 23 0 0 91 35 3 1 39 48 0 1 89 118 7 4 67 108 2 4 26 127 9 5 04 1 053 5 41 48 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 7 3 7 7 7 4 8 5 5 3 4 5 4 2 3 6 5 3 8 9 8 2 9 0 79 8 Average relative humidity 67 8 72 8 75 4 78 1 81 0 80 9 77 9 72 6 68 5 69 3 65 6 65 5 73 0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 297 6 240 1 235 6 183 0 173 6 147 0 173 6 195 3 195 0 223 2 267 0 288 3 2 619 3 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Climate data for Buenos Aires 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 30 1 86 2 28 9 84 0 27 0 80 6 23 2 73 8 19 4 66 9 16 4 61 5 15 5 59 9 17 9 64 2 19 7 67 5 22 6 72 7 26 0 78 8 29 0 84 2 22 9 73 2 Mean daily minimum C F 20 2 68 4 19 4 66 9 17 7 63 9 14 1 57 4 11 1 52 0 8 4 47 1 7 5 45 5 8 9 48 0 10 6 51 1 13 4 56 1 16 1 61 0 18 5 65 3 13 8 56 8 Average precipitation mm inches 134 4 5 29 129 3 5 09 120 0 4 72 130 3 5 13 93 5 3 68 61 5 2 42 74 4 2 93 70 3 2 77 80 6 3 17 122 9 4 84 117 6 4 63 122 8 4 83 1 257 6 49 51 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 8 9 8 0 8 2 8 9 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 0 7 4 10 2 8 9 8 9 98 3 Average relative humidity 64 6 69 1 72 0 75 6 78 7 78 2 77 0 72 6 69 5 69 4 65 3 62 8 71 2 Mean monthly sunshine hours 272 8 223 2 217 0 168 0 158 1 135 0 142 6 170 5 180 0 204 6 246 0 266 6 2 384 4 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Climate data for Mar del Plata Pampean climate with Oceanic influences 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 26 4 79 5 25 5 77 9 23 8 74 8 20 4 68 7 16 9 62 4 13 8 56 8 12 6 54 7 14 7 58 5 15 9 60 6 18 6 65 5 21 7 71 1 25 2 77 4 19 6 67 3 Mean daily minimum C F 14 5 58 1 14 3 57 7 12 9 55 2 9 5 49 1 6 7 44 1 4 0 39 2 3 2 37 8 4 2 39 6 5 5 41 9 8 1 46 6 10 3 50 5 12 8 55 0 8 8 47 8 Average precipitation mm inches 91 1 3 59 103 6 4 08 95 2 3 75 97 3 3 83 60 0 2 36 66 1 2 60 57 8 2 28 63 6 2 50 63 1 2 48 83 1 3 27 80 3 3 16 84 8 3 34 946 0 37 24 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 8 1 8 0 9 0 9 3 8 2 8 7 9 4 8 0 8 3 10 0 9 8 8 2 105 0 Average relative humidity 73 9 77 2 79 5 79 9 82 0 81 6 81 8 79 5 78 6 77 7 75 4 72 7 78 3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 195 3 194 9 145 7 138 0 99 2 75 0 89 9 114 7 102 0 161 2 177 0 176 7 1 669 6 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Patagonia edit nbsp Typical landscape view of the central Patagonian plateaus in Chubut Province nbsp View of Bariloche and Nahuel Huapi Lake Most of western Patagonia receives abundant precipitation allowing it to support forests and lakes 96 103 nbsp High precipitation along with cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the Perito Moreno Glacier 63 nbsp One defining characteristic of the climate is the strong persistent winds from the west year round owing to the lack of land at higher latitudes that can block these winds 104 105 This forms characteristic Flag trees such as this one near Ushuaia Chubut Neuquen Rio Negro Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego are the provinces that make up Patagonia 12 47 The Patagonian climate is classified as arid to semi arid and temperate to cool temperate 106 107 The exception is the Bosque Andino Patagonico a forested area located in the extreme west and southern parts of Tierra del Fuego Province which has a humid wet and cool to cold climate 108 71 72 One defining characteristic is the strong winds from the west which blow year round stronger in summer than in winter These favor evaporation and are a factor in making the region mostly arid 109 Mean annual wind speeds range between 15 and 22 km h 9 and 14 mph although gusts of over 100 km h 62 mph are common 104 There are three major factors that influence the climate of this region the Andes the South Pacific and the South Atlantic Highs and higher insolation in eastern than in western areas 110 The Andes play a crucial role in determining the climate of Patagonia because their north south orientation creates a barrier for humid air masses coming from the Pacific Ocean 107 111 Since the predominant wind is from the west and most air masses come from the Pacific Ocean the Andes cause these air masses to ascend cooling adiabatically 107 109 Most of the moisture is dropped on the Chilean side resulting in abundant precipitation while in much of the Argentine side the air warms adiabatically and becomes drier as it descends 107 109 As a result the Andes create an extensive rain shadow in much of Argentine Patagonia causing most of the region to be arid 111 109 South of 52oS the Andes are lower in elevation reducing the rain shadow effect in Tierra del Fuego Province allowing forests to thrive on the Atlantic coast 105 Patagonia is located between the subtropical high pressure belt and the subpolar low pressure zone meaning it is exposed to westerly winds that are strong since south of 40o S there is little land to block these winds 104 105 Being located between the semipermanent South Pacific and the South Atlantic Highs at around 30oS and the Subpolar Low at around 60o S the movement of the high and low pressure systems along with ocean currents determine the precipitation pattern 107 During winter both the South Pacific and South Atlantic highs move to the north while the Subpolar Low strengthens which when combined with higher ocean temperatures than the surrounding land results in higher precipitation during this time of the year 107 109 Due to the northward migration of the South Pacific High more frontal systems can pass through allowing for more precipitation to occur 109 During summer the South Pacific High migrates southward preventing the passage of fronts and cyclones that can cause precipitation to occur resulting in lower precipitation during this time of the year 109 Northeastern areas along with southern parts of the region are influenced by air masses from the Atlantic Ocean resulting in precipitation being more evenly distributed throughout the year 107 Most precipitation comes from frontal systems 107 particularly stationary fronts that bring humid air from the Atlantic Ocean 109 Cold fronts usually move from west to east or from southwest to northeast but rarely from the south 109 Because of this these cold fronts do not result in the cold being intense since they are moderated as they pass over the surrounding oceans 109 In the rare cases when cold fronts move northwards from the south Antarctica the cold air masses are not moderated by the surrounding oceans resulting in very cold temperatures throughout the region 109 In general the passage of cold fronts is more common in the south than in the north and occurs more in winter than in summer 109 The movement of warm subtropical air into the region occurs frequently in summer up to 46oS 109 When warm subtropical air arrives in the region the air is dry resulting in little precipitation and causes temperatures to be higher than those observed in northeast Argentina 109 Precipitation edit The influence of the Pacific Ocean general circulation patterns and the topographic barrier caused by the Andes results in one of the strongest precipitation gradients in the world 107 112 Precipitation decreases steeply from west to east ranging from 4 000 mm 160 in in the west on the Andean foothills at 41oS to 150 mm 6 in in the central plateaus 111 112 For example while mean annual precipitation is more 1 000 mm 39 in at the Andean foothills in less than 100 km 62 mi to the east precipitation decreases to 200 mm 8 in 109 The high precipitation in the Andes in this region supports glaciers and permanent snowfields 63 The Andean portions of the provinces of Chubut Rio Negro and southernmost Neuquen contain the rainiest areas of the whole of Argentina 113 Most of the region receives less than 200 mm 8 in of precipitation per year although some areas can receive less than 100 mm 4 in 109 In northern Rio Negro Province and eastern Neuquen Province mean annual precipitation is around 300 mm 12 in while south of 50oS precipitation increases southwards reaching up to 600 to 800 mm 24 to 31 in 109 There is a narrow transition zone running down from 39oS to 47oS that receives about 400 mm 16 in of precipitation a year 114 Much of northwestern Patagonia in the Andes corresponding to the northern parts of the Bosque Andino Patagonico region receives abundant precipitation in winter with occasional droughts in summer allowing it to support forests with dense coverage 108 72 103 With the exception of certain areas such as Puerto Blest no major towns receive more than 1 000 mm 39 in of precipitation a year 114 The southern parts of the Bosque Andino Patagonico region receive only 200 to 500 mm 8 to 20 in resulting in less dense forest coverage 108 72 103 The lower precipitation compared to the northern parts is due to the winds being more intense and drier favouring evapotranspiration 108 72 The snow line ranges from an altitude of 2 500 m 8 202 ft in the north to 1 800 m 5 906 ft above sea level in the south 115 The aridity of the region is due to the combination of low precipitation strong winds and high temperatures in the summer months each of which cause high evaporation rates 9 Mean evapotranspiration ranges from 550 to 750 mm 22 to 30 in which decreases from northeast to southwest 9 In most of Patagonia precipitation is concentrated in the winter months with the exception of northeastern and southern areas of the region which have a more even distribution of precipitation throughout the year 107 116 109 As a result except for these areas the winter maxima in precipitation results in a strong water deficit in the summer 107 Most precipitation events are light each event usually results in less than 5 mm 0 2 in 107 Thunderstorms are infrequent in the region occurring an average of 5 days per year only during summer 109 In Tierra del Fuego thunderstorms are non existent 109 Snowfall occurs on 5 to 20 days per year mainly in the west and south 9 These snowfall events can result in strong snow storms 2 Despite the low precipitation Patagonia is cloudy with the mean cloud cover ranging from 50 in eastern parts of Neuquen Province and northeast Rio Negro Province to 70 in Tierra del Fuego Province 109 the region has one of the highest percentages of cloud cover in Argentina 107 In general mountainous areas are the cloudiest and coastal areas are cloudier than inland areas 109 Northern areas are sunnier 50 possible sunshine note 4 than the southern parts of the region such as western Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego Provinces less than 40 possible sunshine 107 The southernmost islands receive some of the lowest average annual sunshine hours in the world 117 Temperatures edit Temperatures are relatively cold for its latitude due to the cold Malvinas Current and the high altitude 109 For example in Tierra del Fuego temperatures are colder than at equal latitudes in the northern hemisphere in Europe since they are influenced by the cold Malvinas Current rather than the warm North Atlantic Current 118 17 A characteristic of the temperature pattern is the NW SE distribution of isotherms due to the presence of the Andes 107 The warmest areas are in northern parts of Rio Negro and Neuquen Provinces where mean annual temperatures range from 13 to 15 C 55 to 59 F while the coldest are in western Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego Provinces where mean annual temperatures range from 5 to 8 C 41 to 46 F 109 On the Patagonian plateaus mean annual temperatures range from 8 to 10 C 46 to 50 F which decreases towards the west 112 The daily and annual range of temperatures on these plateaus is very high 114 119 The Atlantic Ocean moderates the climate of coastal areas resulting in a lower annual and daily range of temperatures 114 120 Towards the south where land masses are narrow the Pacific Ocean influences coastal areas in addition to the Atlantic Ocean ensuring that the cold is neither prolonged nor intense 63 114 At higher altitudes in the Andes stretching from Neuquen Province to Tierra del Fuego Province mean annual temperatures are below 5 C 41 F 109 Generally mean annual temperatures vary more with altitude than with latitude since the temperature gradient for latitude is relatively moderate owing to ocean currents 109 Summers have a less uniform distribution of temperature and in the months December to January mean temperatures range from 24 C 75 F in northern Rio Negro Province and eastern parts of Neuquen Province to 9 C 48 F in Tierra del Fuego 109 Winters have a more uniform temperature distribution 109 In July mean temperatures are above 0 C 32 F in all of extra Andean Patagonia 107 ranging from 7 C 45 F in the north to around 0 C 32 F in Ushuaia 109 Being exposed to strong westerly winds can decrease the perception of temperature wind chill particularly in summer 107 The wind lowers the perception of the mean annual temperature by 4 2 C 7 6 F throughout the region 107 The annual range of temperatures in Patagonia is lower than in areas in the Northern Hemisphere at the same latitude owing to the maritime influences of the sea 107 117 In Patagonia the annual range of temperatures ranges from 16 C 29 F in the north 107 117 and decreases progressively southwards to 4 C 7 F on the southernmost islands 117 This contrasts with an annual range of more than 20 C 36 F in North America at latitudes above 50oN 107 Absolute maximum temperatures can exceed 40 C 104 F in the northern Rio Negro Province and Neuquen Province while in much of the region they can exceed 30 C 86 F 109 121 The reading of 30 8 C 87 4 F in Rio Grande located in Tierra del Fuego Province on 4 February 2019 is believed to be the southernmost recorded instance where temperatures exceed 30 C 86 F 122 In the southernmost islands they do not exceed 20 C 68 F 117 Absolute minimum temperatures are more than 15 C 5 F in coastal areas while in the central Patagonian plateaus they can reach below 20 C 4 F 109 Statistics for selected locations edit Climate data for Villa La Angostura humid Patagonian climate located in the Bosque Andino Patagonico region 1993 2004 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 23 2 73 8 23 2 73 8 19 6 67 3 14 5 58 1 10 6 51 1 7 4 45 3 7 5 45 5 9 1 48 4 11 6 52 9 15 6 60 1 17 2 63 0 21 4 70 5 15 2 59 4 Mean daily minimum C F 6 1 43 0 5 2 41 4 3 9 39 0 2 2 36 0 1 2 34 2 0 3 32 5 1 0 30 2 0 4 32 7 0 1 31 8 1 5 34 7 3 3 37 9 5 6 42 1 2 5 36 5 Average precipitation mm inches 63 7 2 51 44 5 1 75 77 8 3 06 141 3 5 56 207 8 8 18 362 4 14 27 249 6 9 83 226 3 8 91 144 3 5 68 139 8 5 50 123 1 4 85 67 7 2 67 1 848 2 72 76 Source Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria 123 Climate data for San Carlos de Bariloche Airport northwestern Patagonia next to the Andes 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 23 2 73 8 23 1 73 6 20 1 68 2 15 0 59 0 10 6 51 1 7 2 45 0 6 7 44 1 8 4 47 1 11 6 52 9 14 7 58 5 17 9 64 2 20 7 69 3 14 9 58 8 Mean daily minimum C F 7 0 44 6 6 6 43 9 4 9 40 8 2 4 36 3 1 0 33 8 0 5 31 1 1 6 29 1 1 0 30 2 0 1 31 8 1 7 35 1 3 9 39 0 5 9 42 6 2 5 36 5 Average precipitation mm inches 23 6 0 93 17 5 0 69 29 4 1 16 57 1 2 25 113 7 4 48 168 3 6 63 126 4 4 98 117 3 4 62 55 4 2 18 48 7 1 92 30 1 1 19 25 0 0 98 812 5 31 99 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 3 5 3 3 6 0 7 9 13 0 15 9 14 4 13 5 9 0 8 2 5 5 4 8 105 0 Average relative humidity 51 9 53 3 60 2 68 2 76 0 79 1 78 0 74 9 66 9 61 5 56 6 53 6 65 0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 334 7 283 3 241 6 183 7 130 4 96 0 124 7 146 9 189 9 239 3 290 7 296 3 2 594 6 Source 1 Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Source 2 World Meteorological Organization sunshine hours 1981 2010 32 Climate data for Neuquen Argentina northern Patagonia 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 32 1 89 8 30 6 87 1 27 4 81 3 21 8 71 2 16 6 61 9 13 3 55 9 13 1 55 6 16 1 61 0 19 3 66 7 22 9 73 2 27 1 80 8 30 3 86 5 22 6 72 7 Mean daily minimum C F 15 9 60 6 14 4 57 9 11 8 53 2 7 2 45 0 4 0 39 2 1 7 35 1 0 5 32 9 2 0 35 6 4 8 40 6 8 4 47 1 11 9 53 4 14 6 58 3 8 1 46 6 Average precipitation mm inches 13 5 0 53 12 6 0 50 14 8 0 58 21 9 0 86 26 4 1 04 17 6 0 69 17 9 0 70 9 6 0 38 16 5 0 65 32 9 1 30 17 7 0 70 10 3 0 41 211 7 8 33 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 2 2 2 7 2 6 4 2 5 3 5 7 4 4 3 0 3 9 4 0 2 8 2 2 43 1 Average relative humidity 38 1 45 4 53 6 63 0 70 2 70 9 68 0 58 8 51 1 46 5 39 9 37 2 53 6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 322 4 299 5 263 5 207 0 148 8 117 0 148 8 176 7 189 0 248 0 279 0 282 1 2 681 8 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Climate data for Punta Delgada Lighthouse Valdes Peninsula Patagonian coast 1941 1950 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 22 8 73 0 23 2 73 8 21 1 70 0 18 6 65 5 14 6 58 3 12 2 54 0 11 2 52 2 11 6 52 9 13 7 56 7 17 2 63 0 19 4 66 9 21 8 71 2 17 3 63 1 Mean daily minimum C F 13 1 55 6 13 3 55 9 12 0 53 6 10 2 50 4 7 0 44 6 4 3 39 7 3 6 38 5 3 2 37 8 5 5 41 9 7 4 45 3 9 8 49 6 12 0 53 6 8 5 47 3 Average precipitation mm inches 13 9 0 55 10 5 0 41 23 5 0 93 25 9 1 02 25 0 0 98 25 2 0 99 27 9 1 10 14 8 0 58 16 5 0 65 12 1 0 48 13 1 0 52 15 1 0 59 223 5 8 80 Average relative humidity 68 0 68 5 68 5 68 5 72 5 76 5 77 0 72 5 72 5 68 0 69 0 67 5 70 8 Source Secretaria de Mineria 124 Climate data for Paso de Indios Patagonian plateau 1971 1990 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 26 4 79 5 25 8 78 4 22 6 72 7 17 6 63 7 12 6 54 7 8 9 48 0 8 7 47 7 11 1 52 0 15 1 59 2 18 7 65 7 22 1 71 8 25 0 77 0 17 9 64 2 Mean daily minimum C F 10 1 50 2 9 6 49 3 7 0 44 6 4 0 39 2 0 9 33 6 1 3 29 7 2 1 28 2 0 8 30 6 1 1 34 0 3 8 38 8 6 5 43 7 9 0 48 2 4 0 39 2 Average precipitation mm inches 7 6 0 30 12 7 0 50 11 5 0 45 16 4 0 65 26 0 1 02 22 9 0 90 23 9 0 94 18 0 0 71 17 4 0 69 13 7 0 54 8 0 0 31 9 2 0 36 187 3 7 37 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 2 3 4 5 8 8 7 6 6 5 4 3 61 Average relative humidity 40 0 43 0 47 5 53 0 64 5 69 5 68 5 61 5 54 5 47 5 44 0 41 5 52 9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 282 1 257 1 223 2 159 0 133 3 108 0 120 9 148 8 171 0 229 4 249 0 263 5 2 345 3 Source 1 Secretaria de Mineria 125 Source 2 Servicio Meteorologico Nacional precipitation days 1961 1990 126 Climate data for Esquel transition zone between Andes and Patagonian plateau 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 22 0 71 6 22 3 72 1 19 2 66 6 14 7 58 5 10 5 50 9 7 0 44 6 6 2 43 2 8 7 47 7 11 9 53 4 14 6 58 3 17 6 63 7 20 1 68 2 14 6 58 3 Mean daily minimum C F 8 6 47 5 8 1 46 6 5 8 42 4 2 9 37 2 0 8 33 4 1 4 29 5 2 4 27 7 1 1 30 0 0 2 32 4 2 3 36 1 4 9 40 8 7 3 45 1 3 0 37 4 Average precipitation mm inches 22 1 0 87 20 8 0 82 23 5 0 93 41 1 1 62 64 5 2 54 81 1 3 19 64 5 2 54 55 3 2 18 29 4 1 16 28 7 1 13 21 3 0 84 20 3 0 80 472 6 18 61 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 3 8 4 1 5 3 7 0 9 5 11 6 9 7 10 4 6 8 6 2 4 9 3 9 83 2 Average relative humidity 47 4 49 9 56 0 63 0 72 1 75 4 75 3 70 1 61 7 55 0 49 9 47 5 60 3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 325 5 274 0 232 5 186 0 130 2 102 0 120 9 164 3 195 0 251 1 288 0 313 1 2 582 6 Source Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 31 Climate data for Ushuaia Airport Tierra del Fuego 1981 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 14 5 58 1 14 1 57 4 12 1 53 8 9 8 49 6 6 9 44 4 4 2 39 6 4 6 40 3 6 1 43 0 8 1 46 6 10 5 50 9 12 2 54 0 13 3 55 9 9 7 49 5 Mean daily minimum C F 5 6 42 1 5 6 42 1 4 3 39 7 2 9 37 2 1 1 34 0 1 2 29 8 1 1 30 0 0 3 31 5 0 6 33 1 2 3 36 1 3 6 38 5 4 6 40 3 2 3 36 1 Average precipitation mm inches 49 5 1 95 42 1 1 66 46 8 1 84 55 9 2 20 47 6 1 87 56 4 2 22 40 1 1 58 36 0 1 42 34 5 1 36 36 1 1 42 41 3 1 63 50 7 2 00 537 0 21 14 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 17 1 14 2 14 9 15 8 14 0 14 2 15 3 14 4 13 3 14 4 16 0 16 8 180 4 Average relative humidity 75 76 78 80 81 82 82 80 76 73 72 74 77 Mean monthly sunshine hours 167 4 146 9 133 3 102 0 68 2 42 0 55 8 83 7 123 0 164 3 180 0 167 4 1 434 Source 1 World Meteorological Organization 127 Source 2 NOAA humidity 1961 1990 128 Secretaria de Mineria sun 1901 1990 129 See also edit nbsp Argentina portal Climate of Argentina Climate of Buenos Aires Regions of ArgentinaNotes edit Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica and the Falkland Islands However territorial claims in Antarctica are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty while the United Kingdom exercises de facto control of the Falkland Islands According to the Minister of the Interior the north consists of the following provinces Catamarca Chaco Corrientes Formosa Jujuy La Rioja Misiones Salta Santiago del Estero and Tucuman 1 a b According to INTA the temperate valleys include the Lerma Valley Siancas Valley in Salta Province and the Pericos Valley and the temperate valleys of Jujuy which includes the two provincial capitals Percent possible sunshine is defined as the percentage of theoretical sunshine a place receives where theoretical sunshine is defined as the highest amount of sunshine that a place possibly receives if there is no obstruction of sunlight from coming in References edit Region Norte Grande in Spanish Ministerio del Interior Obras Publicas y Vivienda Archived from the original on 22 June 2016 Retrieved 7 February 2016 a b c Geography and Climate of Argentina Government of Argentina Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 Retrieved 28 August 2015 Rubio 2018 p 27 a b Regiones Geograficas in Spanish Instituto Nacional de Educacion Tecnologica Archived from the original on 29 May 2016 Retrieved 2 June 2016 Informacion General in Spanish Ministerio de Turismo Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 Retrieved 21 August 2015 a b c Argentina Country Pasture Forage Resource Profiles Food and Agriculture Organization Retrieved 7 June 2015 a b Rubio 2018 p 28 Peel M C Finlayson B L amp McMahon T A 2007 Updated world map of the Koppen Geiger climate classification Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 5 1633 1644 Bibcode 2007HESS 11 1633P doi 10 5194 hess 11 1633 2007 ISSN 1027 5606 a b c d e f g h i j k l Fernandez Osvaldo Busso Carlos Arid and semi arid rangelands two thirds of Argentina PDF The Agricultural University of Iceland Archived from the original PDF on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 23 July 2015 Barros Vicente Boninsegna Jose Camilloni Ines Chidiak Martina Magrin Graciela 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Spanish Servicio Meteorologico Nacional Retrieved 4 October 2017 World Weather Information Service Ushuaia World Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 Retrieved 23 March 2017 Ushuaia AERO I Climate Normals 1961 1990 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved 20 October 2015 Provincia de Tierra del Fuego Clima Y Meteorologia Datos Meteorologicos Y Pluviometicos in Spanish Secretaria de Mineria de la Nacion Argentina Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 Retrieved 7 April 2013 Books editAraus Jose Slafer Gustavo 2015 Crop Stress Management and Global Climate Change CAB International ISBN 978 1 84593 680 8 Beck Peter J 1986 The international politics of Antarctica Routledge ISBN 978 0 7099 3239 0 Blouet Brian Blouet Olwyn 2010 Chapter 13 Argentina Uruguay and Paraguay Latin America and the Caribbean A Systematic and Regional Survey John Wiley amp Sons pp 385 415 ISBN 978 0 470 38773 3 Carrillo Castellanos Roger 1998 Memorias IV Congreso Interamericano sobre el Medio Ambiente Equinoccio ISBN 978 980 237 177 8 Coronato Andrea Coronato Fernando Mazzoni Elizabeth Vazquez Mirian 2008 Chapter 3 The Physical Geography of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego In Rabassa J ed The Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego Elsevier pp 13 55 doi 10 1016 S1571 0866 07 10003 8 ISBN 978 0 444 52954 1 Doering Otto 2002 Effects of Climate Change and Variability on Agricultural Production Systems Springer ISBN 978 1 4020 7028 0 Fittkau E Illies J Klinge H Schwabe G 1969 Biogeography and Ecology in South America Springer ISBN 978 94 011 9731 1 Gut Bernardo 2008 Trees in Patagonia Springer doi 10 1007 978 3 7643 8838 6 ISBN 978 3 7643 8837 9 Krishna K 2015 Agricultural Prairies Natural Resources and Crop Productivity CRC Press ISBN 978 1 4822 5806 6 Manzini Maria Prieto Aldo Paez Marta Schabitz Frank 2008 Chapter 17 Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate of Patagonia In Rabassa J ed The Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego Elsevier pp 351 367 ISBN 978 0 444 52954 1 Moore Oscar 1948 Argentine Farming and Farm Trade Washington D C United States Department of Agriculture OCLC 3455870 Morris Grenville 1990 Manual del Ovejero Patagonico PDF Oncken Onno Chong Guillermo Franz Gerhard Giese Peter Gotze Hans Jurgen Ramos Victor Strecker Manfred Wigger Peter 2006 The Andes PDF Springer ISBN 978 3 540 24329 8 Rubio Gerardo Lavado Raul Pereyra Fernando 2018 The Soils of Argentina Springer ISBN 978 3 319 76853 3 Suttie J Reynolds S Batello C 2005 Grasslands of the World Rome Food and Agriculture Organization ISBN 978 92 5 105337 9 United States Department of Agriculture 1968 Argentine Agriculture Trends in Production and World Competition Washington D C United States Department of Agriculture OCLC 77356786 Veblen Thomas Young Kenneth Orme Antony eds 2007 The Physical Geography of South America Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 531341 3 Further reading editIglesias Ari Artabe Analia Morel Eduardo 2011 The evolution of Patagonian climate and vegetation from the Mesozoic to the present Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 103 2 409 422 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8312 2011 01657 x Lopez Gamundi Oscar Limarino Carlos Cesan Silvia 1992 Late Paleozoic paleoclimatology of central west Argentina Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 91 3 4 305 329 Bibcode 1992PPP 91 305L doi 10 1016 0031 0182 92 90074 F Marengo J Liebmann B Grimm A Misra V Silva Dias P Cavalcanti I Carvalho L Berbery E 2012 Recent developments on the South American monsoon system International Journal of Climatology 32 1 1 21 Bibcode 2012IJCli 32 1M doi 10 1002 joc 2254 hdl 20 500 12110 paper 08998418 v32 n1 p1 Marengo S2CID 17543426 Minetti J 2005 El clima del noroeste argentino in Spanish Magna ISBN 978 987 9390 66 5 Ponce Juan Fernandez Marilen 2014 Climate and Environmental History of Isla de Los Estados Argentina Springer ISBN 978 94 007 4362 5 Prohaska F 1976 The climate of Argentina Paraguay and Uruguay In Schwerdtfeger E ed Climate of Central and South America World Survey of Climatology Vol 12 Amsterdam Elsevier pp 13 112 ISBN 978 0 444 41271 3 Atlas climatico de la Republica Argentina in Spanish Buenos Aires Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 1960 OCLC 4440863 External links editServicio Meteorologico Nacional in Spanish Climatic Atlas from Servicio Meteorologico Nacional in Spanish Climatic Atlas from Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria in Spanish Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Climatic regions of Argentina amp oldid 1195820630, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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